Misplaced Pages

#29970

37-478: Hongmei Park was established in 1958 and was opened in 1960. The topography in this park is undulating and it is featured with rivers and lakes. In the park, there are Wenbi Tower and Hongmei Pavilion. They are all key cultural relics protection units in China. In addition, memorials such as Banshan Pavilion, Jiasha Tower, Bingmei Stone, and Wenbi Building can be visited there. Over several decades, Hongmei Park has become

74-741: A "Changzhou historical celebrity gallery" in Hongmei Pavilion's upstairs, displaying life stories of Changzhou heroes, such as Qu Qiubai, Zhang Tailei and Yun Daiying . In December 2007, Plum Park was awarded the title of national AAAA level scenic spots by the National scenic quality rating, following the Tianmu Lake Scenic Area, Mao Mountain Scenic Area, China Dinosaur Park , Tianning Temple and Nanshan Bamboo Park . To meet people's further needs in public places of leisure and recreation to

111-413: A broader sense is used, particularly in medical fields such as neurology . An objective of topography is to determine the position of any feature or more generally any point in terms of both a horizontal coordinate system such as latitude, longitude, and altitude . Identifying (naming) features, and recognizing typical landform patterns are also part of the field. A topographic study may be made for

148-450: A continuous stream, appreciating the plum or overlooking the snow-covered landscape. Opposite the Hongmei Pavilion is the remains of a rare ice ages, Plum Stone . Zhao Yi ,a famous Changzhou poet in the Qing dynasty, praised the beauty of Hongmei Pavilion through his poem. Early leaders Qu Qiubai and Zhang Tailei used to go to Hongmei Pavilion to read books and enjoy the scenery. There is also

185-443: A graduated scheme or as a color scheme applied to contour lines themselves; either method is considered a type of Isarithmic map . Hypsometric tinting of maps and globes is often accompanied by a similar method of bathymetric tinting to convey differences in water depth. In his map of central Italy , c.1503, Leonardo da Vinci introduced the cartographic convention of using colored chalk to indicate changes in elevation. In

222-551: A greater extent and improve the quality of life of the people around, in 2005, the Municipal Government decided to extend Hongmei Park. The new Hongmei Park is designed as a public park , the typical garden in the city center . It was a great popular project during the history of building gardens in Changzhou. As of 2011, Hongmei Park includes greenlands and a 9.3 hectare garden area. From May 15 to June 1 every year, it's

259-589: A narrow sense involves the recording of relief or terrain , the three-dimensional quality of the surface, and the identification of specific landforms ; this is also known as geomorphometry . In modern usage, this involves generation of elevation data in digital form ( DEM ). It is often considered to include the graphic representation of the landform on a map by a variety of cartographic relief depiction techniques, including contour lines , hypsometric tints , and relief shading . The term topography originated in ancient Greece and continued in ancient Rome , as

296-486: A remote sensing technique that uses a laser instead of radio waves, has increasingly been employed for complex mapping needs such as charting canopies and monitoring glaciers. Terrain is commonly modelled either using vector ( triangulated irregular network or TIN) or gridded ( raster image ) mathematical models. In the most applications in environmental sciences , land surface is represented and modelled using gridded models. In civil engineering and entertainment businesses,

333-420: A surface or extract land surface objects. The contour data or any other sampled elevation datasets are not a DLSM. A DLSM implies that elevation is available continuously at each location in the study area, i.e. that the map represents a complete surface. Digital Land Surface Models should not be confused with Digital Surface Models, which can be surfaces of the canopy, buildings and similar objects. For example, in

370-405: A variety of reasons: military planning and geological exploration have been primary motivators to start survey programs, but detailed information about terrain and surface features is essential for the planning and construction of any major civil engineering , public works , or reclamation projects. There are a variety of approaches to studying topography. Which method(s) to use depends on

407-616: Is superficial human anatomy . In mathematics the concept of topography is used to indicate the patterns or general organization of features on a map or as a term referring to the pattern in which variables (or their values) are distributed in a space. Topographers are experts in topography. They study and describe the surface features of a place or region. Hypsometric tints Hypsometric tints (also called layer tinting, elevation tinting, elevation coloring, or hysometric coloring) are colors placed between contour lines to indicate elevation . These tints are shown as bands of color in

SECTION 10

#1732852188030

444-413: Is a general term for geodata collection at a distance from the subject area. Besides their role in photogrammetry, aerial and satellite imagery can be used to identify and delineate terrain features and more general land-cover features. Certainly they have become more and more a part of geovisualization , whether maps or GIS systems. False-color and non-visible spectra imaging can also help determine

481-516: Is concerned with local detail in general, including not only relief , but also natural , artificial, and cultural features such as roads, land boundaries, and buildings. In the United States, topography often means specifically relief , even though the USGS topographic maps record not just elevation contours, but also roads, populated places, structures, land boundaries, and so on. Topography in

518-456: Is concerned with underlying structures and processes to the surface, rather than with identifiable surface features. The digital elevation model (DEM) is a raster -based digital dataset of the topography ( hypsometry and/or bathymetry ) of all or part of the Earth (or a telluric planet ). The pixels of the dataset are each assigned an elevation value, and a header portion of the dataset defines

555-525: Is raw and uninterpreted. It may contain holes (due to cloud cover for example) or inconsistencies (due to the timing of specific image captures). Most modern topographic mapping includes a large component of remotely sensed data in its compilation process. In its contemporary definition, topographic mapping shows relief. In the United States, USGS topographic maps show relief using contour lines . The USGS calls maps based on topographic surveys, but without contours, "planimetric maps." These maps show not only

592-422: Is to something else). Topography has been applied to different science fields. In neuroscience , the neuroimaging discipline uses techniques such as EEG topography for brain mapping . In ophthalmology , corneal topography is used as a technique for mapping the surface curvature of the cornea . In tissue engineering , atomic force microscopy is used to map nanotopography . In human anatomy , topography

629-527: The continental shelf and darker shades represent deeper regions. Similar to false-color imagery, hypsometric tints can be used to make geographic information more accessible, as with this image of lunar topography. Some cartographers have suggested that hypsometric tints are often used as decoration, rather than for informational purposes: ...the current popularity of hypsometric tints has more to do with production ease and pretty colors than it does with our interest in elevation. ... With hypsometric tints,

666-640: The "Topographical Bureau of the Army", formed during the War of 1812 , which became the Corps of Topographical Engineers in 1838. After the work of national mapping was assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1878, the term topographical remained as a general term for detailed surveys and mapping programs, and has been adopted by most other nations as standard. In the 20th century, the term topography started to be used to describe surface description in other fields where mapping in

703-582: The 18th century, spot heights were first interpolated to create contour lines . In the late 1820s, Franz von Hauslab  [ de ] was credited for the first colored contour maps using lithography . With the invention of chromolithography , copies of colored maps became more accessible. The Scottish map firm John Bartholomew and Son is credited with popularizing the colored contour line technique, and their color scheme has become conventional: dark greens at low elevations, progressing through yellows and others, to browns and then grays and white at

740-593: The Continental U.S., for example), the compiled data forms the basis of basic digital elevation datasets such as USGS DEM data. This data must often be "cleaned" to eliminate discrepancies between surveys, but it still forms a valuable set of information for large-scale analysis. The original American topographic surveys (or the British "Ordnance" surveys) involved not only recording of relief, but identification of landmark features and vegetative land cover. Remote sensing

777-669: The area of coverage, the units each pixel covers, and the units of elevation (and the zero-point). DEMs may be derived from existing paper maps and survey data, or they may be generated from new satellite or other remotely sensed radar or sonar data. A geographic information system (GIS) can recognize and analyze the spatial relationships that exist within digitally stored spatial data. These topological relationships allow complex spatial modelling and analysis to be performed. Topological relationships between geometric entities traditionally include adjacency (what adjoins what), containment (what encloses what), and proximity (how close something

SECTION 20

#1732852188030

814-455: The basis for much derived topographic work. Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. Topographic mapping should not be confused with geologic mapping . The latter

851-747: The case of surface models produces using the lidar technology, one can have several surfaces – starting from the top of the canopy to the actual solid earth. The difference between the two surface models can then be used to derive volumetric measures (height of trees etc.). Topographic survey information is historically based upon the notes of surveyors. They may derive naming and cultural information from other local sources (for example, boundary delineation may be derived from local cadastral mapping). While of historical interest, these field notes inherently include errors and contradictions that later stages in map production resolve. As with field notes, remote sensing data (aerial and satellite photography, for example),

888-414: The common points are identified on each image . A line of sight (or ray ) can be built from the camera location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of its rays ( triangulation ) which determines the relative three-dimensional position of the point. Known control points can be used to give these relative positions absolute values. More sophisticated algorithms can exploit other information on

925-454: The contours, but also any significant streams or other bodies of water, forest cover , built-up areas or individual buildings (depending on scale), and other features and points of interest. While not officially "topographic" maps, the national surveys of other nations share many of the same features, and so they are often called "topographic maps." Existing topographic survey maps, because of their comprehensive and encyclopedic coverage, form

962-473: The contours, which give them a stepped appearance. The historical bathymetric map shown at the right is an example of discrete hypsometric tinting. In a map with continuous hypsometric tinting, there is a gradual shift from one tint to another, which presents a smoother appearance. This is often accomplished using data from a digital elevation model (DEM). Each pixel in the DEM is assigned a color which corresponds to

999-560: The detailed description of a place. The word comes from the Greek τόπος ( topos , "place") and -γραφία ( -graphia , "writing"). In classical literature this refers to writing about a place or places, what is now largely called ' local history '. In Britain and in Europe in general, the word topography is still sometimes used in its original sense. Detailed military surveys in Britain (beginning in

1036-399: The exact elevation at that location, so it is more precise than discrete hypsometric tinting. The colorful image of the moon has continuous hypsometric tinting. A typical color scheme progresses from dark greens for lower elevations, up through yellows/browns and on to grays and white at the highest elevations. In bathymetric tinting, lighter shades of blue represent shallower water such as

1073-534: The first topographic maps was begun in France by Giovanni Domenico Cassini , the great Italian astronomer. Even though remote sensing has greatly sped up the process of gathering information, and has allowed greater accuracy control over long distances, the direct survey still provides the basic control points and framework for all topographic work, whether manual or GIS -based. In areas where there has been an extensive direct survey and mapping program (most of Europe and

1110-514: The highest elevations. At right is "The very earliest rendition of a bathymetric map of an oceanic basin. Matthew Fontaine Maury published this map in 1853 in Explanations and Sailing Directions to Accompany the Wind and Current Charts ." There are two primary types of hypsometric tinting: discrete and continuous. Maps with discrete hypsometric tinting have a distinct, uniform color between each of

1147-603: The largest comprehensive park in Changzhou district . Over 200,000 tourists at home and abroad come to visit this park every year. Hongmei Pavilion was built between the Tang dynasty and Song dynasty, dating back a thousand years of history. Now the Hongmei Pavilion is the reconstruction of the Qing dynasty. The whole building is stately, imposing and unsophisticated, rare to see in other pavilions in general. Each time when spring comes after winter, red plums are in full bloom. Visitors come in

Hongmei Park - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-454: The late eighteenth century) were called Ordnance Surveys , and this term was used into the 20th century as generic for topographic surveys and maps. The earliest scientific surveys in France were the Cassini maps after the family who produced them over four generations. The term "topographic surveys" appears to be American in origin. The earliest detailed surveys in the United States were made by

1221-456: The lie of the land by delineating vegetation and other land-use information more clearly. Images can be in visible colours and in other spectrum. Photogrammetry is a measurement technique for which the co-ordinates of the points in 3D of an object are determined by the measurements made in two photographic images (or more) taken starting from different positions, usually from different passes of an aerial photography flight. In this technique,

1258-479: The most representations of land surface employ some variant of TIN models. In geostatistics , land surface is commonly modelled as a combination of the two signals – the smooth (spatially correlated) and the rough (noise) signal. In practice, surveyors first sample heights in an area, then use these to produce a Digital Land Surface Model in the form of a TIN . The DLSM can then be used to visualize terrain, drape remote sensing images, quantify ecological properties of

1295-425: The scale and size of the area under study, its accessibility, and the quality of existing surveys. Surveying helps determine accurately the terrestrial or three-dimensional space position of points and the distances and angles between them using leveling instruments such as theodolites , dumpy levels and clinometers . GPS and other global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are also used. Work on one of

1332-462: The scene known a priori (for example, symmetries in certain cases allowing the rebuilding of three-dimensional co-ordinates starting from one only position of the camera). Satellite RADAR mapping is one of the major techniques of generating Digital Elevation Models (see below). Similar techniques are applied in bathymetric surveys using sonar to determine the terrain of the ocean floor. In recent years, LIDAR ( LI ght D etection A nd R anging),

1369-428: The traditional rose lantern festival of Changzhou Hongmei Park. Besides, Changzhou Tourism Festival is held between September and October. Topography Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces . The topography of an area may refer to the land forms and features themselves, or a description or depiction in maps. Topography is a field of geoscience and planetary science and

#29970