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46-586: The Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine in Hibbing, Minnesota , United States, is the largest operating open-pit iron mine in Minnesota. The pit stretches more than three miles (5 km) long, two miles (3 km) wide, and 535 feet (163 m) deep. It was established in 1895 and was one of the world's first mechanized open-pit mines. The mine, located in the Mesabi Range , supplied as much as one-fourth of all

92-518: A humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification : Dwb), experiencing all four seasons, but with long, drawn out winters. Summers are generally warm to hot, while winters are generally cold to severely cold. A freeze has been recorded for every month of the year. As of the census of 2020, the population was 16,214. The population density was 89.1 inhabitants per square mile (34.4/km ). There were 8,302 housing units at an average density of 45.6 per square mile (17.6/km ). The racial makeup of

138-464: A bus line between Hibbing and Alice, Minnesota , which would eventually become Greyhound Lines , the world's largest bus transportation company. The Greyhound Bus Museum is located in Hibbing. Included in the display of Greyhound busses is the famous Scenicruiser made by General Motors exclusively for Greyhound. Hibbing Heights was platted in 1908 and annexed by Alice in 1910, when Alice incorporated as

184-548: A business and residential center through the 1940s when the mining companies bought the remaining structures. The last house was moved in 1968. On July 25, 1979, Hibbing annexed the Town of Stuntz which comprised five townships. With this annexation, the following unincorporated communities were also annexed (community location by township, range and section indicated): On December 1, 1993, Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 crashed near Hibbing, killing all 18 people on board. According to

230-613: A city. Between 1919 and 1921, the Village of Hibbing was moved immediately south of Alice and then annexed Alice in 1920. Hibbing remained a village until 1979 when the Town of Stuntz was annexed. An Article of Incorporation was filed in July 1979 with the state and Hibbing became a city from that action in January 1980. Hibbing is home to the world's largest iron ore mine, which was discovered by Leonidas Merritt . Hibbing grew rapidly in its early years as

276-626: A farm and in a shingle mill. Injured in a mill accident, he considered becoming a lawyer, but after deciding he was not familiar enough with the English language to make a legal career possible, he turned to timber cruising . In 1887, Hibbing settled in Duluth where he established a real estate business and began explorations on the Vermilion Range. In 1892, he headed a party of thirty men at Mountain Iron and cut

322-399: A household in the city was $ 33,346, and the median income for a family was $ 43,558. Males had a median income of $ 38,064 versus $ 22,183 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 18,561. About 8.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.3% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over. Hibbing is home to Hibbing Community College ,

368-510: A male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the city was 42.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of

414-604: A plan whereby the entire village would relocate to a site two miles south near Alice. The company, for its part, agreed to develop the downtown buildings with low interest loans that could be paid off over the years by the retailers. New civic structures such as Hibbing High School , the Androy Hotel, the Village Hall, and the Rood Hospital were also constructed with mining company money. In all, about 200 structures were moved down

460-442: A road through the wilderness to Section 22, 58–20. An expert iron ore prospector, he soon discovered the surface indication which led him to believe in the existence of extensive ore deposits. In July 1893, the townsite of Hibbing was laid out and named in honor of him. Feeling personally responsible, he took the deepest pride in its development and, by his generous aid, made its progress possible. He used his personal means to provide

506-405: A steam crawler provided by the mining company. To move all of the buildings, they gradually placed logs underneath the structures and secured them with steel cables. They then rolled the buildings to their new location on specially constructed wooden rails. If the building was too large, they cut it into two or three pieces and moved each separately. If it was too tall, they removed the chimney or had

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552-602: A two-year community and technical college. • 11 KRII The Hibbing Daily Tribune newspaper was founded in Hibbing in 1893 and served readers in Saint Louis County. In 2020 it was combined with the Mesabi Daily News to create the Mesabi Tribune ., of Virginia, Minnesota. The Mesabi is also owned by Adams Publishing Group. It is published daily, except Monday, with a circulation of 3,749 in 2019. The newspaper

598-497: A very high temperature to harden them and make them durable. This is to ensure that the blast furnace charge remains porous enough to allow heated gas to pass through and react with the pelletized ore. Firing the pellet oxidizes the magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) to hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), an exothermic reaction that reduces the cost of pelletizing the concentrate. E. W. Davis of the University of Minnesota Mines Experiment Station

644-463: A water plant, electric light plant, the first roads, hotel, sawmill, and bank building. For the last ten years of his life, Hibbing made his home in Duluth, where many of his business interests were centered. He retained close contact with the community which bore his name, until he died of appendicitis on July 30, 1897, at age forty. In 1914, two men, Carl Wickman and Andrew "Bus Andy" Anderson, started

690-547: A worker stand on the roof with a long stick to lift up electrical lines as it passed underneath. The Oliver Mining Company also funded the construction of new buildings and services in the new townsite, such as the Androy Hotel , Hibbing City Hall , and Hibbing High School , sewage, and electric lines. While the moving of Hibbing succeeded in dramatically shifting the focal point of the town, houses and other buildings remained close to what became known as North Hibbing. In 1935,

736-855: Is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota , United States. The population was 16,214 at the 2020 census . The city was built on mining the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range and still relies on that industrial activity today. At the edge of town is the world's largest open-pit iron mine, the Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine . It is the hometown of singer-songwriter Bob Dylan , NBA Hall-of-Famer Kevin McHale , and former Governor of Minnesota Rudy Perpich . The main routes in Hibbing are U.S. Highway 169 , State Highway 37 , State Highway 73 , Howard Street, and 1st Avenue. It

782-568: Is about 59 miles (95 km) northwest of Duluth, Minnesota . The town was founded in 1893 by Frank Hibbing, born in Walsrode , Germany on December 1, 1856, and christened Franz Dietrich von Ahlen. His mother died when he was still in infancy and it was her name, Hibbing, which he assumed when he set out to seek his fortune in the New World. He first settled in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin , where he worked on

828-630: Is credited with developing the pelletizing process. Since the commercial development of this process in the Lake Superior region in the 1950s, the term "taconite" has been used globally to refer to iron ores amenable to upgrading by similar processes. Major producers of iron ore pellets from taconite in North America include Iron Ore Company of Canada , Cliffs Natural Resources, Inc. , U.S. Steel , and ArcelorMittal . These processed taconite-ore pellets are also referred to as "taconite". Because this

874-501: Is currently owned by the Adams Publishing Group . Hibbing is the city where the character "Connie" tells Flamarion where she supposedly is going to for three months in the film The Great Flamarion . Hibbing is featured as a setting for two episodes of the fantasy horror television series, Supernatural . Both Bazooka and Tripwire , fictional G.I. Joe characters, were born in Hibbing. Michael York's character in

920-427: Is generally 30% to 35%, and the silica content generally around 45%. Iron in taconite is commonly present as magnetite, iron silicates, and iron-bearing carbonates, and locally martite (hematite) formed by oxidation of magnetite. Horizons containing magnetite as the dominant mineral have been extensively mined since 1955 to produce iron ore pellets; the term 'taconite' has consequently been colloquially adapted to describe

966-487: Is shipped to Mexico and China. The SS Edmund Fitzgerald , which sank in Lake Superior on November 10, 1975, was carrying about 26,116 long tons of taconite pellets. Beginning in 1955, Reserve Mining Company discharged crushed waste rock (tailings) from their Silver Bay, Minnesota processing plant into Lake Superior. The tailings contained 40% of the amphibole group mineral series cummingtonite - grunerite , which may form asbestiform particles. A small fraction of

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1012-610: Is the form that is typically transported by rail and ship, and cargo of these is often discussed, this usage of the term is very common. The Mesabi Iron Range region of the American state of Minnesota is a major production area. The taconite iron ore pellets are hauled by railroad to the ports of Silver Bay , Two Harbors and the Twin Ports of Duluth, Minnesota , and Superior, Wisconsin , all on Lake Superior . The docks at Escanaba, Michigan , on Lake Michigan, also ship taconite from

1058-686: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 186.46 square miles (482.9 km ), of which 182.03 square miles (471.5 km ) is land and 4.43 square miles (11.5 km ) is water. McCarthy Beach State Park is nearby. The Northern Divide intersects the St. Lawrence Divide near Hibbing, with waters draining to the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes . Hibbing has

1104-463: The iron ore mined in the United States during its peak production from World War I through World War II . This prodigious output made Minnesota the nation's largest iron ore producer and the U.S. the world's largest steel manufacturer. The Hull–Rust–Mahoning Mine was named a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The city of Hibbing has long maintained a public overlook and visitor center on

1150-526: The First Avenue Highway, as it was called, to the new city. These included a store and even a couple of large hotels. Only one structure did not make it: the Sellers Hotel tumbled off some rollers and crashed to the ground leaving, as one witness said, "an enormous pile of kindling". The move started in 1919 and the first phase was completed in 1921. Known today as "North Hibbing", this area remained as

1196-502: The Marquette iron range in Michigan, and occasionally ore from Minnesota is hauled by rail there. Marquette, Michigan , also has a taconite dock that loads bulk freighters with ore from the Marquette iron range. The ore is generally shipped by lake freighters to locations on the lower Great Lakes . Many steelmaking centers are near Lake Erie . Due to increased international demand, taconite

1242-555: The city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 17,071 people, 7,439 households, and 4,597 families living in the city. The population density was 94.0 inhabitants per square mile (36.3/km ). There were 8,037 housing units at an average density of 44.2 per square mile (17.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.33% White , 0.46% Black , 0.73% Native American , 0.27% Asian , 0.01% Pacific Islander , 0.19% from other races , and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of

1288-551: The city was 91.3% White , 1.5% Black or African American , 0.9% Native American , 0.5% Asian , 0.1% Pacific Islander , 0.4% from other races , and 5.4% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 1.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race. As of the census of 2010, there were 16,361 people, 7,414 households, and 4,325 families living in the city. The population density was 90.0 inhabitants per square mile (34.7/km ). There were 8,200 housing units at an average density of 45.1 per square mile (17.4/km ). The racial makeup of

1334-418: The city was 95.9% White , 0.6% African American , 0.9% Native American , 0.4% Asian , 0.3% from other races , and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population. There were 7,414 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had

1380-400: The comedy film, ''Wrongfully Accused'' , was named Hibbing Goodhue. Many of the characters names are based on cities in Minnesota. Taconite Following development of high grade direct shipping iron ore deposits on the Mesabi Range , containing up to 65% iron and as little as 1.25% silica , miners termed the unaltered iron-formation wall rock taconite. The iron content of taconite

1426-500: The drinking water and Lake Superior must be protected from the asbestos-like particles. The Reserve Mine was forced to begin disposing of tailing wastes on the land, and to implement air pollution control equipment, instead of discharging them directly to Lake Superior. This became one of the costliest pollution prevention cases in U.S. history. Government-funded studies have found no adverse health effects from drinking Lake Superior water. A 2003 study of taconite miners concluded that

Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine - Misplaced Pages Continue

1472-411: The fine-grained tailings were shown to widely disperse along the western shore of Lake Superior, the source of drinking water for a number of cities; for example, tests of Duluth, Minnesota's water supply showed 100 billion fibers per liter of water. There was no epidemiological proof whether these particles caused cancer or were safe. On April 20, 1974, the U.S. District Court judge Miles Lord ruled that

1518-545: The high-grade iron ore in the United States had been exhausted, so taconite became valued as a new source of the metal. To process taconite, the ore is ground into a fine powder, the magnetite is separated from the gangue by strong magnets, and the powdered iron concentrate is combined with a binder such as bentonite clay and limestone as a flux . As a last step, it is rolled into pellets about 10 millimeters in diameter that contain about 65% iron. The pellets are fired at

1564-534: The huge iron ore mines such as the Mahoning, Hull, Rust, Sellers, and Burt provided the raw material for America's industrial revolution. In fact, the mines encroached on the village from the east, north, and west and it was determined that some of the ore body actually went under the town whose population had hit 20,000 by 1915. Negotiations between the Oliver Mining Company and the village finally brought about

1610-418: The magnetite iron-formation ores ( taconite iron ore ), the mining, milling, magnetic separation, and agglomerating process ( taconite process ), and the product iron ore pellets ( taconite pellets ). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United States was mining such an abundance of iron ore of high quality that taconite was considered an uneconomic waste product. By the end of World War II much of

1656-437: The mine, declared that the northern part of Hibbing, which contained many of its homes and businesses, had to be moved. The town government agreed and in 1918 they accepted a proposal from the company to build a new downtown for Hibbing two miles (3 km) to the south. A total of 188 buildings ranging in size from small family homes to the large Colonial Hotel were moved by Hibbing's residents using horses, farm tractors, and

1702-402: The mining company decided that they needed to mine that land as well. At that point, they did not attempt to move the remaining houses. Instead, they tore them down, paying their owners just a fraction of their value. Since ore shipments began in 1895, over 1.4 billion tons of waste material and 800 million tons of iron ore have been removed from the 2,000-acre (800 ha) mine site. The mine

1748-547: The most likely cause of 14 of the 17 cases of mesothelioma among miners on the iron range was contact with asbestos . Since that study was concluded, 35 more Iron Range miners have been diagnosed with the disease. Mesothelioma occurs at twice the expected rate among the population of the northeastern region of Minnesota, including the Iron Range . Spurred by the 2003 study, the Minnesota Department of Health (MDH) studied

1794-431: The open-pit method—pioneered at the nearby Biwabik Mine—was developed, such as the adoption of steam shovels . The town of Hibbing, founded in 1893 on word of the rich iron deposits, prospered considerably as the mine grew. By 1910, though, the northern end of the community was surrounded by the mine on three sides, and it was well known that the ore continued under the town. In 1916 the Oliver Mining Company, operator of

1840-448: The population. 17.1% were of German, 12.4% Finnish , 10.5% Norwegian , 9.4% Italian, 6.4% Irish and 5.9% Swedish ancestry. There were 7,439 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who

1886-679: The relationship of fibrous minerals in taconite and taconite dust, and lung conditions similar to asbestosis , pleural mesothelioma and other pleural conditions which occur following asbestos exposure. Because these conditions can be triggered by industrial asbestos, which was used in taconite mining and processing, as well as other industrial facilities in northeastern Minnesota, the study attempted to determine what, if any, influence naturally occurring fibrous minerals in taconite may have played. The lengthy epidemiological study of Minnesota iron miners concluded in December 2014 that those working 30 years in

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1932-551: The rim of the mine, attracting tens of thousands of tourists each year. In 2019, the overlook was to be moved as mining operations expanded. The first mine on the Mesabi Range was the Mountain Iron Mine , discovered in 1890. Iron ore was discovered near present-day Hibbing in early 1892. The Lake Superior Consolidated Iron Mines developed the underground Burt Mine (William Olcott, manager) and The Sellers Ore Co (C.H. Munger)

1978-563: The underground Sellers Mine. William C. Agnew directed stripping and development of the open-pit Mahoning Mine for the Mahoning Ore Company. All three mines began shipping in 1895, and with development of the Hull and Rust Mines soon merged into one large mine. The consolidation of the mines was led by the formation of U.S. Steel in 1901, the world's largest corporation at the time. The mine's sheer size led to many technological innovations as

2024-449: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.86. In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males. The median income for

2070-503: Was initially managed by Pickands Mather on behalf of owners Bethlehem Steel and Stelco . ArcelorMittal assumed the role of a managing partner in August 2019. On September 28, 2020, ArcelorMittal sold its U.S. business to Cleveland-Cliffs Inc. for about $ 1.4 billion. As of 2021 the company is managed by Cleveland-Cliffs, with ownership divided between Cleveland-Cliffs (85.3%), and U.S. Steel (14.7%). Hibbing, Minnesota Hibbing

2116-513: Was listed as a National Historic Landmark and added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1966. It was listed for its national significance in the themes of commerce and industry. Since 1976, the mine has been operated by Hibbing Taconite Company (HibTac for short). Iron-bearing taconite pellets are produced at the rate of 8.2 million tons annually (not counting tailings, waste rock, or overburden ). Hibbing Taconite

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