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13-588: Hupa are a Native American people in northwestern California (including the Federally recognized Hoopa Valley Tribe ). Hupa or Hoopa can refer to: Hupa Hupa people migrated from the north into northern California around 1000 CE and settled in Hoopa Valley, California (Hupa: Natinook ). Their heritage language is Hupa , which is a member of the Athabaskan language family . Their land stretched from

26-976: A Pacific Coast Athabaskan tribe speaking a dialect similar to the Hupa to the northeast and Chilula to the north, who inhabited the area on or near the Upper Redwood Creek and along the Mad River except near its mouth (with the North Fork Mad River), up to Iaqua Butte, and some settlement in Grouse Creek in the Trinity River drainage in Northwestern California , before contact with Europeans . The Whilkut may then be divided into four subgroups (tribelets): Known Whilkut villages: ch'iłq'un-ding, mił-tehsch'e:-me'. The common tribal name as "Whilkut"

39-644: A population for Hupa alone of 2,900. William J. Wallace felt that the latter estimate was "much too high", and allowed 1,000 for Hupa, 500–600 for Chilula, and 500 for Whilkut. The Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation has a resident population of 2,633 persons according to the 2000 census . Hupa descendants have since been incorporated mainly into the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation and other tribes: Whilkut The Whilkut (variants: Whiylqit, Hwil'-kut, Hoilkut, Hoilkut-hoi ) also known as "(Upper) Redwood Creek Indians" or "Mad River Indians" were

52-630: Is an adaption from the Hupa name for the Redwood Creek respectively the Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills as Xwiy¬q'it / Xwe:ył-q'it / Xoył-q'it . The Whilkut (together with Chilula) were called by the neighboring Hupa-speaking peoples Xwiy¬q'it-xwe / Xwe:yłq'it-xwe ("Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills People"), therefore they were also known as (Upper) Redwood Creek Indians . Because of their close Hupa kin they are also called Upper Redwood Creek Hupa or Upstream Redwood Creek Hupa . Most authors consider class

65-651: Is next to the territory of the Yurok at the connection of the Klamath and Trinity Rivers in northeastern Humboldt County. The reservation has a land area of 141.087 square miles (365.41 km ). Hupa are involved in the talks to remove hydroelectric dams along the Klamath and Trinity rivers , and were a party to a lawsuit against the Bureau of Reclamation and the National Marine Fisheries Service. On February 8, 2017,

78-795: The Chilula as a separate people, sometimes they are also considered another fourth tribelet (subgroup) of the Whilkut and are called the Chilula Whilkut . Little is known of the Whilkut culture beyond its similarity to that of the Hupa and criticized by the Hupa and Chilula as guarded, traditional, less settled hill people . Following the gold rush in Northwestern California, routes of pack trains between Humboldt Bay and Weaverville, California , lay through their territory, and their population, never large,

91-853: The Tsnungwe (South Fork Hupa) , the Chilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa) and Whilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa) . Hupa people had limited contact with non-native peoples until the 1849 Gold Rush brought an influx of miners onto their lands. In 1864, the United States government signed a treaty recognizing the Hupa tribe's sovereignty over their land. The United States called the reservation the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation (located at 41°05′57″N 123°40′21″W  /  41.09917°N 123.67250°W  / 41.09917; -123.67250 ), where Hupa people now reside, one of very few California tribes not forced from their homeland. The reservation

104-708: The South Fork of the Trinity River to Hoopa Valley, to the Klamath River in California. Their red cedar -planked houses, dugout canoes , basket hats and many elements of their oral literature identify them with their northern origin; however, some of their customs, such as the use of a sweat house for ceremonies and the manufacture of acorn bread, were adopted from surrounding indigenous peoples of California . Close associated peoples - both by language and custom - were/are

117-470: The acorns of Notholithocarpus densiflorus to make meal, from which they would make mush, bread, biscuits, pancakes, and cakes. They also roast the acorns and eat them. They also use the dyed fronds of Woodwardia radicans for basketry. They also use Xerophyllum tenax to create a border pattern in baskets. Hupa, like many tribes in the area, fish for salmon in the Klamath and Trinity rivers. One of

130-566: The federal district court judge ruled in favor of the Hoopa Valley Tribe, the three other Klamath River fishing tribes, and other stakeholders. The judge agreed to plans designed by the Tribes' scientists to reduce outbreaks of a deadly fish disease that had infected 90% of juvenile salmon in 2014 and 2015. Hupa people have been excelling at basketry and elk horn carving since the 17th century, petroglyphs . Traditionally, Hupa people have used

143-570: The methods they once used to capture fish was the fish weir , which tribal members would maintain. Hupa share all of their fishing practices with the neighboring Yurok Hupa tribal fishers and their families rely on the Spring and Fall Chinook Salmon runs. Acorns, once abundant, were a main staple until they grew scarce. Because Hupa were not located as close to the sea as their neighboring Yurok Tribe, they traded supplies with them, such as salt in exchange for baskets, or acorns for canoes. Estimates for

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156-415: The pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber thought that the 1770 population of Hupa was 1,000 and that Chilula and Whilkut accounted for another 1,000. Kroeber estimated the population of Hupa in 1910 to be 500. In 1943, Sherburne F. Cook proposed an aboriginal population of 1,000 for Hupa and 600 for Chilula. He subsequently suggested

169-451: Was drastically reduced in the 1858-1864 Bald Hills War . Estimated to have 250-350 warriors at the start of the war, the survivors were taken to the Hupa reservation soon after its establishment. After 1870 they drifted back to their traditional homes where they continued to live. Only 50 remained in the 1910 census. In 1972 only a remnant was left, perhaps only 20 to 25 individuals. Whilkut descendants have since been incorporated into

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