Misplaced Pages

#500499

42-598: With Silla defeating the Tang Dynasty during the Silla-Tang Wars and finalizing the unification of the Three Kingdoms , an opportunity was provided for the culture of the three kingdoms to converge and for the residents to be integrated. When it came to Baekje, the vast majority of its populace including the ruling class was admitted to the polities of Silla onwards. However, Later Silla adhered to its Bone-Rank System that

84-424: A cooler version of a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ), with winter being warm enough to avoid being classified as an humid continental ( Dwa ) if the 0 °C isotherm is used. Jeonju, like all of Korea, has four distinct seasons (spring, summer, fall, and winter). The winters can have a mix of days that are cool to days that are quite cold. The colder days are often influenced by

126-454: A high pressure front that brings cold air from Siberia. In the summer, the humidity of Southeast Asia comes over the Korean peninsula from June through September. Temperatures in spring (late April and through May) and fall (after September 25 and through October) are often in the mid-20s°C and with low humidity. The Baekje kingdom was located in southwestern Korea which included the area Jeonju

168-523: A title upon the defeated leader Sin-gŏm. Sin-gŏm's younger brothers Yang-gŏm and Yong-gŏm, who were judged to have been to blame for the coup d'etat , were sent into exile . Silla%E2%80%93Tang War The Silla–Tang War (670–676) occurred between the Silla kingdom of Korea (joined by Goguryeo and Baekje loyalists) and the Tang dynasty of China. It began in the geopolitical context immediately following

210-510: Is now located. It is believed that Jeonju was founded as a market town within Baekje around 57 BC. Jeonju (along with Baekje in general) was conquered by the kingdom of Silla in 660 AD. It soon became part of the Silla kingdom and in 685, Jeonju became one of the nine chu (a provincial capital of the kingdom). From 889 and onward, peasant revolts (caused from over taxation) became widespread throughout

252-546: Is the capital and largest city of North Jeolla Province , South Korea. It is both urban and rural due to the closeness of Wanju County which almost entirely surrounds Jeonju (Wanju County has many residents who work in Jeonju). It is an important tourist center famous for Korean food, historic buildings, sports activities, and innovative festivals. In May 2012, Jeonju was chosen as a Creative City for Gastronomy as part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . This honour recognizes

294-718: The Samguk Yusa reports that he led an army of 100,000 against his former kingdom. The Goryeo and Later Baekje armies met at Seonsan , today part of Gumi in North Gyeongsang province, and the Later Baekje forces were destroyed. Later Baekje thus finally fell in 936, one year after King Gyeongsun had surrendered Silla to Wang Kŏn. The battle of Seonsan thus marked the end of the Later Three Kingdoms period. In his own characteristically open-handed style, Wang Kŏn conferred

336-605: The Division of Korea , Jeonju was not in the immediate frontline of the war but by the armistice signing in July 1953, Jeonju (along with many other cities) suffered bombardment and the loss of many male residents who fought during the war. Jeonju was given its modern boundaries and government system in 1963. It has since then industrialized rapidly. Since the Joseon dynasty period, it was a metropolis, but it did not experience industrialization in

378-743: The Liaodong Peninsula , while Silla controlled most of the Korean Peninsula. Relations between Tang and Silla ceased until the early 8th century, when King Seongdeok of Silla (702–737) and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (712–755) reestablished diplomatic ties and initiated a reconciliation between the states. A formal Tang recognition of Sillan sovereignty over the Korean Peninsula south of the Taedong River occurred in 736. Jeonju Jeonju ( Korean : 전주 , Korean pronunciation: [t͡ɕʌɲ.d͡ʑu] , lit.   ' Perfect region ' )

420-546: The conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje by the joint forces of Silla and Tang. The conflict ended with a truce between Tang and Silla due to the internal political situation in both states, with the dividing territorial line at the Taedong River basin. In 668, following the Goguryeo-Tang War , despite the fall of both the Korean kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo , the Korean Peninsula was still not completely united under

462-892: The 20th century compared to other parts of Korea. It does not have the industrial infrastructure, manufacturing, or heavy industries found in other major Korean cities. Today, traditional tourism and sightseeing is a major industry in the city. Fire stations in Jeonju: Libraries in Jeonju: Jeonbuk National University and Jeonju National University of Education are the public universities in Jeonju. Many city buses and taxis are available in Jeonju. However, tourists are often advised to walk between points of interest, as many attractions are near each other. The local mountains and parks are popular for outdoor recreation due to its rural location. There are historical sites in

SECTION 10

#1732851512501

504-497: The Blue and White Legion; fighting the Tang armies during the Silla-Tang Wars . Some, portion of the former royals and nobles of Baekje, were granted titles and positions by Munmu of Silla himself. However, despite these measures, there was a limit to embracing the people of Baekje by Silla when it came to fully integrating them. Many of the former Baekje ruling class became ordinary people after

546-590: The East to the more easily defensible city of Liaoyang . Tang government's relocation of the seat/capital of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East to Liaodong was effectively the end of Tang designs on Sillan territory. Although the Tang forces were expelled from territories south of Taedong River, Silla failed to regain the former Goguryeo territories north of the Taedong River , which were now under Tang dominion. The Tang empire had taken control of

588-456: The Japanese beginning from 1910 to 1945, and was renamed to Zenshū during the period. The ancient walls of the old city were destroyed by the Japanese authorities with the gate Pungnammun ( 풍남문 ) being the only remnant left today. Jeonju's population grew between 1925 and 1949 when it reached 100,000 inhabitants. Jeonju was given metropolitan status in 1935, and the city was founded in 1949. During

630-628: The Joseon period, Jeonju became the capital of a reorganized Jeolla (one of the eight provinces of the Joseon). In 1413, Jeonju (along with three other cities) was given the honor of safekeeping copies of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty which still survives extant in the former Confucian academy in Jeonju. The town was occupied by the Donghak Peasant Revolution in 1894. Jeonju was occupied by

672-519: The Korean kingdom of Silla ; the Silla–Tang alliance , which had defeated both Baekje and Goguryeo, resulted in the occupation of the former territories of both of these kingdoms by coalition (i.e. Silla and Tang ) armies. The people of these former kingdoms underwent major upheaval: a substantial number were forcibly resettled by the Tang. After the fall of Goguryeo in 668, the Tang Emperor created

714-430: The Silla capital at Gyeongju , slaying King Gyeongae and establishing King Gyeongsun as the ruler. Before the attack, Silla had sent for aid from Goryeo, and Wang Kŏn arrived with a large army shortly after Gyeongju was taken. The two armies met near Palgong Mountain in present-day Daegu . Wang Kŏn's forces in the battle reportedly numbered 10,000 men. Later Baekje triumphed, and Wang Kŏn himself only escaped through

756-469: The Ungju province (now South Chungcheong Province ). For all but the last year of its existence, Later Baekje was ruled by Kyŏn Hwŏn , and his personal style of rule played a key role in the kingdom's fate. After declaring himself king, Kyŏn Hwŏn took numerous wives , and is said to have had 10 sons by them in addition to the eight borne by his first wife. This laid the groundwork for the strife which ended

798-564: The advance on Tang territory. In 676, Xue Rengui crossed the Yellow Sea to fight against Silla, but was unsuccessful. Tang forces were defeated by a Sillan army at the Maeso fortress , in or near present-day Yeoncheon . Silla took all the territory south of the Taedong River in a series of battles in 676. The Tang were forced to relocate the seat of the Protectorate General to Pacify

840-430: The aid of governmental troops stationed there who resented being forced to do heavy labor along slaves. The rebellion was soon suppressed forty days after it began. The Joseon defeated Goryeo and founded a new dynasty in 1392 and took all their possessions including Jeonju. The Joseon considered Jeonju their ancestral home (an ancestor of Yi Seonggye of Joseon may have fled Jeonju after the 1182 peasant revolt). During

882-447: The area and internally referred to himself as the King of Baekje in 900. Having the country named (Later) Baekje was part of his plan to establish the state as an authentic successor to the ancient kingdom of Baekje, which dominated the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula until it was conquered by Silla in 660. Additionally, Kyŏn Hwŏn having the country named after the old kingdom was with

SECTION 20

#1732851512501

924-766: The area. The city has a zoo, a park, and the Hanguk Sound and Culture Hall, a large, modern concert complex on the Jeonbuk National University campus. Jeonju hosts K League 1 team Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors . The team's home ground is the Jeonju World Cup Stadium . Jeonju also hosts a semi-professional football team, Jeonju Citizen , which plays in the K4 League . Their home ground is the Jeonju Sports Complex Stadium . In addition, Jeonju

966-466: The beginning of the Later Three Kingdoms period that was to severely weaken Silla in the following years. When it began with his attack on Mujinju in 892, Kyŏn Hwŏn's rebellion was only one among numerous rebellions which sprouted up against the weak Silla rulers in the late 9th century. Many of these rebellions were initially triggered by the Silla decision to use force to collect taxes on the peasantry in 889 (Lee, 1984, p. 98). At this time most of

1008-551: The city's traditional home cooking handed down over thousands of years, its active public and private food research, a system of nurturing talented chefs, and its hosting of distinctive food festivals. Jeonju is a city with over 1,300 years of history and culture. The city has produced many scholars and has a developed publishing industry. Jeonju is divided into two wards, Deokjin District and Wansan District that, in turn, are divided into approximately 40 neighborhoods. Jeonju has

1050-502: The conquest of Goguryeo was completed, and his successor Gaozong reneged on the promise. In 675 the Tang attacked Silla and defeated them in Gyeonggi . In response Munmu of Silla dispatched a tributary mission to Tang with apologies. Gaozong accepted Munmu's apologies and withdrew Tang troops to deal with the Tibetan threat in the west . Seeing the Tang's strategic weakness, Silla renewed

1092-479: The country from this point on. Afterwards, envoys were sent to Wuyue across the sea to establish diplomatic relations while territorial expansion policies were being implemented to subdue local gentries and independent castellans beyond. The confrontation with Taebong, the northern counterpart of the Later Three Kingdoms founded by Kung Ye and the Goguryeo refugees, would begin when both states confronted each other in

1134-532: The daring self-sacrifice of his general Sin Sung-gyŏm and Kim Nak . However, when the two armies met again at the Battle of Gochang near Andong in 930, Goryeo scored a decisive victory. Later Baekje was pushed back into its heartland, and there suffered a further crippling defeat at Hongseong in 934. As Wang Kon sought to maintain legitimacy through diplomatic ties with northern China , Kyŏn Hwŏn strove to do

1176-447: The decline of Silla, Gyeon Hwon and Wang Geon (of the Goryeo kingdom) waged battle for control of the peninsula. However, Wang Geon and his forces invaded Later Baekje in 934 and Jeonju surrendered to him in 935. Under Goryeo rule, Jeonju reverted to being a provincial capital and enjoyed relative stability and economic growth. However, in 1182, the city was taken by peasant rebels with

1218-602: The dissatisfaction of the residents of the former Baekje region and the perception that they were in fact descendants of Baekje residents as a whole; holding an antipathic attitude against the Silla and preserving their collective consciousness . After the Unification of the Three Kingdoms, Later Silla reigned as an powerhouse in the Eastern World, enjoying its heyday of more than 220 years. However, as it proceeded to decline,

1260-478: The fall of Baekje. As evidenced by this, the Eight Great Families of Baekje was lost to history with many of them discarding their surnames. Though some were awarded, hence granted prestigious titles by Silla, the prizes that were bestowed upon them was far lesser of the old status back in Baekje. The Baekje people and that of their descendants' political success was bound to be limited. This eventually led to

1302-457: The justification of solving Uija 's long-cherished grudge towards Silla and inheriting the old kingdom itself. These measures were advantageous in the sense of gaining support from the Baekje refugees living in the area and rationalizing the rebellion against Silla above all else. The capital was later moved to Wansanju (now Jeonju ) as well, which was closer to the central realms of old Baekje. Government offices were established in various parts of

Later Baekje - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-500: The kingdom and it also spread to Jeonju where it became the headquarters of one of the most powerful rebel leaders of the time, Gyeon Hwon. In 892 (or 900), Gyeon Hwon renamed the city Wansan and established it as the capital of the Later Baekje kingdom. From Wansan, Gyeon Hwon campaigned against Silla which climaxed with the destruction of Geumseong (the capital of the Silla kingdom) and the assassination of King Gyeongae in 927. With

1386-458: The kingdom's existence. In 935, Kyŏn Hwŏn chose his fourth son Kŭm-gang over the elder sons as the crown prince of Later aekje. At this the eldest son, Kyŏn Sin-gŏm , conspiring with his brothers, had his father confined to Geumsansa in Gimje . Kyŏn Sin-gŏm killed Crown Prince Kŭm-gang and took the throne for himself. However, Kyŏn Hwŏn escaped to Goryeo. For much of its existence, Later Baekje

1428-505: The local gentries across the country known as hojok began to have a desire to revolt, feeling that the central government's control over the provinces it held gradually weakened due to the endless struggle for the throne amongst the True Bone-class nobility. In the era of Queen Jinseong (887-897), the newly crowned queen of Silla, collected taxes were not efficient due to Silla's weakened grip over its territories beyond its capital and

1470-428: The office of Protectorate General to Pacify the East . King Munmu of Silla then assembled the army of Silla, incorporating the remnants of the armed forces of Baekje and Goguryeo in a sort of coalition, against the Tang army. The Sillan objective was to eject the Tang forces from their positions on the Korean Peninsula (particularly the entirety of what was formerly Baekje and some of the southern portions of what

1512-693: The power on the peninsula was held by local gentry , who lacked strong loyalty to the central government. It was thus fairly easy for rebellions led by disaffected military officials to gain steam. Kyŏn Hwŏn, who was originally a military officer in Silla, was deployed in the southwest sea ( South Jeolla Province ) to wipe out pirates. However, his course of thinking that Silla was gradually declining resulted in his revolt in Mujinju (today's Gwangju ) in 892. The Samguk-sagi records as many as 5,000 people participating in his revolt. Kyŏn Hwŏn would march his army to occupy Mujinju and Wansanju (Jeonju). Afterwards, he ruled

1554-438: The rebels launched an uprising every year, the last of which lasted for four years. In 671, Silla drove Tang forces out of most of Baekje's former territory. The Goguryeo loyalists were aided by the kingdom of Silla , who were angered by Emperor Gaozong of Tang . Originally Emperor Taizong of Tang promised to exchange Baekje and the lands south of Pyongyang in return for Silla's military cooperation. However Taizong died before

1596-480: The same by maintaining ties with the rulers of southern China, particularly Wuyue . However, because Later Baekje's existence largely coincided with the turbulent Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in China, neither side was able to parlay these ties into military support. After he was deposed by his sons in 935 and fled to Goryeo, Kyŏn Hwŏn himself came to lead the armies against Later Baekje. Together with Wang Kŏn,

1638-531: The vicinity of it. Thus, officials were sent by the central government to urge the peasants and farmers across the country to have their taxes paid, infuriating them in the process. What came after were a series of rebellion with the Rebellion of Wŏnjong and Aeno in the Sabeol Province being the most famous of them. Though the rebellion led by Wonjong and Aeno (889) was put down to an end by Silla's army, it signaled

1680-399: Was formerly Goguryeo) and prevent any Tang attempts to control Silla. Silla's efforts were aided by revolts/uprisings in the territories of the former Korean kingdoms, notably Goguryeo; the first revolt of the people of Goguryeo took place in 669. Revolts in the former territories of Goguryeo took place for several subsequent years, the last of which endured for four years. From 670 to 673

1722-458: Was highly exclusive towards the Goguryeo and Baekje refugees. In the case for those that came from Baekje, the discriminatory treatment was more severe. This was due to the fact that Baekje people resisted against Silla during its revival movement from 660 to 663. After the revival movement, Baekje refugees that were cooperative to the Silla government joined the ranks of the Nine Legions as part of

Later Baekje - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-519: Was troubled by Wang Kŏn's naval raids in Naju region. These worked to disrupt trade and diplomatic ties with Southern Chinese kingdoms. Later Baekje possessed considerable military strength. South Korean historian Ki-baik Lee writes of Kyŏn Hwŏn that "Had Kungye and Wang Kŏn not stood in his way, he surely would have had little difficulty in toppling Silla." Later Baekje showed its greatest strength in 927. In that year its armies attacked and pillaged

#500499