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55-571: Sir Hugh Percy Lane (9 November 1875 – 7 May 1915) was an Irish art dealer , collector and gallery director. He is best known for establishing Dublin 's Municipal Gallery of Modern Art (the first known public gallery of modern art in the world) and for his contribution to the visual arts in Ireland, including the Lane Bequest . Hugh Lane died on board the RMS Lusitania . Hugh Percy Lane

110-434: A vanity press does for authors. The shows lack legitimate curation and often include as many artists as possible. Most art professionals are able to identify them on an artist's resume. Lady Gregory Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory ( née   Persse ; 15 March 1852 – 22 May 1932) was an Anglo-Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn , she co-founded

165-629: A codicil to his will, which was, however, not witnessed. Lane did not live to see his gallery permanently located as he died in 1915 during the sinking of the RMS Lusitania , off the west coast of Cork . In March 1914, fourteen months before his death, Lane had been appointed Director of the National Gallery of Ireland . He was succeeded by Walter G. Strickland , who was the Gallery's registrar. The Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, extended in 2005,

220-458: A considerable number of years, and it might now be the turn of the Dublin Galleries to have them for a number of years... Legally, the holders have a very strong case, but we are so wealthy in our treasures, while Ireland is so comparatively poor..." Lord Marley added: "My Lords, perhaps I might say one word in support of what my noble friend Lord Strabolgi has said because Sir Hugh Lane was

275-610: A cousin of mine, and I do know he was very anxious, even before this codicil was made, that the pictures should go to Dublin. I hope that something will be done in support of what my noble friend has said." When John A. Costello became Taoiseach in 1948, he initiated further negotiations with the UK government. Support in London was maintained in 1953 by Lord Moyne , who said in Parliament: ".. I would urge on Her Majesty's Government to include in it

330-464: A number of collections of "Kiltartanese" versions of Irish myths, including Cuchulain of Muirthemne (1902) and Gods and Fighting Men (1903). ("Kiltartanese" is Lady Gregory's term for English with Gaelic syntax, based on the dialect spoken in Kiltartan .) In his introduction to Cuchulain of Muirthemne Yeats wrote "I think this book is the best that has come out of Ireland in my time". James Joyce

385-569: A portion of art sales; twenty-five to fifty per cent is typical. There are also many non-profit or collective galleries. Some galleries in cities like Tokyo charge the artists a flat rate per day, though this is considered distasteful in some international art markets. Galleries often hang solo shows. Curators often create group shows with a message about a certain theme, trend in art, or group of associated artists. Galleries sometimes choose to represent exclusive artists, giving them opportunities for regular shows. A gallery's definition can also include

440-486: A private for-profit commercial gallery. These galleries are found clustered together in large urban centers. Smaller cities are home to at least one gallery, but they may also be found in towns or villages, and remote areas where artists congregate, e.g. the Taos art colony and St Ives, Cornwall . Contemporary art galleries are often open to the general public without charge; however, some are semi-private. They profit by taking

495-516: A provision for the return of the thirty-six, or so, pictures which were collected by the late Sir Hugh Lane as a basis for a modern collection for Ireland ...." These interventions eventually led on to a compromise agreement in 1959, announced by Taoiseach Seán Lemass , whereby half of the Lane Bequest would be lent and shown in Dublin every five years. In his announcement of the agreement, Lemass thanked

550-626: A series of love poems, A Woman's Sonnets . Her earliest work to appear under her own name was Arabi and His Household (1882), a pamphlet—originally a letter to The Times —in support of Ahmed Orabi Pasha , leader of what has come to be known as the Urabi Revolt , an 1879 Egyptian nationalist revolt against the oppressive regime of the Khedive and the European domination of Egypt. She later said of this booklet, "whatever political indignation or energy

605-590: Is mainly remembered for her work behind the Irish Literary Revival . Her home at Coole Park in County Galway served as an important meeting place for leading Revival figures, and her early work as a member of the board of the Abbey was at least as important as her creative writings for that theatre's development. Lady Gregory's motto was taken from Aristotle : "To think like a wise man, but to express oneself like

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660-494: Is now in Parnell Square , central Dublin. A drama-documentary on him, Citizen Lane , directed by Thaddeus O'Sullivan, was produced in 2018. Following his death, Lane's will bequeathed his collection to London, but an unwitnessed later codicil bequeathed it to Dublin. Having possession, London's National Gallery did not recognise the codicil. Altering this legal reality became the life's work of Professor Thomas Bodkin . At

715-495: Is often said to be reflected in his portrait by Titian (1567) . Art dealers often study the history of art before entering on their careers. Related careers that often cross-over include curators of museums and art auction firms are industry-related careers. Gallery owners who do not succeed may seek to work for more successful galleries. Others pursue careers as art critics , academics, curators of museums or auction houses, or practicing artists. Dealers have to understand

770-419: Is subject to economic booms and busts just like any other market. Art dealers must be economically conscious in order to maintain their livelihoods. The mark ups of art work must be carefully monitored. If prices and profits are too large, then investments may be devalued should an overstock or economic downturn occur. To determine an artwork's value, dealers inspect the objects or paintings closely, and compare

825-583: The Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre , and wrote numerous short works for both companies. Lady Gregory produced a number of books of retellings of stories taken from Irish mythology . Born into a class that identified closely with British rule, she turned against it. Her conversion to cultural nationalism, as evidenced by her writings, was emblematic of many of the political struggles that occurred in Ireland during her lifetime. Lady Gregory

880-743: The Irish National Theatre Society . The first performances staged by the society took place in a building called the Molesworth Hall. When the Hibernian Theatre of Varieties in Lower Abbey Street and an adjacent building in Marlborough Street became available, Horniman and William Fay agreed to their purchase and refitting to meet the needs of the society. On 11 May 1904, the society formally accepted Horniman's offer of

935-523: The artist cooperative or artist-run space , which often (in North America and Western Europe) operates as a space with a more democratic mission and selection process. Such galleries have a board of directors and a volunteer or paid support staff who select and curate shows by committee, or some kind of similar process to choose art often lacking commercial ends. A vanity gallery is an art gallery charging fees from artists to show their work, much like

990-477: The bowdlerisations in her works more offensive, not only the removal of references to sex and bodily functions, but also the loss of Cuchulain's "battle frenzy" ( Ríastrad ); in other areas she censored less than some of her male contemporaries, such as Standish O'Grady . In 2019, the New York Public Library announced a major exhibition on Gregory and her work, "All This Mine Alone: Lady Gregory and

1045-511: The Colnaghi's Marlborough Gallery for some years, before becoming a dealer in his own right and opening a gallery in Dublin in 1908. Through regular visits to Coole (near Gort ), County Galway , the home of his aunt, Lady Gregory, Lane remained in contact with Ireland. He soon counted among his family, friends and social circle those who collectively formed the core of the Irish cultural renaissance in

1100-456: The English government. As James Pethica writes, "With its uncompromising portrayal of a country sliding into anarchy and ruin, the anonymous pamphlet drew appreciative comment from those of Gregory's London friends who knew it to be her work. 'It has been a success,' she noted in her diary[.]" She continued to write prose during the period of her marriage, including short stories she published under

1155-649: The Irish Literary Revival," to be co-curated by James Pethica and Colm Toíbín. The exhibition opened in March 2020 but closed do to the global pandemic; an online version remains available . In conjunction with the exhibition, The Irish Repertory Theatre of New York and the Druid Theatre of Galway offered a major revival of some of Gregory's plays . In November 2020 it was announced that Trinity College Dublin , whose library's forty busts previously represented men only

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1210-547: The Irish language and in the folklore of the area in which she lived. She organised Irish lessons at the school at Coole and began collecting tales from the area around her home, especially from the residents of Gort workhouse . One of the tutors she employed was Norma Borthwick , who would visit Coole numerous times. This activity led to the publication of a number of volumes of folk material, including A Book of Saints and Wonders (1906), The Kiltartan History Book (1909) and The Kiltartan Wonder Book (1910). She also produced

1265-570: The River , in which she appealed for funds for the parish of St. Stephens in Southwark , south London. She also wrote a number of short stories in the years 1890 and 1891, although these also never appeared in print. A number of unpublished poems from this period have also survived. When Sir William Gregory died in March 1892, Lady Gregory went into mourning and returned to Coole Park; there she edited her husband's autobiography, which she published in 1894. She

1320-448: The business side of the art world. They keep up with trends in the market and are knowledgeable about the style of art people want to buy. They figure out how much they should pay for a piece and then estimate the resale price. They are also often passionate and knowledgeable about art. Those who deal with contemporary art promote new artists, creating a market for the artists' works and securing financial success for themselves. The art world

1375-545: The common people." Gregory was born at Roxborough, County Galway , the youngest daughter of the Anglo-Irish gentry family Persse. Her mother, Frances Barry, was related to Viscount Guillamore , and her family home, Roxborough, was a 6,000-acre (24 km ) estate located between Gort and Loughrea , the main house of which was later burnt down during the Irish Civil War . She was educated at home, and her future career

1430-494: The company after opening nights of new plays. She spent many of her days working on her translations in the National Library of Ireland . She gained a reputation as being a somewhat conservative figure. For example, when Denis Johnston submitted to the Abbey his first play, Shadowdance , it was rejected by Lady Gregory and returned to the author with "The Old Lady says No" written on the title page. Johnston decided to rename

1485-449: The conviction that Lady Gregory's Cuchul-ian of Muirthemne , though only a paraphrase, gave the best idea of the Ulster stories". However her version omitted some elements of the tale, usually assumed to avoid offending Victorian sensibilities, as well being an attempt as presenting a "respectable" nation myth for the Irish, though her paraphrase is not considered dishonest. Other critics find

1540-518: The diaries and journals she kept for most of her adult life have been published, providing a rich source of information on Irish literary history during the first three decades of the 20th century. Her Cuchulain of Muirthemne is still considered a good retelling of the Ulster Cycle tales such as Deidre , Cuchulainn , and the Táin Bó Cúailnge stories. Thomas Kinsella wrote "I emerged with

1595-572: The early decades of the 20th century that was a part of the Celtic Revival . Extolling the cause of Irish art abroad, Lane also became one of the foremost collectors and dealers of French Impressionist paintings in Europe, and amongst those works purchased by him for the new gallery were La Musique aux Tuileries by Manet , Sur la Plage by Degas , Les Parapluies by Renoir and La Cheminée by Vuillard . For his "services to art" in Ireland, Lane

1650-530: The entire collection to be on display in Dublin together for the first time. There was a switch in May 2013 for a six-year period. Art dealer An art dealer in contemporary art typically seeks out various artists to represent, and builds relationships with collectors and museums whose interests are likely to match the work of the represented artists. Some dealers are able to anticipate market trends , while some prominent dealers may be able to influence

1705-422: The fine details with similar pieces. Some dealers with many years of experience learn to identify unsigned works by examining stylistic features such as brush strokes, color, form. They recognize the styles of different periods and individual artists. Often art dealers are able to distinguish authentic works from forgeries (although even dealers are sometimes fooled). The term contemporary art gallery refers to

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1760-488: The lead role in three performances of Cathleen Ni Houlihan in 1919. During her time on the board of the Abbey, Coole Park remained her home; she spent her time in Dublin staying in a number of hotels. For example, at the time of the 1911 national census, she was staying in a hotel at 16 South Frederick Street. In these she dined frugally, often on food she had brought with her from home. She frequently used her hotel rooms to interview would-be Abbey dramatists and to entertain

1815-524: The name "Angus Grey." During the winter of 1883, whilst her husband was in Ceylon, she worked on a series of memoirs of her childhood home, with a view to publishing them under the title An Emigrant's Notebook , but this plan was abandoned. "An Emigrant's Note Book" remained unpublished until it appeared in Lady Gregory's Early Irish Writings 1883-1893 (2018). She wrote a series of pamphlets in 1887 called Over

1870-472: The nascent British Broadcasting Company 's 2LO (London) station. She remained an active director of the theatre until ill-health led to her retirement in 1928. During this time she wrote more than 19 plays, mainly for production at the Abbey. Many of these were written in an attempted transliteration of the Hiberno-English dialect spoken around Coole Park that became widely known as Kiltartanese, from

1925-490: The nearby village of Kiltartan . Her plays had been among the most successful at the Abbey in the earlier years, but their popularity declined. Indeed, the Irish writer Oliver St. John Gogarty once wrote "the perpetual presentation of her plays nearly ruined the Abbey". In addition to her plays, she wrote a two-volume study of the folklore of her native area called Visions and Beliefs in the West of Ireland in 1920. She also played

1980-450: The period; one outcome of this work was a shift in her political position, from the "soft" Unionism of her earlier writing on Home Rule to a definite support of Irish nationalism and Republicanism , and to what she was later to describe as "a dislike and distrust of England". Edward Martyn was a neighbour of Lady Gregory, and it was during a visit to his home, Tullira Castle, in 1896 that she first met W. B. Yeats. Discussions between

2035-582: The play, and The Old Lady Says 'No!' was eventually staged by the Gate Theatre in 1928. When she retired from the Abbey board, Lady Gregory returned to live in Galway, although she continued to visit Dublin regularly. The house and demesne at Coole Park had been sold to the Irish Forestry Commission in 1927, with Lady Gregory retaining life tenancy. Her Galway home had long been a focal point for

2090-415: The remainder of the performances to be acted out in dumbshow . Lady Gregory did not think as highly of the play as Yeats did, but she defended Synge as a matter of principle. Her view of the affair is summed up in a letter to Yeats where she wrote of the riots: "It is the old battle, between those who use a toothbrush and those who don't." In July 1925, The Travelling Man by Lady Gregory was broadcast by

2145-687: The request of Lane's aunt, Lady Gregory , the leader of the Irish Government W.T. Cosgrave unsuccessfully approached Ramsay MacDonald on the matter in 1929. Then, in 1938, the present-day solution came from the British side, during the House of Lords debates on the Eire (Confirmation of Agreements) Act 1938 . Lord Strabolgi put forward a suggestion from Sir Robert Witt : "..that these pictures should alternate between London and Dublin. We have had them in London for

2200-604: The seven woods of Coole", "In the Seven Woods", "Coole Park, 1929" and "Coole Park and Ballylee, 1931". In 1932, Lady Gregory, whom Shaw once described as "the greatest living Irishwoman", died at home aged 80 from breast cancer , and is buried in Bohermore Cemetery , Galway . The entire contents of Coole Park were auctioned three months after her death, and the house was demolished in 1941. Her plays fell out of favour after her death, and are now rarely performed. Many of

2255-502: The taste of the market. Many dealers specialize in a particular style, period, or region. They often travel internationally, frequenting exhibitions , auctions , and artists' studios looking for good buys, little-known treasures, and exciting new works. When dealers buy works of art, they resell them either in their galleries or directly to collectors. Those who deal in contemporary art in particular usually exhibit artists' works in their own galleries. They will often take part in preparing

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2310-435: The then-retired Thomas Bodkin for his persistence, helped by Lord Moyne and Lord Pakenham . In 1993, the agreement was changed so that 31 of the 39 paintings would stay in Ireland. The remaining 8 were divided into 2 groups so that 4 would be lent for 6 years at a time to Dublin. These 8 include works by Manet , Monet , Pissarro , Renoir , Morisot , Vuillard and Degas . In 2008, The National Gallery in London arranged for

2365-553: The three of them, over the following year or so, led to the founding of the Irish Literary Theatre in 1899. Lady Gregory undertook fundraising, and the first programme consisted of Martyn's The Heather Field and Yeats's The Countess Cathleen . The Irish Literary Theatre project lasted until 1901, when it collapsed owing to lack of funding. In 1904, Lady Gregory, Martyn, Yeats, John Millington Synge , Æ , Annie Horniman and William and Frank Fay came together to form

2420-621: The use of the building. As Horniman was not normally resident in Ireland, the Royal Letters Patent required were paid for by her but granted in the name of Lady Gregory. One of her own plays, Spreading the News , was performed on the opening night, 27 December 1904. At the opening of Synge's The Playboy of the Western World in January 1907, a significant portion of the crowd rioted, causing

2475-497: The works of art to be revealed or processed. Art dealers' professional associations serve to set high standards for accreditation or membership and to support art exhibitions and shows. The art dealer as a distinct profession perhaps emerged in the Italian Renaissance , in particular to feed the new appetite among collectors for classical antiquities , including coins. The somewhat disreputable character of Jacopo Strada

2530-434: The writers associated with the Irish Literary Revival, and this continued after her retirement. On a tree in what were the grounds of the house, one can still see the carved initials of Synge, Æ, Yeats and his artist brother Jack , George Moore , Seán O'Casey , George Bernard Shaw , Katharine Tynan and Violet Martin . Yeats wrote five poems about, or set in, the house and grounds: "The Wild Swans at Coole", "I walked among

2585-504: Was knighted in June 1909 at the comparatively young age of 33. The Municipal Gallery of Modern Art opened in January 1908 in temporary premises at 17 Harcourt Street, Dublin , with no entrance charge. Lane hoped that Dublin Corporation would run it, but the corporation was unsure if it would be financially viable. Lane met the running costs while seeking a more permanent home. A new gallery

2640-498: Was a well-educated man with many literary and artistic interests, and the house at Coole Park housed a large library and extensive art collection, both of which Lady Gregory was eager to explore. He also had a house in London, where the couple spent a considerable amount of time, holding weekly salons frequented by many leading literary and artistic figures of the day, including Robert Browning , Lord Tennyson , John Everett Millais and Henry James . Their only child, Robert Gregory ,

2695-644: Was born in County Cork , Ireland, on 9 November 1875. He was the son of a rector father, James William Lane. His mother, Frances Adelaide (Persse) Lane, was a daughter of Dudley Persse, of Roxborough, County Galway . Her sister, Augusta, was the dramatist Augusta, Lady Gregory , of Coole, County Galway . He was brought up in Cornwall , England, and began his career as an apprentice painting restorer with Martin Henry Colnaghi in London, then worked as an art dealer at

2750-610: Was born in 1881. He was killed during the First World War while serving as a pilot, an event which inspired W. B. Yeats 's poems "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death", "In Memory of Major Robert Gregory" and "Shepherd and Goatherd". The Gregorys travelled in Ceylon , India, Spain, Italy and Egypt. While in Egypt Lady Gregory met, and in 1882 and 1883 had an affair with, the English poet Wilfrid Scawen Blunt , during which she wrote

2805-399: Was born with me may have run its course in that Egyptian year and worn itself out". Despite this, in 1893 she published A Phantom's Pilgrimage, or Home Ruin , an anti-Nationalist pamphlet against William Ewart Gladstone 's proposed second Home Rule Act. The unsigned pamphlet features Egyptian gods sitting in judgment upon Gladstone, and his phantom being shown the results of high taxes and

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2860-646: Was proposed in St Stephens Green , and then a dramatic bridge-gallery over the River Liffey , both designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Both were turned down, the latter by a close vote of the Corporation, which would have to meet the long-term running costs. Despairing of Irish support, after all he had done, Sir Hugh then bequeathed his pictures to the National Gallery in London . Shortly before his death, Lane reversed this in

2915-589: Was strongly influenced by the family nurse (i.e. nanny ), Mary Sheridan, a Catholic and a native Irish speaker , who introduced the young Augusta to the history and legends of the local area. She married Sir William Henry Gregory , a widower with an estate at Coole Park , near Gort, on 4 March 1880 in St. Matthais' Church , Dublin. Sir William, who was 36 years her elder, had just retired from his position as Governor of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), having previously served several terms as Member of Parliament for County Galway. He

2970-510: Was to parody this claim in the Scylla and Charybdis chapter of his novel Ulysses . Towards the end of 1894, encouraged by the positive reception of the editing of her husband's autobiography, Lady Gregory turned her attention to another editorial project. She decided to prepare selections from Sir William Gregory's grandfather's correspondence for publication as Mr Gregory's Letter-Box 1813–30 (1898). This entailed her researching Irish history of

3025-499: Was to write later, "If I had not married I should not have learned the quick enrichment of sentences that one gets in conversation; had I not been widowed I should not have found the detachment of mind, the leisure for observation necessary to give insight into character, to express and interpret it. Loneliness made me rich—'full', as Bacon says." A trip to Inisheer in the Aran Islands in 1893 re-awoke for Lady Gregory an interest in

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