Hor Awibre (also known as Hor I ) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the early 13th Dynasty in the late Middle Kingdom .
62-593: Hor remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb in Dashur by Jacques de Morgan , see below. At Tanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor and Sekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated in Memphis and came to the Delta region during the Hyksos period. Based on this evidence,
124-526: A building built in 1901, it is the largest museum in Africa. Among its masterpieces are Pharaoh Tutankhamun 's treasure, including its iconic gold burial mask , widely considered one of the best-known works of art in the world and a prominent symbol of ancient Egypt . The Egyptian Museum of Antiquities contains many important pieces of ancient Egyptian history. It houses the world's largest collection of Pharaonic antiquities. The Egyptian government established
186-425: A dispute over a badly ironed shirt, which in turn escalated into a fight in which a Christian burned a Muslim Arab clan member to death. Furthermore, during clashes another Muslim suffered head injuries and later died due to a gasoline bomb being thrown from a rooftop of a building. At least 16 homes and properties of Christians were pillaged, some were torched, and a church was damaged during the violence. This incident
248-468: A gradual arrangement of halls, without allocating rooms for periods of turmoil, as they were considered historically insignificant. The artifacts in the museum were categorized by their themes, though for architectural reasons, large statues were placed on the ground floor, while funerary items were displayed on the first floor in chronological order. Each day, new artifacts were arranged and displayed according to their themes in various rooms. The museum became
310-598: A number of flails , scepters and wooden staves which had all been disposed in a long wooden case. These had been intentionally broken in pieces. The tomb also housed weapons such as a granite macehead and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery. Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC, Dashur Dahshur (in English often called Dashur ; Arabic : دهشور Dahšūr pronounced [dɑhˈʃuːɾ] , Coptic : ⲧⲁϩϭⲟⲩⲣ Dahchur )
372-470: A rare collection of maps, paintings, and photographs. In August 2004, it was announced that 38 artifacts had disappeared from the museum and could not be located. The incident was referred to the public prosecution for investigation. During the security turmoil following the January 25 Revolution, the museum was stormed on January 28, 2011 , by unidentified individuals, and 54 artifacts were stolen. In response,
434-409: A representation of both ancient and modern Egypt. In 1983, the museum building was registered as a heritage site due to its unique architectural value. In August 2006, the largest development operation was carried out on the museum, aiming to make it a scientific and cultural destination. This included the establishment of a cultural center and an administrative-commercial annex on the western side of
496-704: A sale room (Salle de ventes) in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo from 1902 in room 56 on the ground floor, where original ancient Egyptian artworks and other original artefacts were sold. In addition, until the 1970s, dealers or collectors could bring antiquities to the Cairo Museum for inspection on Thursdays, and if museum officials had no objections, they could pack them in ready-made boxes, have them sealed and cleared for export. Many objects now held in private collections or public museums originated here. After years of debate about
558-400: A thousand tons in total. However, the transportation process was chaotic at times. The transfer was completed by July 13, 1902, and Mariette's tomb was moved to the museum garden in accordance with his wish to be buried among the artifacts he had spent much of his life collecting. The Egyptian Museum was officially opened on November 15, 1902. The new museum adopted an exhibition style based on
620-464: Is an ancient Egyptian pyramid complex and necropolis and shares the name of the nearby village of Manshiyyat Dahshur (Arabic: منشأة دهشور) in markaz Badrashin , Giza . Dahshur is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and is located on the Western Desert plateau at the edge of the cultivated plain, and along with the pyramid complexes at Saqqara , Abusir , and Giza , to its north, forms
682-618: Is permitted for a fee of 50 EGP for both Egyptians and foreigners, except in the Hall of the Golden Mask and the Royal Mummy Halls. Occasionally, free photography is allowed on specific days to encourage tourism and increase visitors to the museum. Visitors can also rent an audio guide inside the museum for 25 EGP, providing detailed information about the displayed artifacts. The Department of Antiquities (Service d'Antiquités Egyptien) operated
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#1732848972007744-623: The Egyptian Museum ( Arabic : المتحف المصري , romanized : al-Matḥaf al-Miṣrī , Egyptian Arabic : el-Matḥaf el-Maṣri [elˈmætħæf elˈmɑsˤɾi] ) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo , Egypt, houses the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in the world. It houses over 120,000 items, with a representative amount on display. Located in Tahrir Square in
806-901: The French architect Marcel Dourgnon. The bigger part of the museum's garden that stretched until the Nile was taken away in 1954 to build the Cairo Municipality Building. In 2004, the museum appointed Wafaa El Saddik as the first female director general. During the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 , the museum was broken into, and two mummies were destroyed. Several artifacts were also shown to have been damaged and around 50 objects were stolen. Since then, 25 objects have been found. Those that were restored were put on display in September 2013 in an exhibition entitled "Damaged and Restored". Among
868-663: The New Kingdom . On April 3, 2021, twenty-two of these mummies were transferred to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat in a grand parade dubbed The Pharaohs' Golden Parade . Collections are also being transferred to the not-yet-open Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza, including all the artifacts found inside Tutankhamun's tomb. "Among the reasons that the GEM itself was conceived,
930-527: The White Pyramid , located within Dahshur is that of the 12th Dynasty King Amenemhat II (1929–1895 BC). This pyramid has not been preserved as well as the others within the area due to the materials that were used to fill it (sand on the outside and limestone on the inside). Naturally the weather caused the sand to erode from it, but the limestone was taken intentionally for use on other pyramids allowing
992-681: The pyramid fields of the ancient capital city of Memphis . It is known chiefly for several pyramids , mainly Senefru 's Bent Pyramid and the Red Pyramid , which are among the oldest, largest and best preserved in Egypt , built from 2613 to 2589 BC. The Dahshur pyramids were an extremely important learning experience for the Egyptians. It provided them with the knowledge and know-how to transition from step-sided pyramids to smooth-sided pyramids. Ultimately their breadth of experience would allow them to build
1054-514: The 13th Dynasty King Hor I. The Turin King List entry 7:17 lists "The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days". In this list, Hor us preceded by Renseneb (7:16) and succeeded by Sedjefakare (7:18). According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty. Alternatively, Detlef Franke and Jürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty. No evidence has been found that relate Hor to his predecessor on
1116-425: The 1950s, this was read as " [...] 7 months ". This led scholars such as Miroslav Verner and Darrell Baker to believe that Hor's reign was ephemeral, while Ryholt's reading leaves a longer reign possible and indeed Ryholt credits Hor with 2 years of reign. In any case, Hor most likely reigned only for a short time, in particular not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was still the common burial place for kings of
1178-468: The Egyptian Museum to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Fustat . The mummies are now displayed in state-of-the-art display cases designed to better control temperature and humidity, offering enhanced preservation compared to their previous display in the Egyptian Museum. The museum is located in the heart of Cairo, on the northern side of Tahrir Square (Downtown). It is accessible by public transportation, private cars with parking available at
1240-574: The Egyptian Museum. However, this effort was not successful due to the death of Muhammad Ali Pasha in 1849, followed by a period of instability. The trade in antiquities resurfaced, and the collection housed in the museum established in Azbakeya began to shrink until it was transferred to a single hall in the Citadel of Saladin. The situation worsened when Khedive Abbas I donated the entire contents of this hall to Duke Maximilian of Austria during his visit to
1302-625: The Great Pyramid of Giza; the last of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still standing to this date. The first of the Dahshur pyramids was the Bent Pyramid (2613–2589 BC), built under the rule of King Sneferu . The Bent Pyramid was the first attempt at building a smooth sided pyramid, but proved to be an unsuccessful build due to the miscalculations made on the structural weight that
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#17328489720071364-552: The Shaft-tomb of Hor is located inside the Pyramid Complex of Amenemhat III , reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court of Amenemhat III . Ten such shaft-tombs were located north of the pyramid, where Hor occupies the first and Nubhotepti-Khered the second. His tomb was found nearly intact tomb in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration with Georges Legrain and Gustave Jequier . It
1426-481: The archaeologist who excavated this site. Located closely to the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty several undisturbed tombs of royal women were found, containing a large amount of lapidary and jewelry that have been determined to be of the highest stage of metalworking in Egypt during this time period. The pyramid of Senusret III was part of a huge complex, with several smaller pyramids of royal women, along with another pyramid to
1488-613: The artifacts after the transfer of the items related to the Grand Egyptian Museum and the Museum of Civilization. The committee included directors from the museums of Turin, the Louvre, United Museums, and Berlin. The museum library was established at the time of the museum's opening, with funds allocated since 1899 for the purchase of books. The Egyptologist Maspero advocated for a permanent budget for acquiring books and appointed Dacros as
1550-547: The bank of the Nile River , and in 1878 it suffered significant damage owing to the flooding of the Nile River . In 1891, the collections were moved to a former royal palace, in the Giza district of Cairo. They remained there until 1902 when they were moved again to the current museum in Tahrir Square , built by the Italian company of Giuseppe Garozzo and Francesco Zaffrani to a design by
1612-413: The building of the second pyramid of Dahshur, the Red Pyramid . Once completed, the pyramid was considered to be a success, as it was a fully constructed, smooth sided, and a free standing pyramid rising to a height of 341 feet (104 meters), with an angle of 43 degrees. The Red Pyramid's name derives from the material that was used to construct the pyramid, red limestone. This pyramid is believed to be
1674-477: The citadel. Mariette considered the Boulaq Museum a temporary location, and after the flood incident, he saw an opportunity to advocate for the establishment of a permanent museum with greater capacity to accommodate a larger collection of artifacts, while also being situated away from the flood path. After Mariette's death, he was succeeded by Gaston Maspero , who attempted to move the museum from Boulaq but
1736-499: The display of valuable artifacts. The first phase of the initiative involved sampling the original color of the museum building and restoring the walls to their original color. It also included wall surface restoration, the restoration of decorations on the walls and columns, the replacement of window glass with UV-protective glass to safeguard the artifacts, and the restoration of the original ventilation system after thorough cleaning. Restoration work relied on 257 preserved panels within
1798-670: The displayed artifacts were two statues of King Tutankhamun made of cedar wood and covered with gold, a statue of King Akhenaten , ushabti statues that belonged to the Nubian kings, a mummy of a child, and a small polychrome glass vase. The museum was reportedly used as a torture site during the 2011 Revolution , with protestors forcibly and unlawfully detained and allegedly abused, according to reports, videos and eyewitness accounts. Activists state that "men were being tortured with electric shocks, whips and wires," and "women were tied to fences and trees." Prominent singer and activist Ramy Essam
1860-399: The early 13th dynasty. Regardless of the duration of his reign, Hor was seemingly succeeded by his two sons Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw and Djedkheperew . The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor's skeleton was left in his coffin. The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death. He was found with his arms across his chest. At Dahshur ,
1922-459: The egyptologist Kim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre. Present location of this architrave is unknown. Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found. At Lisht , a plaque with his name was found at the Pyramid of Amenemhat I. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names. Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of
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1984-577: The final two dynasties of Egypt, including items from the tombs of the Pharaohs Thutmosis III , Thutmosis IV , Amenophis II , Hatshepsut , and the courtier Maiherpri , as well as many artifacts from the Valley of the Kings , in particular the material from the intact tombs of Tutankhamun and Psusennes I . Until 2021, two rooms contained a number of mummies of kings and other royal family members of
2046-523: The first librarian from 1903 to 1906. He was succeeded by several librarians, including Monier, who compiled a comprehensive catalog of the library’s holdings until 1926. A significant turning point for the library occurred when Abdel Mohsen El-Khashab assumed its management. He was assisted by Diaa El-Din Abu Ghazi, who later became the head librarian in 1950. Abu Ghazi played a crucial role in preparing catalogues, increasing international exchanges, and expanding
2108-471: The history of Ancient Egyptian trade. Also on the ground floor are artifacts from the New Kingdom, the time period between 1550 and 1069 BC. These artifacts are generally larger than items created in earlier centuries. Those items include statues, tables, and coffins (sarcophagi). It contains 42 rooms; with many items on view from sarcophagi and boats to enormous statues. On the first floor are artifacts from
2170-430: The keys to the museum on March 9, 1902, and began the process of transferring the archaeological collections from Khedive Ismail 's palace in Giza to the new museum. This operation involved the use of five thousand wooden carts, while large artifacts were transported by two trains, making about nineteen round trips between Giza and Qasr El-Nil. The first shipment carried approximately forty-eight stone coffins, weighing over
2232-533: The later reign of Amenemhat III and, although badly eroded, it remains the most imposing monument at the site after the two Sneferu pyramids. The polished granite pyramidion or capstone of the Black Pyramid is on display in the main hall of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Several other pyramids of the 13th Dynasty were built at Dahshur. Only the Pyramid of Ameny Qemau has been excavated so far by Ahmad Fakhri,
2294-455: The library, which eventually grew to its current two-story size with two reading rooms and a storage area for publications. The library houses over 50,000 books and volumes, including rare works on ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern archaeology, along with other specialized fields. Some of its most significant books include Description de l'Égypte , Antiquités de l'Égypte et de la Nubie, and Lepsius' works. The library also contains
2356-457: The military forces cordoned off the museum to protect and secure it against looting and theft. After the political situation stabilized, security authorities managed to recover some of the stolen artifacts, but 29 items remain missing to this day. On April 3, 2021, the Egyptian Museum witnessed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade , during which 22 royal mummies (18 kings and 4 queens) were transferred from
2418-432: The multi-story Tahrir parking lot, or the easier option of using the metro, exiting at Sadat Station, which directly overlooks Tahrir Square. The museum is open daily from 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM, with special hours on Fridays from 9:00 AM to 11:00 AM and from 1:30 PM to 7:00 PM. Photography is not allowed inside the museum due to the negative effects of camera flashes on the small artifacts' colors. However, personal photography
2480-674: The museum built in 1835 near the Ezbekieh Garden and later moved to the Cairo Citadel . In 1855, Archduke Maximilian of Austria was given all of the artifacts by the Egyptian government; these are now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum , Vienna. A new museum was established at Boulaq in 1858 in a former warehouse, following the foundation of the new Antiquities Department under the direction of Auguste Mariette . The building lay on
2542-415: The museum is entrusted to the position of museum director, a role held by several prominent figures in the field of Egyptology, including: There are two main floors in the museum, the ground floor and the first floor. On the ground floor is an extensive collection of large-scale works in stone including statues, reliefs and architectural elements. These are arranged chronologically in clockwise fashion, from
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2604-476: The museum's library, which displayed the building's original designs. In July 2016, the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt) upgraded the museum’s internal and external lighting systems, allowing the museum to be open for nighttime visits. In November 2018, the final phase of the museum’s development was inaugurated, which included a new exhibition scenario, the display of the collections of Yuya and Thuya on
2666-498: The museum, where informal settlements were removed . Due to various architectural distortions the building had suffered over the years, which hid much of its original aesthetic charm due to external factors like pollution and heavy traffic, the Ministry of Antiquities launched an initiative in May 2012 to create a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the museum. The German Foreign Ministry funded
2728-562: The necessary studies and scientific research, and the International Environmental Quality Association participated in the implementation of the initiative to restore the museum to its original condition. The project included architectural and engineering restoration work, as well as the development of the surrounding area of Tahrir Square . The project was completed by 2016, after restoring the eastern and northern wings, addressing lighting issues, and reorganizing
2790-564: The new museum. Between the summer and the end of 1889, all the artifacts were moved from the Boulaq Museum to Giza, and the artifacts were reorganized in the new museum by the scholar De Morgan, who served as the museum's director. From 1897 to 1899, Loret succeeded De Morgan, but Maspero returned to manage the museum from 1899 to 1914. The architectural design of the museum was created by the French architect Marcel Dournon in 1897, to be located in
2852-727: The northern area of Tahrir Square (formerly Ismailia Square), along the British Army barracks in Cairo near Qasr El-Nil. The foundation stone was laid on April 1, 1897, in the presence of Khedive Abbas Hilmi II , the Prime Minister, and all his cabinet members. The project was completed by the German architect Hermann Grabe. In November 1903, the Antiquities Department appointed the Italian architect Alessandro Parazenti, who had received
2914-406: The only one in the world so filled with artifacts that it resembled a storage facility. When asked about this, Maspero replied that the Egyptian Museum was a reflection of a pharaonic tomb or temple, where every part of the space was used to display paintings or hieroglyphic inscriptions. Even the modern Egyptian home of that time used every part of the walls for paintings and images, making the museum
2976-430: The partly gilded rotten wooden coffin of the king. The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set in bronze , had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor's canopic box was also found complete with its canopic vessels . Other artifacts from the tomb include small statues, alabaster and wooden vases, some jewelry , two alabaster stelae inscribed with blue painted hieroglyphs and
3038-653: The pre-dynastic to the Greco-Roman period. The first floor is dedicated to smaller works, including papyri, coins, textiles, and an enormous collection of wooden sarcophagi. The numerous pieces of papyrus are generally small fragments, owing to their decay over the past two millennia. Several languages are found on these pieces, including Greek, Latin , Arabic, and ancient Egyptian . The coins found on this floor are made of many different metals, including gold, silver, and bronze. The coins are not only Egyptian, but also Greek, Roman, and Islamic. This has helped historians research
3100-399: The pyramid to collapse and ultimately desecrating the tomb of King Amenemhat II. King Senusret III (1878–1839 BC) had his pyramid built within Dahshur. The difference between his pyramid in comparison to those surrounding it was that King Senusret III had tombs and galleries built underneath it for two princesses; Sit-Hathor and Merit. The Black Pyramid dates from
3162-525: The resting place of King Sneferu. Shortly after King Sneferu's death a third pyramid was erected by his son Khufu . Khufu wanting to build a legacy of his own, utilized his father's research to design and guide the building process of the third pyramid to completion (2589–2566 BC). Once completed, the pyramid was named the Great Pyramid of Giza , and it stands an astonishing 481 feet (147 meters) tall with an angle of 52 degrees. Another pyramid,
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#17328489720073224-550: The south. In a gallery tomb next to this pyramid were found two treasures of the king's daughters ( Sithathor ). Extensive cemeteries of officials of the Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom have been found around Dahshur's pyramids. Dahshur was Egypt's royal necropolis during the reign of the 12th Dynasty king Amenemhat II. In July 2012, Dahshur's entire Christian community, which some estimate to be as many as 120 families, fled to nearby towns due to sectarian violence. The violence began in
3286-626: The strategy for selling the antiquities, the sale room was closed in November 1979. The value is in Egyptian pounds. 240 EGP is a combined morning ticket for foreigners at a discounted rate for the museum and the Mummies Hall. The museum is overseen by the Museums Sector of the Supreme Council of Antiquities , which is part of the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Egypt) . The management of
3348-461: The throne, Renseneb , which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper. Hor Awibre's reign length is partially lost to a lacuna of the Turin canon and is consequently unknown. According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by Ryholt, the surviving traces indicate the number of days as " [... and] 7 days ". In the previous authoritative reading of the canon by Alan Gardiner , which dates to
3410-580: The tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained a naos with a rare life-size wooden statue of the Ka of the king. This statue is one of the most frequently reproduced examples of Ancient Egyptian art and is now in the Egyptian Museum under the catalog number CG259. It is one of the best-preserved and most accomplished wooden statues to survive from antiquity, and illustrates an artistic genre that must once have been common in Egyptian art, but has rarely survived in such good condition. The tomb also contained
3472-504: The upper floor, as well as the display of King Tutankhamun ’s artifacts, until the rest of his collection is moved to the Grand Egyptian Museum . The works also involved repainting the walls, upgrading the outlets, updating the lighting system, and restoring the display cases. These tasks were overseen by a committee that included directors of the world’s largest museums, who contributed to the scientific perspective on redistributing
3534-575: Was among those detained and tortured at the museum. Youssef Diaa Effendi, the Director of the Antiquities Department , began inspecting the antiquities of Middle Egypt shortly after assuming his position, focusing on those discovered by farmers. In 1848, Muhammad Ali Pasha assigned Linan Bek, the Minister of Education, to compile a comprehensive report on archaeological sites and send artifacts to
3596-512: Was being placed onto the soft ground (sand, gravel, and clay), which had a tendency to subside. Other calculations that were proven to be erroneous were that the blocks being used were cut in such a manner that when placed onto the pyramid their weight was not distributed appropriately, causing the angle of the pyramid to be off and achieving the name "the Bent Pyramid". Realizing his shortcomings and learning from his mistakes, King Sneferu ordered
3658-437: Was likely a daughter of Hor or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III. Burial goods include a canopic chest, canopic jars, gold-leaf, and a ka-statuette. His burial goods show a special type of hieroglyphs known as " incomplete hieroglyphs ", which developed in the reign of Amenemhat III onwards (i.e. burial equipment of Nefruptah), where parts of animal hieroglyphs have been ritually 'mutilated' removing their legs etc. Although
3720-399: Was nothing more than a shaft built on the north-east corner of the pyramid of the 12th Dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat III . The tomb was originally made for a member of Amenemhat's court and was later enlarged for Hor, with the addition of a stone burial chamber and antechamber. Next to the burial of Hor was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter' Nubhetepti-khered . She
3782-507: Was reported internationally. As of January 2013, and due to the security vacuum that still prevails in Egypt following the 2011 uprising , the site is under threat of desecration and damage due to encroachment by locals of surrounding urban settlements. Dahshur has a hot desert climate (BWh) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities , commonly known as
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#17328489720073844-471: Was unsuccessful. By 1889, the building housing the collections reached its peak of overcrowding, with no available rooms for more artifacts, either in the exhibition halls or storage areas. Artifacts discovered during excavations were often left for long periods in boats in Upper Egypt. This dire situation led Khedive Ismail to offer one of his palaces in Giza , the location of the present-day zoo, to serve as
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