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26-606: Outcrops of the Hornerstown Formation are known from sites such as Edelman Fossil Park . The age of the Hornerstown deposits have been controversial. While most fossils are of animal taxa known from the earliest Cenozoic era, several fossils of otherwise exclusively Cretaceous age have been found. These include remains of the shark Squalicorax , several types of non-avian dinosaurs, the teleost fish Enchodus , several species of ammonite , and marine lizards referred to

52-628: A certain shape, such as for glass and tile, as a "quarry cut". The method of removal of stones from their natural bed by using different operations is called quarrying. Methods of quarrying include: Following steps are used in the blasting process; Many quarry stones such as marble , granite , limestone , and sandstone are cut into larger slabs and removed from the quarry. The surfaces are polished and finished with varying degrees of sheen or luster . Polished slabs are often cut into tiles or countertops and installed in many kinds of residential and commercial properties. Natural stone quarried from

78-454: A long period in hard-water streams rich in calcium carbonate. This layer is typically located in swamps, resulting in a covering of a dark organic-rich layer of peat. Because of marl's formation as the result of decaying plants and algae in soft sediment, it is a great harborer of fossils including numerous invertebrates as well as larger land-dwelling animals whose bodies were swept downstream and laid here to rest. Within marl sediments

104-529: A paleo-themed playground that are perfect for families. Elsewhere, the Hall of Extinction & Hope will help visitors understand what led to the dinosaurs' demise as well as what we can learn and do about our current climate and biodiversity crises. To provide guests with an even more hands-on learning experience, a Fossil Research Workshop, virtual reality chamber, and of course the fossil dig experience will be available. The Café will feature sustainable food options, and

130-522: A shallow sea until the late Pliocene when the ocean receded as the Greenland ice sheet formed 3 million years ago. The Coastal Plain begins on a southeast diagonal between Carteret and Trenton with sediments overlapping the rockier Piedmont Formation to the northwest. The specific layer in which the fossils are located is known as marl - a dark to light green, manganese-rich, clay that forms when algae, aquatic plants, and aquatic animals decay over

156-462: A time of low sediment deposition, or that they were stirred up from deeper in the sediment and deposited together during a tsunami . Biochemical analyses done on mosasaur bones from the Hornerstown Formation and the underlying, purely Cretaceous New Egypt Formation have found differing chemical signatures in the content of rare earth elements depending on whether the bones derive from the New Egypt or

182-451: Is a type of open-pit mine in which dimension stone , rock , construction aggregate , riprap , sand , gravel , or slate is excavated from the ground. The operation of quarries is regulated in some jurisdictions to manage their safety risks and reduce their environmental impact. The word quarry can also include the underground quarrying for stone, such as Bath stone . Types of rock extracted from quarries include: Stone quarry

208-411: Is an outdated term for mining construction rocks (limestone, marble, granite, sandstone, etc.). There are open types (called quarries, or open-pit mines) and closed types ( mines and caves). For thousands of years, only hand tools had been used in quarries. In the eighteenth century, the use of drilling and blasting operations was mastered. The term remains used to describe a method of cutting into

234-613: Is currently the only facility east of the Mississippi River that has an active open quarry for public Community Dig Days. Formed at the end of the Cretaceous Period during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event , this rich fossil deposit is abundant in marine life which is indicative of the shallow sea that once covered the area that would become Southern New Jersey. The fossil park is undergoing renovations to become

260-561: Is located, is composed of alternating layers of sand , silt , and clay due to fluctuating sea levels since the Cretaceous.  These sedimentary sequences are known as facies . Sedimentary rocks of this area have been dated from between the Lower Cretaceous to the Miocene (145 to 5.3 mya). The entire area of Southern New Jersey is known as the coastal plain . It was submerged under

286-545: Is sometimes referred to this formation, as its remains were found in the New Egypt Formation , which is sometimes considered a part of the Hornerstown. Bottosaurus B. harlani Edelman Fossil Park The Jean and Ric Edelman Fossil Park , located in Mantua Township, New Jersey , consists of a 66-million-year-old 6-inch (150 mm) bone bed set into a 65-acre (26 ha) former marl quarry . It

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312-443: Is the mineral vivianite (Fe 3 (PO 4 ) 2 · 8H 2 O) that forms as a result of reduction-oxidation reactions. This deep blue to bluish-green crystal begins to oxidize in the presence of oxygen, converting Fe to Fe until the blue color becomes almost black and opaque. Because of this inevitable darkening, there is no such thing as stable vivianite. Embedded into these layers are also schist dropstones , indicative of

338-535: Is thus divided into three sections: the section below the MFL (entirely Maastrichtian), the MFL itself (at the K-Pg boundary), and the section above the MFL (entirely Danian). However, other studies continue to treat the Hornerstown Formation as a Paleocene formation that saw significant reworking of Cretaceous fossils into itself. In addition, recent studies have found evidence of high iridium concentration and shocked quartz within

364-530: The Coquina quarry is excavated to more than 60 feet (18 m) below sea level. To reduce surface leakage, a moat lined with clay was constructed around the entire quarry. Groundwater entering the pit is pumped up into the moat. As a quarry becomes deeper, water inflows generally increase and it also becomes more expensive to lift the water higher during removal; this can become the limiting factor in quarry depth. Some water-filled quarries are worked from beneath

390-537: The Hornerstown Formation. This provides evidence against the idea that the presence of these remains in the Hornerstown is just the result of reworking, and supports the Hornerstown Formation including Cretaceous strata. To account for these Cretaceous fossils, the Hornerstown Formation is generally treated as including the last portion of the Maastrichtian shortly before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, and

416-406: The MFL, suggesting that the MFL represents a thanatocoenosis formed from an ecosystem collapse during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event . This makes the Hornerstown Formation one of the few geological formations to contain direct evidence of the immediate impact of the extinction event. The Hornerstown Formation is important paleontologically, as it shows the impact of the K-Pg extinction on

442-584: The ancient glaciations that occurred in this area during glacial periods . The following are some of the fossils that have been found on site at the Edelman Fossil Park, most of which are extinct species. An asterisk (*) indicates an extant, or living, species. Key stakeholders at the Jean and Ric Edelman Fossil Park at Rowan University broke ground on a $ 73 million new endeavor on October 9, 2021 – The Jean and Ric Edelman Fossil Park Museum . Construction of

468-691: The coastal waters of eastern Appalachia , contains many of the last known records of taxa that went extinct at the K-Pg boundary, while also providing evidence of survivorship for the taxa that managed to survive the extinction event. Based on Case (1996) and Boles et al (2024): A number of fossil birds are known from the greensands of the formation. The Hornerstown serves as the type locality for all these genera and species: Anatalavis A. rex Graculavus G. velox Laornis L. edwardsianus Palaeotringa P. littoralis P. vagans Telmatornis T. priscus Tytthostonyx T. glauconiticus The tyrannosauroid Dryptosaurus

494-401: The earth is often considered a luxury and tends to be a highly durable surface, thus highly desirable. Quarries in level areas with shallow groundwater or which are located close to surface water often have engineering problems with drainage . Generally the water is removed by pumping while the quarry is operational, but for high inflows more complex approaches may be required. For example,

520-521: The genus Mosasaurus . Some of these remains show signs of severe abrasion and erosion, however, implying that they may be re-worked from older deposits. Most of these fossils are restricted to the lowest point in the formation, one rich in fossils and known as the Main Fossiliferous Layer, or MFL. Other explanations for the out-of-place fossils in the MFL is that they represent a time-averaged assemblage that built up and remained unburied during

546-617: The museum is currently underway, and is scheduled to open in 2023. Visitors to the museum will be transported to the moments surrounding earth's fifth mass extinction: the moments that led to a mass die-off when non-avian dinosaurs and 75% of all other species went extinct. Guests will be immersed into the world of the Late Cretaceous as it looked in coastal New Jersey alongside both land-dwelling and aquatic creatures fighting for survival. The 44,000 square foot museum will feature interactives and hands-on learning stations, exploration zones, and

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572-463: The museum's gift shop will offer items from local artisans. The Edelman Fossil Park Museum will be New Jersey's largest public net-zero facility, with 100% of its energy coming from a combination of green energy available in New Jersey's power grid and renewable energy produced on-site. The museum will feature geothermal water-source heat pump heating and cooling systems, a photovoltaic solar field, and

598-500: The pollution of public roads, wheel washing systems are becoming more common. Many quarries naturally fill with water after abandonment and become lakes . Others are made into landfills . Water-filled quarries can be very deep, often 50 ft (15 m) or more, and surprisingly cold, so swimming in quarry lakes is generally not recommended. Unexpectedly cold water can cause a swimmer's muscles to suddenly weaken; it can also cause shock and even hypothermia . Though quarry water

624-496: The repurposing of on-site materials for interior construction and design. No fossil fuels will be combusted for museum operations and no greenhouse gasses will be released into the atmosphere. The surrounding grounds will utilize native plantings, and plant and animal habitats and other key landscape features will be restored as part of the design footprint. 39°45′43″N 75°07′37″W  /  39.762°N 75.127°W  / 39.762; -75.127 Quarry A quarry

650-556: The site of the Jean and Ric Edelman Fossil Park Museum and will be available for school, scout, camp, and public programs once construction is complete. It is currently closed to the public and will reopen after the completion of the museum in the summer of 2024. The Jean and Ric Edelman Fossil Park is owned and operated by Rowan University in Glassboro, New Jersey thanks in part to a generous donation from Jean and Ric Edelman . The bedrock of Gloucester County , where Edelman Fossil Park

676-473: The water, by dredging. Many people and municipalities consider quarries to be eyesores and require various abatement methods to address problems with noise, dust, and appearance. One of the more effective and famous examples of successful quarry restoration is Butchart Gardens in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. A further problem is pollution of roads from trucks leaving the quarries. To control and restrain

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