Horn Island is a long, thin barrier island off the Gulf Coast of Mississippi , south of Ocean Springs . It is one of the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands and part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore . Horn Island is several miles long, but less than a mile wide at its widest point. It occupies about 4.2 square miles (11 km ) .
19-624: Horn Island may refer to: Horn Island (Mississippi) , United States Horn Island, Queensland , Australia See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Horn Island Hoorn Islands , a group of two islands, Futuna and Alofi, in the Pacific Ocean, now part of Wallis and Futuna Hornos Island , in Antártica Chilena Province of Magallanes y Antártica Chilena Region, Chile [REDACTED] Topics referred to by
38-631: A list of bio-agents designated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or the U.S. Department of Agriculture that have the "potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety" to be officially defined as " select agents " and possession or transportation of them are tightly controlled as such. Select agents are divided into "HHS select agents and toxins", "USDA select agents and toxins" and "Overlap select agents and toxins". The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) breaks biological agents into three categories: Category A, Category B, and Category C . Category A agents pose
57-438: A potential danger in a wide variety of occupational settings. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention is an international treaty banning the development, use or stockpiling of biological weapons; as of March 2021, there were 183 states parties to the treaty. Bio-agents are, however, widely studied for both defensive and medical research purposes under various biosafety levels and within biocontainment facilities throughout
76-538: Is a favorite boating destination for those living on the Mississippi Gulf Coast . Horn Island has long stretches of sugar-white sand , dunes punctuated with sea oats , tall pines on small groves , saw palmettos on small groves , and a few inland lagoons . It is home to varied wildlife including alligators , ospreys , pelicans , anhingas , ibises , manatees , ducks , rabbits, raccoons, tern , herons , and other migratory birds . The Sound and
95-580: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Horn Island (Mississippi) The island, in part, shelters and bounds the Mississippi Sound to its north, and has a long beach on the Gulf of Mexico on its south side. The island is undeveloped, except for a small ranger station mid-island. Part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore , it
114-494: The Geneva Protocol, several countries made reservations regarding its applicability and use in retaliation. Due to these reservations, it was in practice a " no-first-use " agreement only. The 1972 Biological Weapons Convention supplements the Geneva Protocol by prohibiting the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological weapons. Having entered into force on 26 March 1975, this agreement
133-479: The Gulf host innumerable species of sea life. In 1718 Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz arrived at Louisiana, and in his book The History of Louisiana he describes the possible etymology of the island's name, and its use as grazing land for livestock. Horn-island is very flat and tolerably wooded, about six leagues in length, narrowed to a point to the west side. I know not whether it was for this reason, or on account of
152-703: The ability to adversely affect human health in a variety of ways, ranging from relatively mild allergic reactions to serious medical conditions, including serious injury, as well as serious or permanent disability or even death . Many of these organisms are ubiquitous in the natural environment where they are found in water, soil, plants, or animals. Bio-agents may be amenable to "weaponization" to render them easier to deploy or disseminate. Genetic modification may enhance their incapacitating or lethal properties, or render them impervious to conventional treatments or preventives. Since many bio-agents reproduce rapidly and require minimal resources for propagation, they are also
171-560: The absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance. In 1985, the Australia Group was established, a multilateral export control regime of 43 countries aiming to prevent the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons. In 2004, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1540 , which obligates all UN Member States to develop and enforce appropriate legal and regulatory measures against
190-552: The colony. From 1943 to 1945, Horn Island was closed to all public access and activity for use as a biological weapons testing site by the U.S. Army . From 1946–1965, Walter Inglis Anderson , an artist from Ocean Springs , Mississippi , often visited the island to draw and paint the landscapes and life on the island. Many of his works are on display at the Walter Anderson Museum in Ocean Springs. In 1989
209-456: The efficiency of various dissemination techniques or the risks caused by the use of biological agents in bioterrorism . To simulate dispersal, attachment or the penetration depth in human or animal lungs, simulants must have particle sizes, specific weight and surface properties, similar to the simulated biological agent. The typical size of simulants (1–5 μm) enables it to enter buildings with closed windows and doors and penetrate deep into
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#1732855998146228-568: The greatest threat to the US. Criteria for being a Category "A" agent include high rates of morbidity and mortality, ease of dissemination and communicability, ability to cause a public panic, and special action required by public health officials to respond. Category A agents include anthrax , botulism , plague , smallpox , and viral hemorrhagic fevers. Simulants are organisms or substances which mimic physical or biological properties of real biological agents, without being pathogenic. They are used to study
247-521: The group, Horn Island is the largest. [REDACTED] Media related to Horn Island (Mississippi) at Wikimedia Commons Biological weapon Biological agents , also known as biological weapons or bioweapons , are pathogens used as weapons. In addition to these living or replicating pathogens , toxins and biotoxins are also included among the bio-agents. More than 1,200 different kinds of potentially weaponizable bio-agents have been described and studied to date. Some biological agents have
266-457: The island was used as a propagation site for the endangered red wolf as part of the red wolf recovery program. This population was removed in 1998 because of a likelihood of encounters with humans. Horn is one of a chain of Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands . Other islands in the chain include Petit Bois Island and Dauphin Island to the east, and Ship Island and Cat Island to the west. Of
285-467: The lungs. This bears a significant health risk, even if the biological agent is normally not pathogenic. While the history of biological weapons use goes back more than six centuries to the siege of Caffa in 1346, international restrictions on biological weapons began only with the 1925 Geneva Protocol , which prohibits the use but not the possession or development of chemical and biological weapons in international armed conflicts. Upon ratification of
304-417: The number of horned cattle upon it, that it received this name; but it is certain, that the first Canadians, who settled on Isle Dauphine, had put most of their cattle, in great numbers, there; whereby they came to grow rich even when they slept. These cattle not requiring any attendance, or other care, in this island, came to multiply in such a manner, that the owners made great profits of them on our arrival in
323-429: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horn_Island&oldid=1173281333 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
342-407: The world. The former US biological warfare program (1943–1969) categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either "lethal agents" ( Bacillus anthracis , Francisella tularensis , Botulinum toxin ) or "incapacitating agents" ( Brucella suis , Coxiella burnetii , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , staphylococcal enterotoxin B ). Since 1997, United States law has declared
361-512: Was the first multilateral disarmament treaty to ban the production of an entire category of weapons of mass destruction. As of March 2021, 183 states have become party to the treaty . The treaty is considered to have established a strong global norm against biological weapons, which is reflected in the treaty's preamble, stating that the use of biological weapons would be "repugnant to the conscience of mankind". However, its effectiveness has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and
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