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87-488: In many versions of the story, the killer is typically portrayed as a faceless, silhouetted old man wearing a raincoat and rain hat that conceals most of his features, especially his face. The story is thought to date from at least the mid-1950s, and gained significant attention when it was reprinted in the advice column Dear Abby in 1960. It has since become a morality archetype in popular culture, and has been referenced in various horror films. The basic premise involves

174-491: A film within a film scene in which a young couple are attacked by a killer while in a parked car. The slasher film Final Exam opens with a scene in which a couple are attacked in a parked car, and later, a student is murdered in a university locker room with a hook. Campfire Tales (1997), an anthology horror film, opens with a segment retelling the Hook legend, set in the 1950s. I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997) features

261-403: A 2002 study of undetected rapists, says that compared with non-rapists, both undetected and convicted rapists are measurably more angry at women and more motivated by a desire to dominate and control them, are more impulsive, disinhibited, anti-social, hypermasculine , and less empathic. Sexual aggression is often considered a masculine identity characteristic of manhood in some male groups and

348-503: A crime that required coercion or force or threat of force against the victim or a third person. Until 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) considered rape a crime solely committed by men against women. In 2012, they changed their definition from "The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will" to "The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by

435-441: A definition of rape that did not use the word 'consent': "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive ." Marital rape, or spousal rape, is non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse. It is a form of partner rape , domestic violence , and sexual abuse. Once widely accepted or ignored by law, marital rape is now denounced by international conventions and

522-537: A dishonest woman. Victims may react in ways they did not anticipate. After the rape, they may be uncomfortable/frustrated with and not understand their reactions. Most victims respond by 'freezing up' or becoming compliant and cooperative during the rape. These are common survival responses of all mammals. This can cause confusion for others and the person assaulted. An assumption is that someone being raped would call for help or struggle. A struggle would result in torn clothes or injuries. Dissociation can occur during

609-477: A form of sexual assault , while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) includes rape in their definition of sexual assault; they term rape a form of sexual violence . The CDC lists other acts of coercive, non-consensual sexual activity that may or may not include rape, including drug-facilitated sexual assault , acts in which a victim is made to penetrate a perpetrator or someone else, intoxication where

696-456: A killer stalking teenagers with a hook; at the beginning of the film, the central characters recount the Hook legend around a campfire. The Candyman films of the '90s, as well as its 2021 Nia DaCosta update, are centered on this legend as well. Lovers Lane (1999) is a slasher film featuring a killer who murders teenagers at a lovers' lane with a hook. The story has also appeared in various television programs ; " The Pest House " (1998),

783-416: A made-up horror story of the "Hash-Slinging Slasher" – a dark, faceless figure donning a raincoat who has a rusty, old spatula in place of a hand. The story received a resurgence in popularity on the internet following a retelling of it on 4chan that became an internet meme , due to it being written in broken English with several humorous errors, most notably its abrupt ending where the entire twist ending

870-454: A means of male bonding. This is particularly evident among soldiers, as gang rape accounts for about three quarters or more of war rape , while gang rape accounts for less than a quarter of rapes during peacetime. Commanders sometimes push recruits to rape, as committing rape can be taboo and illegal and so builds loyalty among those involved. Rebel groups who have forced recruitment as opposed to volunteer recruits are more involved in rape, as it

957-422: A number of categories, and they may describe the relationship of the perpetrator to the victim and the context of the sexual assault. These include date rape , gang rape , marital rape , incestual rape , child sexual abuse , prison rape , acquaintance rape , war rape and statutory rape . Forced sexual activity can be committed over a long period of time with little to no physical injury. Lack of consent

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1044-410: A person under circumstances which are coercive". In other cases, the term rape has been phased out of legal use in favor of terms such as sexual assault or criminal sexual conduct . Some countries criminalize non-consensual condom removal ( "stealthing" ), where one partner removes (or intentionally damages) their condom during sex without telling the other partner; the rationale is that consent

1131-415: A rape or sexual assault. They are able to conduct a focused medical-legal exam. If such a trained clinician is not available, the emergency department has a sexual assault protocol that has been established for treatment and the collection of evidence. Staff are also trained to explain the examinations in detail, the documentation and the rights associated with the requirement for informed consent . Emphasis

1218-523: A readership estimated at 110 million in 2016 ) and which The New York Times described as "a staple in American households for decades," has been accused of being out of step with changing times. A 2016 column seemed to place the blame on a teen girl who had been sexually assaulted, and a 2018 column, which said that traditional Western names are preferable for newborns with half-Indian heritage, gave rise to accusations of xenophobia . Rape Rape

1305-487: A risk of injecting drugs. Acquiring sexually transmitted infections increases the risk of acquiring HIV. The belief that having sex with a virgin can cure HIV/AIDS exists in parts of Africa. This leads to the rape of girls and women. The claim that the myth drives either HIV infection or child sexual abuse in South Africa is disputed by researchers Rachel Jewkes and Helen Epstein. Society's treatment of victims has

1392-704: A rivalry and lengthy estrangement between the two sisters. On February 13, 1987, the Chicago Tribune announced that the Ann Landers column was moving to the Tribune , which had published the Dear Abby column for years. The Tribune ran both columns, Landers every day and Abby six days a week. In comparing the columns written by each of the sisters, the Jewish Women's Archive wrote that "Both columns were characterized by

1479-405: A role in rationalization of rape. These include the idea that power is reserved to men whereas women are meant for sex and objectified, that women want forced sex and to be pushed around, and that male sexual impulses and behaviors are uncontrollable and must be satisfied. For females, victim-blaming correlates with fear. Many rape victims blame themselves. Female jurors might look at the woman on

1566-410: A scraping sound on the car door. Some versions start the same way, but have the couple spotting the killer, warning others, and then narrowly escaping with the killer holding onto the car's roof. In another version, the woman sees a shadowy figure watching the couple from nearby. The man leaves to confront the figure, who then suddenly disappears. Thinking that his date just imagined it, the man returns to

1653-525: A sense of invulnerability); giving the appearance of consent (in cases of acquaintance rape); and thrill from planning and the use of the condom as an added prop. Concern for the victim is generally not considered a factor. Those who have been raped have relatively more reproductive tract infections than those who have not been raped. HIV can be transmitted through rape. Acquiring AIDS through rape puts people at increased risk for psychological problems. Acquiring HIV through rape may lead to behaviors that create

1740-407: A sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." The updated definition still excluded from the definition of rape men forced to penetrate women, which is generally recognized as the academic definition of rape. However, it recognized any gender of victim and perpetrator and that rape with an object can be as traumatic as penile/vaginal rape. The bureau further describes instances when

1827-511: A straightforward tone, practical advice, and a firm but modern moral sensibility" and that "both women used humor, including sarcasm and one-liners, in their responses." Pauline Phillips wrote the column herself until 1987, at which time her daughter, Jeanne Phillips, began writing the column with her. In December 2000, the elder Phillips wrote a column identifying her daughter as her "co-creator" and added, "I will continue to work on this column until my Maker calls me home." Twenty months later,

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1914-399: A young couple cuddling in a car with the radio playing. Suddenly, a news bulletin reports that a serial killer with a hook has just escaped from a nearby institution. For varying reasons, they decide to leave quickly. In the end, once they get back to the woman's house, the killer's hook is either found hanging from the door handle or embedded into the door itself. Different variations include

2001-456: Is a type of sexual assault involving sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , carried out against a person without their consent . The act may be carried out by physical force, coercion , abuse of authority , or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent, such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated, has an intellectual disability , or is below the legal age of consent ( statutory rape ). The term rape

2088-764: Is also higher if people around the survivor ignore (or are ignorant of) the rape or blame the rape survivor. Most people recover from rape in three to four months, but many have persistent PTSD that may manifest in anxiety, depression, substance abuse, irritability, anger, flashbacks, or nightmares. In addition, rape survivors may have long-term generalised anxiety disorder , may develop one or more specific phobias , major depressive disorder , and may experience difficulties with resuming their social life and with sexual functioning. People who have been raped are at higher risk of suicide. Men experience similar psychological effects of being raped, but they are less likely to seek counseling. Another effect of rape and sexual assault

2175-453: Is always required prior to treatment unless the person who was assaulted is unconscious, intoxicated or does not have the mental capacity to give consent. Priorities governing the physical exam are the treatment of serious life-threatening emergencies and then a general and complete assessment. Some physical injuries are readily apparent such as bites , broken teeth, swelling , bruising , lacerations and scratches. In more violent cases,

2262-533: Is believed the recruits start with less loyalty to the group. In Papua New Guinea , urban gangs such as Raskol gangs often require new members to rape women as part of their initiation. Perpetrators of sex trafficking and cybersex trafficking allow or carry out rape for financial gain and/or sexual gratification. Rape pornography , including child pornography , is created for profit and other reasons. There have been instances of child sexual abuse and child rape videos on Pornhub . One metric used by

2349-418: Is determined by sampling of body fluids from the mouth, throat, vagina, perineum , and anus . Victims have the right to refuse any evidence collection. Victims advocates ensure the victims' wishes are respected by hospital staff. After the physical injuries are addressed and treatment has begun, then forensic examination proceeds along with the gathering of evidence that can be used to identify and document

2436-407: Is dripping on the roof or his feet are scraping against the roof. In other versions, the man does return to the car only to see his date brutally murdered with a hook embedded in her. Other tales have the woman leaving the car when her date doesn't come back, only to see his mutilated body (either on the car's roof, nailed on a tree, or just a few short steps away). As she starts to panic, she runs into

2523-717: Is especially the case in cultures where female virginity is highly valued and considered mandatory before marriage; in extreme cases, rape victims are killed in honor killings . In the US, victims' rights include the right to have a victims advocate preside over every step of the medical/legal exam to ensure sensitivity towards victims, provide emotional support, and minimize the risk of re-traumatization. Victims are to be informed of this immediately by law enforcement or medical service providers. Emergency rooms of many hospitals employ sexual assault nurse/forensic examiners (SAN/FEs) with specific training to care for those who have experienced

2610-469: Is increasingly criminalized. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains legal or is illegal but widely tolerated and accepted as a husband's prerogative. In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's In-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that (pg 113): "Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 states. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offense, while

2697-405: Is key to the definition of rape. Consent is affirmative "informed approval, indicating a freely given agreement" to sexual activity. It is not necessarily expressed verbally, and may instead be overtly implied from actions, but the absence of objection does not constitute consent. Lack of consent may result from either forcible compulsion by the perpetrator or an inability to consent on the part of

The Hook - Misplaced Pages Continue

2784-399: Is more likely to be valid. The sooner that samples are obtained after the assault, the more likely that evidence is present in the sample and provides valid results. Once the injuries of the patient have been treated and she or he is stabilized, the sample gathering will begin. Staff will encourage the presence of a rape/sexual assault counselor to provide an advocate and reassurance. During

2871-557: Is never revealed. The origins of the Hook legend are not entirely known, though, according to folklorist and historian Jan Harold Brunvand , the story began to circulate some time in the 1950s in the United States. According to Brunvand in The Vanishing Hitchhiker: American Urban Legends and Their Meanings , the story had become widespread amongst American teenagers by 1959, and continued to expand into

2958-592: Is placed on performing the examinations at a pace that is appropriate for the person, their family, their age, and their level of understanding. Privacy is recommended to prevent self-harm . Many rapes do not result in serious physical injury. The first medical response to sexual assault is a complete assessment. This general assessment will prioritize the treatment of injuries by the emergency room staff. Medical personnel involved are trained to assess and treat those assaulted or follow protocols established to ensure privacy and best treatment practices. Informed consent

3045-437: Is rendered simply as the phrase "Man door hand hook car door", which has since become what this version of the story is referred to as. Dear Abby Dear Abby is an American advice column founded in 1956 by Pauline Phillips under the pen name " Abigail Van Buren " and carried on today by her daughter, Jeanne Phillips , who now owns the legal rights to the pen name. According to Pauline Phillips, she came up with

3132-661: Is significantly correlated to the desire to be held higher in esteem among male peers. Sexually aggressive behavior among young men has been correlated with gang or group membership as well as having other delinquent peers. Gang rape is often perceived by male perpetrators as a justified method of discouraging or punishing what they consider as immoral behavior among women – for example, wearing short skirts or visiting bars. In some areas in Papua New Guinea , women can be punished by public gang rape, usually through permission by elders. Gang rape and mass rape are often used as

3219-661: Is sometimes casually inaccurately used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median . Worldwide, reported instances of sexual violence , including rape, are primarily committed by males against females. Rape by strangers

3306-478: Is still used in other contexts in English. In Roman law , it or raptus was classified as a form of crimen vis , "crime of assault". Raptus referred to the abduction of a woman against the will of the man under whose authority she lived, and sexual intercourse was not a necessary element. Other definitions of rape have changed over time. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia considered rape as

3393-412: Is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization . The presence or absence of physical injury may be used to determine whether a rape has occurred. Those who have experienced sexual assault yet have no physical trauma may be less inclined to report to the authorities or to seek health care. While penetrative rape generally does not involve

3480-407: Is then disturbed many times by a thumping on the roof of the car. She eventually exits and sees the escaped patient sitting on the roof, banging the man's severed head on it. Another variation has the woman seeing the man's butchered body suspended upside down from a tree with his fingernails scraping against the roof. In another version of this variation, he's hanging right side up and either his blood

3567-416: Is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape. Widespread and systematic rape (e.g., war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict. These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with

The Hook - Misplaced Pages Continue

3654-453: The Global Forum for Health Research shows that victim-blaming concepts are at least partially accepted in many countries. Women who have been raped are sometimes deemed to have behaved improperly. Usually, these are cultures where there is a significant social divide between the freedoms and status afforded to men and women. "Rape victims are blamed more when they resist the attack later in

3741-494: The Latin rapere (supine stem raptum ), "to snatch, to grab, to carry off". In Roman law, the carrying off of a woman by force, with or without intercourse, constituted "raptus". In Medieval English law the same term could refer to either kidnapping or rape in the modern sense of "sexual violation". The original meaning of "carry off by force" is still found in some phrases, such as "rape and pillage", or in titles, such as

3828-645: The 1960s. Snopes writer David Mikkelson has speculated that the legend might have roots in real-life lovers' lane murders, such as the 1946 Texarkana Moonlight Murders . The first known publication of the story occurred on November 8, 1960, when a reader letter telling the story was reprinted in Dear Abby , a popular advice column: Dear Abby: If you are interested in teenagers, you will print this story. I don't know whether it's true or not, but it doesn't matter because it served its purpose for me: A fellow and his date pulled into their favorite "lovers lane" to listen to

3915-498: The Hook legend to campers around a campfire. In Shrek the Halls (2007), Gingy tells an alternate version of this legend to his girlfriend Suzy in his flashback. The story has, however, most often been depicted and referenced in horror films . Its prevalence, according to film scholar Mark Kermode , is most reflected in the slasher film , functioning as a morality archetype on youth sexuality. He Knows You're Alone (1980) opens with

4002-611: The Hook, set in 1963. The story is referenced in "The Slumber Party" episode of Designing Women . The Hookman is used as a plot device in season 3, episode 5 of Community : " Horror Fiction in Seven Spooky Steps ". A parody of the Hookman is used in SpongeBob SquarePants , season 2, episode 16: " Graveyard Shift ", in which Squidward, in an attempt to scare SpongeBob out of his wits while they are working at night, tells

4089-502: The Phillips family revealed that Pauline was suffering from Alzheimer's disease . Although the change in authorship took place in 2000, the official statement—which included adding "Dear Abby is written by Abigail Van Buren, also known as Jeanne Phillips, and was founded by her mother, Pauline Phillips" to the bottom of each column—was not made until July 2002. Pauline Phillips died on January 16, 2013, aged 94. Dear Abby (which has

4176-411: The US, the criminalization of marital rape started in the mid-1970s, and in 1993 North Carolina became the last state to make marital rape illegal. In many countries, it is not clear if marital rape may or may not be prosecuted under ordinary rape laws. In the absence of a marital rape law, it may be possible to bring prosecution for acts of forced sexual intercourse inside marriage by prosecuting, through

4263-469: The WHO to determine the severity of global rates of coercive, forced sexual activity was the question "Have you ever been forced to have sexual intercourse against your will?" Asking this question produced higher positive response rates than being asked, whether they had ever been abused or raped. The WHO report describes the consequences of sexual abuse: Frequently, victims may not recognize what happened to them

4350-584: The absence of an objection to sexual activity. This can lead to the presumption of consent. Duress may be actual or threatened force or violence against the victim or someone close to the victim. Even blackmail may constitute duress. Abuse of power may constitute duress. For instance, in the Philippines, a man commits rape if he engages in sexual intercourse with a woman "By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of authority" . The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in its landmark 1998 judgment used

4437-427: The assault. Memories may be fragmented especially immediately afterwards. They may consolidate with time and sleep. A man or boy who is raped may be stimulated and even ejaculate during the experience of the rape. A woman or girl may orgasm during a sexual assault. This may become a source of shame and confusion for those assaulted along with those who were around them. Trauma symptoms may not show until years after

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4524-422: The car only to see that the woman has been brutally murdered with a hook. In an alternate version, the couple drive through an unknown part of the country late at night and stop in the middle of the woods , because either the man has to urinate, or the car breaks down and the man leaves for help. While waiting for him to return, the woman turns on the radio and hears the report of an escaped mental patient . She

4611-458: The fourteenth episode of season 2 of the TV series Millennium , opens with a murder similar to that of the urban legend. Season 1, episode 7 of the TV show Supernatural features a hookman as the villain. It is the first story in the first episode of Mostly True Stories?: Urban Legends Revealed . The Canadian animated anthology series Freaky Stories (1997) has a segment in its first season based on

4698-455: The historical trajectory of the urban legend, usually read as a product of postmodernist consumer culture." Folklorists have interpreted the long history of this legend in many ways. Alan Dundes's Freudian interpretation explains the hook as a phallic symbol and its amputation as a symbolic castration . Swedish folklorist Bengt af Klintberg describes the story as an example of "a conflict between representatives of normal people who follow

4785-417: The injuries. Such evidence -gathering is only done with the complete consent of the patient or the caregivers of the patient. Photographs of the injuries may be requested by staff. At this point in the treatment, if a victims' advocate had not been requested earlier, experienced social support staff are made available to the patient and family. If the patient or the caregivers (typically parents) agree,

4872-415: The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted ethnic group. People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop post-traumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections . A person may face violence or threats from the rapist, and, sometimes, from the victim's family and relatives. The term rape originates from

4959-413: The legal system, only trained medical personnel can obtain evidence that is admissible during a trial. The procedures have been standardized. Evidence is collected, signed, and locked in a secure place to guarantee that legal evidence procedures are maintained. This carefully monitored procedure of evidence collection and preservation is known as the chain of evidence . Maintaining the chain of evidence from

5046-471: The maniac and is also killed. In another variation of the story, the woman is discovered by police. While being escorted to safety, she is warned not to look behind her. When she does so, she sees the grisly aftermath of the man's murder. A similar legend recounts that a young couple are heading back from a great date when their car breaks down (either from running out of fuel or a malfunction). The man then decides to head off on foot to find someone to help with

5133-407: The medical exam, evidence of bodily secretions is assessed. Dried semen that is on clothing and skin can be detected with a fluorescent lamp. Notes will be attached to those items on which semen has been found. These specimens are marked, placed in a paper bag, and are marked for later analysis for the presence of seminal vesicle-specific antigen. Though technically, medical staff are not part of

5220-853: The medical examination, testing, and tissue sampling from its origin of collection to court allows the results of the sampling to be admitted as evidence. Photography is often used for documentation. Some physical effects of the rape are not immediately apparent. Follow up examinations also assess the patient for tension headaches , fatigue , sleep pattern disturbances, gastrointestinal irritability, chronic pelvic pain, menstrual pain or irregularity, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexual dysfunction, premenstrual distress, fibromyalgia, vaginal discharge, vaginal itching, burning during urination, and generalized vaginal pain. The World Health Organization recommends offering prompt access to emergency contraceptive medications which can significantly reduce risk of an undesired pregnancy if used within 5 days of rape; it

5307-400: The medical team utilizes standardized sampling and testing usually referred to as a forensic evidence kit or " rape kit ". The patient is informed that submitting to the use of the rape kit does not obligate them to file criminal charges against the perpetrator. The patient is discouraged from bathing or showering to obtain samples from their hair. Evidence gathered within the past 72 hours

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5394-573: The pen name Abigail Van Buren by combining the name of Biblical figure Abigail in the Book of Samuel , with the last name of former US president Martin Van Buren . The column was syndicated by the McNaught Syndicate from 1956 until 1966, when it moved to Universal Press Syndicate . Dear Abby's current syndication company claims the column is "well-known for sound, compassionate advice, delivered with

5481-549: The potential to exacerbate their trauma. People who have been raped or sexually assaulted are sometimes blamed and considered responsible for the crime. This refers to the just world fallacy and rape myth acceptance that certain victim behaviors (such as being intoxicated, flirting or wearing sexually provocative clothing) may encourage rape. In many cases, victims are said to have "asked for it" because of not resisting their assault or violating female gender expectations. A global survey of attitudes toward sexual violence by

5568-403: The problem while the woman stays behind in the car. She then falls asleep while waiting and wakes up to see a hideous person looking at her through the window. Luckily, the car is locked, so the person can't get inside. But to the woman's horror, the person raises both of his arms to reveal that they are holding her date's severed head in one hand and the car keys in the other. The fate of the woman

5655-462: The radio and do a little necking . The music was interrupted by an announcer who said there was an escaped convict in the area who had served time for rape and robbery . He was described as having a hook instead of a right hand. The couple become frightened and drove away. When the boy took his girl home, he went around to open the car door for her. Then he saw—a hook on the door handle! I will never park to make out as long as I live. I hope this does

5742-660: The rape encounter rather than earlier (Kopper, 1996), which seems to suggest the stereotype that these women are engaging in token resistance (Malamuth & Brown, 1994; Muehlenhard & Rogers, 1998) or leading the man on because they have gone along with the sexual experience thus far. Finally, rape victims are blamed more when they are raped by an acquaintance or a date rather than by a stranger (e.g., Bell, Kuriloff, & Lottes, 1994; Bridges, 1991; Bridges & McGr ail, 1989; Check & Malamuth, 1983; Kanekar, Shaherwalla, Franco, Kunju, & Pinto, 1991; L'Armand & Pepitone, 1982; Tetreault & Barnett, 1987), which seems to evoke

5829-413: The rape, avoiding things associated with the rape, numbness, and increased anxiety and startle response . The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms is higher if the rapist confined or restrained the person, if the person being raped believed the rapist would kill them, the person who was raped was very young or very old, and if the rapist was someone they knew. The likelihood of sustained severe symptoms

5916-423: The rape. This can be perpetrated by the rapist, friends, or relatives of the rapist. The intent can be to prevent the victim from reporting the rape. Other reasons for threats against those assaulted is to punish them for reporting it, or of forcing them to withdraw the complaint. The relatives of the person who has been raped may wish to prevent "bringing shame" to the family and may also threaten them. This

6003-414: The remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offense in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted." Since 2006, several other states have outlawed marital rape (for example Thailand in 2007 ). In

6090-511: The rules of society and those who are not normal, who deviate and threaten the normal group." American folklorist Bill Ellis interpreted the maniac in The Hook as a moral custodian who interrupts the sexual experimentation of the young couple. He sees the Hookman's disability as "his own lack of sexuality" and "the threat of the Hookman is not the normal sex drive of teenagers, but the abnormal drive of some adults to keep them apart." A version of

6177-412: The same for other kids. —Jeanette Literary scholar Christopher Pittard traces the plot dynamics of the legend to Victorian literature , particularly the 1913 horror novel The Lodger by Marie Adelaide Belloc Lowndes . Though the two narratives have little in common, he notes that both are built upon a "threefold relationship of crime, dirt, and chance... Such a reading also implies a reconsideration of

6264-467: The sexual assault occurred. Immediately following a rape, the survivor may react outwardly in a wide range of ways, from expressive to closed down; common emotions include distress, anxiety, shame, revulsion, helplessness, and guilt. Denial is not uncommon. In the weeks following the rape, the survivor may develop symptoms of post-traumatic stress syndrome and may develop a wide array of psychosomatic complaints. PTSD symptoms include re-experiencing of

6351-454: The stereotype that victims really want to have sex because they know their attacker and perhaps even went out on a date with him. The underlying message of this research seems to be that when certain stereotypical elements of rape are in place, rape victims are prone to being blamed." Commentators state: "individuals may endorse rape myths and at the same time recognize the negative effects of rape." A number of gender role stereotypes can play

6438-710: The stories of the Rape of the Sabine Women and The Rape of Europa or the poem The Rape of the Lock , which is about the theft of a lock of hair. Rape is defined in most jurisdictions as sexual intercourse , or other forms of sexual penetration , committed by a perpetrator against a victim without their consent . The definition of rape is inconsistent between governmental health organizations, law enforcement, health providers, and legal professions. It has varied historically and culturally. Originally, rape had no sexual connotation and

6525-597: The story by author Alvin Schwartz appears in the 1981 collection of short horror stories for children Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark . In film , the Hook legend has occasionally appeared: in the 1947 film Dick Tracy's Dilemma , fictional detective Dick Tracy pursues a murderous killer with a hook for a hand. The killer-with-a-hook theme has also appeared in comedies ; in Meatballs (1979), Bill Murray 's character tells

6612-478: The straightforward style of a good friend." By 1987, over 1,200 newspapers ran the column. Abby was born Pauline Esther Friedman, and her twin sister was born Esther Pauline Friedman. Abby was known as Popo, and her sister was Eppie (a nickname from E.P.). Pauline Phillips started her Dear Abby column a few months after her twin sister, Eppie Lederer , took over the Ask Ann Landers column. This produced

6699-480: The use of a condom, in some cases a condom is used. The use of a condom significantly reduces the likelihood of pregnancy and disease transmission , both to the victim and the rapist. Rationales for condom use include: avoiding contracting infections or diseases (particularly HIV), especially in cases of rape of sex workers or in gang rape (to avoid contracting infections or diseases from fellow rapists); eliminating evidence, making prosecution more difficult (and giving

6786-489: The use of other criminal offenses (such as assault based offenses), the acts of violence or criminal threat that were used to obtain submission. Consent may be complicated by law, language, context, culture and sexual orientation. Studies have shown that men consistently perceive women's actions as more sexual than they intend. In addition, verbalized "no" to sex may be interpreted as "keep trying", or even "yes" by offenders. Some may believe that when injuries are not visible,

6873-411: The vagina, or solely penetration involving the penis, while other types of non-consensual sexual activity are called sexual assault. Scotland, for example, emphasizes penile penetration, requiring that the sexual assault must have been committed by use of a penis to qualify as rape. The 1998 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda defines rape as "a physical invasion of a sexual nature committed on

6960-423: The victim (such as people who are asleep, intoxicated or otherwise mentally compromised). Sexual intercourse with a person below the age of consent , i.e., the age at which legal competence is established, is referred to as statutory rape. In India, consensual sex given on the false promise of marriage constitutes rape. Duress is the situation when the person is threatened by force or violence and may result in

7047-796: The victim is unable to consent (due to incapacitation or being unconscious), non-physically forced penetration which occurs after a person is pressured verbally (by intimidation or misuse of authority to force to consent), or completed or attempted forced penetration of a victim via unwanted physical force (including using a weapon or threatening to use a weapon). The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) has implemented universal screening for what has been termed "military sexual trauma" ( MST ) and provides medical and mental health services free of charge to enrolled veterans who report MST (Title 38 United States Code 1720D; Public Law 108–422). Some countries or jurisdictions differentiate between rape and sexual assault by defining rape as involving penile penetration of

7134-539: The victim is unable to give consent because of mental or physical incapacity. It recognizes that a victim can be incapacitated by drugs and alcohol and unable to give valid consent. The definition does not change federal or state criminal codes or impact charging and prosecution on the federal, state, or local level; it rather means that rape will be more accurately reported nationwide. Health organizations and agencies have also expanded rape beyond traditional definitions. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines rape as

7221-480: The victim may need to have gunshot wounds or stab wounds treated. The loss of consciousness is relevant to the medical history. If abrasions are found, immunization against tetanus is offered if 5 years have elapsed since the last immunization. After the general assessment and treatment of serious injuries, further evaluation may include the use of additional diagnostic testing such as x-rays , CT or MRI image studies and blood work. The presence of infection

7308-456: The witness stand and believe she had done something to entice the defendant. In Chinese culture, victim-blaming is often associated with the crime of rape, as women are expected to resist rape using physical force. Thus, if rape occurs, it is considered to be at least partly the woman's fault, and her virtue is called into question. In many cultures, those who are raped have a high risk of suffering additional violence or threats of violence after

7395-603: The woman must have consented. If a man solicits sex from another man, the pursuer may be regarded as virile. The WHO states that the principal factors that lead to the perpetration of sexual violence against women, including rape, are: No single facet explains the motivation for rape; the underlying motives of rapists can be multi-faceted. Several factors have been proposed: anger , power , sadism , sexual gratification, or evolutionary proclivities . However, some factors have significant causal evidence supporting them. American clinical psychologist David Lisak , co-author of

7482-556: Was given to protected sex and not to unprotected sex, making the subsequent act non-consensual and therefore illicit; for such cases, United Kingdom, Switzerland, New Zealand have enacted rape convictions, while Australia, Canada, Germany saw convictions for sexual assault; California considers it sexual battery . Victims of rape or sexual assault come from a wide range of genders , ages, sexual orientations , ethnicities, geographical locations, cultures, and degrees of impairment or disability. Incidences of rape are classified into

7569-542: Was rape. Some may remain in denial for years afterwards. Confusion over whether or not their experience constitutes rape is typical, especially for victims of psychologically coerced rape. Women may not identify their victimization as rape for many reasons such as feelings of shame, embarrassment, non-uniform legal definitions, reluctance to define the friend/partner as a rapist, or because they have internalized victim-blaming attitudes. The public often perceives these behaviors as 'counterintuitive' and, therefore, as evidence of

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