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53-538: The first prototype was built in 1985 as an off-road motorbike with a 500 cc (31 cu in) engine. Further development introduced an increase to 600 cc (37 cu in) and more road-oriented features, notably an improved fairing . The most usual models are: Other versions exist, such as the 400 cc version (ND-06) aimed at the Japanese market. The first version output 50 hp (37 kW) at 8,000 rpm, increased to 55 hp (41 kW) for

106-403: A continuous flow of electrolyte. Flow cells typically have the fuel dissolved in the electrolyte. Power-to-weight ratios for vehicles are usually calculated using curb weight (for cars) or wet weight (for motorcycles), that is, excluding weight of the driver and any cargo. This could be slightly misleading, especially with regard to motorcycles, where the driver might weigh 1/3 to 1/2 as much as

159-406: A cutoff voltage are typically specified for a battery by its manufacturer. The output voltage falls to the cutoff voltage when the battery becomes "discharged". The nominal output voltage is always less than the open-circuit voltage produced when the battery is "charged". The temperature of a battery can affect the power it can deliver, where lower temperatures reduce power. Total energy delivered from

212-467: A fluid, or storage in a pressure vessel . A variety of effects can be harnessed to produce thermoelectricity , thermionic emission , pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity . Electrical resistance and ferromagnetism of materials can be harnessed to generate thermoacoustic energy from an electric current. All electrochemical cell batteries deliver a changing voltage as their chemistry changes from "charged" to "discharged". A nominal output voltage and

265-458: A front fairing, a rear fairing, a belly fairing, or any combination of these. Alternatively, a single fairing may partially or fully enclose the entire motorcycle, and may even enclose the rider. The importance of streamlining was known very early in the 20th century, and some streamlining was seen on racing motorcycles as early as the 1920s. Although motorcycles generally have a much higher power-to-weight ratio than cars, bikes – and particularly

318-563: A higher discharge current – and therefore higher power-to-weight ratio – but only with a lower energy capacity. Power-to-weight ratio for batteries is therefore less meaningful without reference to corresponding energy-to-weight ratio and cell temperature. This relationship is known as Peukert's law . Capacitors store electric charge onto two electrodes separated by an electric field semi-insulating ( dielectric ) medium. Electrostatic capacitors feature planar electrodes onto which electric charge accumulates. Electrolytic capacitors use

371-406: A liquid electrolyte as one of the electrodes and the electric double layer effect upon the surface of the dielectric-electrolyte boundary to increase the amount of charge stored per unit volume. Electric double-layer capacitors extend both electrodes with a nanoporous material such as activated carbon to significantly increase the surface area upon which electric charge can accumulate, reducing

424-500: A mass of 380 kg (840 lb), giving it a power-to-weight ratio of 0.65 kW/kg (0.40 hp/lb). Examples of high power-to-weight ratios can often be found in turbines. This is because of their ability to operate at very high speeds. For example, the Space Shuttle 's main engines used turbopumps (machines consisting of a pump driven by a turbine engine) to feed the propellants (liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen ) into

477-647: A period of time is equal to the difference in its total energy over that period of time, so the rate at which work is done is equal to the rate of change of the kinetic energy (in the absence of potential energy changes). The work done from time t to time t + Δ t along the path C is defined as the line integral ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ t t + Δ t F ⋅ v ( t ) d t {\displaystyle \int _{C}\mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {x} =\int _{t}^{t+\Delta t}\mathbf {F} \cdot \mathbf {v} (t)dt} , so

530-463: A single charge cycle is affected by both the battery temperature and the power it delivers. If the temperature lowers or the power demand increases, the total energy delivered at the point of "discharge" is also reduced. Battery discharge profiles are often described in terms of a factor of battery capacity . For example, a battery with a nominal capacity quoted in ampere-hours (Ah) at a C/10 rated discharge current (derived in amperes) may safely provide

583-401: A speed | v ( t ) | {\displaystyle |\mathbf {v} (t)|\;} and angle ϕ {\displaystyle \phi \;} with respect to the centre and radial of a gravitational field by an onboard powerplant , then the associated kinetic energy is where: The work–energy principle states that the work done to the object over

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636-429: A tail unit or race tail, is mounted behind the seat and rider. Some also extend to the sides of, and below, the saddle and usually providing a small storage space. Particularly on sports/ race replica style bikes with dual seats, detachable colour matched Tail Humps are also available which either cover the passenger seat or are exchanged for it, blending in with the tail unit and side panels they give extra streamlining and

689-438: A touring fairing protect the upright rider from the worst of this, and the windscreen is functional. Full fairings can also provide protection to the engine and chassis in the event of a crash where the fairings, rather than the engine covers and/or frame, slide on the road. Half fairings usually feature a windscreen and extend below the handlebars, possibly as far down as the sides of the cylinder block, but generally do not cover

742-667: A train. As the coefficient of friction between steel wheels and rails seldom exceeds 0.25 in most cases, improving a locomotive's power-to-weight ratio is often counterproductive. However, the choice of power transmission system, such as variable-frequency drive versus direct-current drive , may support a higher power-to-weight ratio by better managing propulsion power. Most vehicles are designed to meet passenger comfort and cargo carrying requirements. Vehicle designs trade off power-to-weight ratio to increase comfort, cargo space, fuel economy , emissions control , energy security and endurance. Reduced drag and lower rolling resistance in

795-522: A vehicle design can facilitate increased cargo space without increase in the (zero cargo) power-to-weight ratio. This increases the role flexibility of the vehicle. Energy security considerations can trade off power (typically decreased) and weight (typically increased), and therefore power-to-weight ratio, for fuel flexibility or drive-train hybridisation . Some utility and practical vehicle variants such as hot hatches and sports-utility vehicles reconfigure power (typically increased) and weight to provide

848-408: Is a calculation commonly applied to engines and mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another. Power-to-weight ratio is a measurement of actual performance of any engine or power source. It is also used as a measurement of performance of a vehicle as a whole, with the engine's power output being divided by the weight (or mass ) of the vehicle, to give a metric that

901-402: Is an important vehicle characteristic that affects the acceleration of sports vehicles. Propeller aircraft depend on high power-to-weight ratios to generate sufficient thrust to achieve sustained flight, and then for speed. Jet aircraft produce thrust directly . Power-to-weight ratio is important in cycling, since it determines acceleration and the speed during hill climbs . Since

954-417: Is conversely usually lower. Fuel cells and flow cells , although perhaps using similar chemistry to batteries, do not contain the energy storage medium or fuel . With a continuous flow of fuel and oxidant, available fuel cells and flow cells continue to convert the energy storage medium into electric energy and waste products. Fuel cells distinctly contain a fixed electrolyte whereas flow cells also require

1007-500: Is equal to thrust per unit mass multiplied by the velocity of any vehicle. The power-to-weight ratio (specific power) is defined as the power generated by the engine(s) divided by the mass. In this context, the term "weight" can be considered a misnomer, as it colloquially refers to mass. In a zero-gravity (weightless) environment, the power-to-weight ratio would not be considered infinite. A typical turbocharged V8 diesel engine might have an engine power of 250 kW (340 hp) and

1060-420: Is independent of the vehicle's size. Power-to-weight is often quoted by manufacturers at the peak value, but the actual value may vary in use and variations will affect performance. The inverse of power-to-weight, weight-to-power ratio (power loading) is a calculation commonly applied to aircraft, cars, and vehicles in general, to enable the comparison of one vehicle's performance to another. Power-to-weight ratio

1113-507: Is lighter, and more durable than ABS Plastic. Damaged fiberglass can be repaired by applying new layers of woven fiberglass cloth mixed with a polymer such as epoxy over the damaged area, followed by sanding and finishing. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer is the lightest, but most expensive, fairing material. It is used on the most extreme sport and racing motorcycle fairings. Power-to-weight ratio Power-to-weight ratio ( PWR , also called specific power , or power-to-mass ratio )

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1166-522: Is like an expanded and extended nacelle. It is attached only to the forks or yokes, encompassing the headlight and instruments, and varying portions of the handlebars, and moves with them as the bars are turned. Quarter and half fairings are often paired with a belly pan below the engine for diverting air flow away from under the engine to reduce aerodynamic lift , as well as cosmetic reasons. Some track day or racing rules require belly pans to catch leaked fluids. A tail fairing, sometimes referred to as

1219-499: Is only delivered if the powerplant is in motion, and is transmitted to cause the body to be in motion. It is typically assumed here that mechanical transmission allows the powerplant to operate at peak output power. This assumption allows engine tuning to trade power band width and engine mass for transmission complexity and mass. Electric motors do not suffer from this tradeoff, instead trading their high torque for traction at low speed. The power advantage or power-to-weight ratio

1272-474: Is shared with the CB750 Hornet . [REDACTED] Media related to Honda Transalp at Wikimedia Commons Motorcycle fairing A motorcycle fairing is a shell placed over the frame of a motorcycle , especially racing motorcycles and sport bikes , to deflect wind and reduce air drag . The secondary functions are the protection of the rider from airborne hazards and wind-induced hypothermia and of

1325-405: Is then where: The useful power of an engine with shaft power output can be calculated using a dynamometer to measure torque and rotational speed , with maximum power reached when torque multiplied by rotational speed is a maximum. For jet engines the useful power is equal to the flight speed of the aircraft multiplied by the force, known as net thrust, required to make it go at that speed. It

1378-455: Is used when calculating propulsive efficiency . Thermal energy is made up from molecular kinetic energy and latent phase energy. Heat engines are able to convert thermal energy in the form of a temperature gradient between a hot source and a cold sink into other desirable mechanical work . Heat pumps take mechanical work to regenerate thermal energy in a temperature gradient. Standard definitions should be used when interpreting how

1431-451: The Deauville and Honda Revere . The power output increased to 39 kW (52 hp) at 7,500 rpm, torque increased to 54 N⋅m (40 lbf⋅ft) at 5,500 rpm. A 4 mm bore diameter increase gave a 64 cc displacement increase. The shock absorbers were redesigned for road use, the exhaust system was updated, the fuel capacity increased by one litre, the control panel

1484-405: The derivative with respect to time of the work done). The typically used metric unit of the power-to-weight ratio is W kg {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\text{W}}{\text{kg}}}\;} which equals m 2 s 3 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {{\text{m}}^{2}}{{\text{s}}^{3}}}\;} . This fact allows one to express

1537-474: The fundamental theorem of calculus has that power is given by F ( t ) ⋅ v ( t ) = m a ( t ) ⋅ v ( t ) = τ ( t ) ⋅ ω ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {F} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=m\mathbf {a} (t)\cdot \mathbf {v} (t)=\mathbf {\tau } (t)\cdot \mathbf {\omega } (t)} . where: In propulsion , power

1590-413: The triple clamp . Also called a café fairing or bikini fairing, it stops well below the level of the rider's head, relying primarily on air deflection to protect the rider's head and chest from the slipstream. A Handlebar fairing, also called headlight fairing or headlamp fairing, is not fixed to the main chassis as with other types of fairings, which do not move. A handlebar fairing complete with screen

1643-452: The 1989 and 1990 version. Later models returned to the original 50 hp. From 1991, the rear drum brake was replaced by a 240 mm (9.4 in) disc brake , with a single-piston brake caliper. The appearance was altered in 1994: the original square lights were changed, and a new fairing was introduced. In 1996, new 34 mm carburetors were introduced, and the CDI ignition system

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1696-419: The balance of a motorcycle, inducing wobble. Originally the fairings were cowlings put around the front of the bike, increasing its frontal area. Gradually they became an integral part of the design. Modern fairings increase the frontal area at most by 5% compared to a naked machine. Fairings may carry headlights, instruments, and other items. If the fairing is mounted on the frame, placing other equipment on

1749-455: The best possible drag coefficient ratio. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic is commonly used in original equipment sport bikes and certain aftermarket fairing manufacturers due to its strong, flexible and light weight properties. The advantage of ABS over other plastics is that it combines the strength and rigidity of acrylonitrile and styrene with the toughness of polybutadiene rubber. The proportions of each property vary based on

1802-458: The dielectric medium to nanopores and a very thin high permittivity separator. While capacitors tend not to be as temperature sensitive as batteries, they are significantly capacity constrained and without the strength of chemical bonds suffer from self-discharge. Power-to-weight ratio of capacitors is usually higher than batteries because charge transport units within the cell are smaller (electrons rather than ions), however energy-to-weight ratio

1855-400: The engine components in the case of an accident. A motorcycle windshield will usually be integrated into the design of the fairing. The major benefit of a fairing on sport touring and touring motorcycles is a reduction in aerodynamic drag, which allows for reduced fuel consumption and permits higher speeds at lower engine rpm, which in turn increases engine life. A motorcycle may have

1908-436: The engine's combustion chamber. The original liquid hydrogen turbopump is similar in size to an automobile engine (weighing approximately 352 kilograms (775 lb)) and produces 72,000 hp (54 MW) for a power-to-weight ratio of 153 kW/kg (93 hp/lb). In classical mechanics , instantaneous power is the limiting value of the average work done per unit time as the time interval Δ t approaches zero (i.e.

1961-404: The fairing reduces the weight and rotational inertia of the steering assembly, improving the handling. The BMW R100RS , produced from 1976 to 1984, was the first mass-market sport touring motorcycle to be offered with a full fairing as standard, and marked the beginning of wider adoption of fairings on sports and touring types of motorcycles. The integrated design included a development of

2014-461: The frame-mounted tail fairing at the rear of the removable dual seat accessing a storage compartment used on the BMW R90S from 1973, also being the first example of a factory-fitted head (or nose) fairing. A single piece, streamlined shell covering the front half of a motorcycle resembling the nose of an aircraft, sometimes referred to as torpedo fairing. It dramatically reduced the frontal drag, but it

2067-471: The look of a single seater racing bike Kawasaki became the first manufacturer to incorporate a tail fairing on a mass production motorcycle when tail units were fitted to the 1972 250cc S1 Mach I , 350cc S2 Mach II , and 750cc H2 Mach IV models. A streamliner motorcycle , such as the NSU Delphin III , uses a fairing which completely encloses both the entire motorcycle and the rider to provide

2120-436: The lower half of the motorcycle exposed. The fairing on a race or sport bike is meant as an aerodynamic aid, so the windscreen is rarely looked through. If the rider is sitting up at speed he will be buffeted by his rapid progress through the air and act as a parachute, slowing the bike, while if the rider lies flat on the tank behind the windscreen he generates much less aerodynamic drag. The high windscreen and handlebar width of

2173-442: The perception of sports car like performance or for other psychological benefit . Increased engine performance is a consideration, but also other features associated with luxury vehicles . Longitudinal engines are common. Bodies vary from hot hatches , sedans (saloons) , coupés , convertibles and roadsters . Mid-range dual-sport and cruiser motorcycles tend to have similar power-to-weight ratios. Power-to-weight ratio

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2226-431: The power-to-weight ratio purely by SI base units . A vehicle's power-to-weight ratio equals its acceleration times its velocity; so at twice the velocity, it experiences half the acceleration, all else being equal. If the work to be done is rectilinear motion of a body with constant mass m {\displaystyle m\;} , whose center of mass is to be accelerated along a (possibly non-straight) line to

2279-701: The propulsive power of a jet or rocket engine is transferred to its vehicle. An electric motor uses electrical energy to provide mechanical work , usually through the interaction of a magnetic field and current-carrying conductors . By the interaction of mechanical work on an electrical conductor in a magnetic field, electrical energy can be generated . Fluids (liquid and gas) can be used to transmit and/or store energy using pressure and other fluid properties. Hydraulic (liquid) and pneumatic (gas) engines convert fluid pressure into other desirable mechanical or electrical work . Fluid pumps convert mechanical or electrical work into movement or pressure changes of

2332-511: The rider – are much less streamlined and the effects of aerodynamic drag on motorcycles are very significant. Consequently, any reduction in a motorcycle's drag coefficient pays dividends in improved performance. The term fairing came into use in aircraft aerodynamics with regard to smoothing airflow over a juncture of components where airflow was disrupted. Early streamlining was often unsuccessful resulting in instability. Handlebar fairings, such as those on Harley-Davidson Tourers, sometimes upset

2385-415: The rider's arms and legs to be visible from the side. However, Peter Williams was permitted to give his 1973/74 JPS Norton a Peel -type fairing incorporating handlebar blisters which helped to reduce the drag coefficient to 0.39. This was called so because, in early models, the front wheel mudguard streamlined with the rising windshield part of the fairing resembled the river dolphin 's snout from

2438-447: The side view. Further developments on this design became the norm after dustbin fairings were banned. A full fairing is a large front-mounted fairing, and should not be confused with cabin motorcycle or streamliner motorcycle fairings which fully or partially enclose the entire motorcycle. Full fairings cover both upper and lower portions of the motorcycle, as distinct from a half fairing, which only has an upper section, and leaves

2491-412: The sides of the crankcase or gearbox. Aftermarket kits – 'lowers' – are available to extend some half fairings into full fairings. Due to the popularity of these kits, some motorcycle manufacturers have started to supply their own full fairing conversion kits and even offer their half faired models new with a full factory-fitted kit. A windscreen and minimal fairing extending around the headlamp fixed to

2544-436: The targeted result. There are two common methods of producing an ABS plastic fairing: injection and compression molding. Fiberglass is made of woven fibers, and is used as a reinforcing agent for many polymer products. The composite properly known as glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), is normally referred to by the name of its reinforcing material. Fiberglass fairings are commonly used on the race track. In most cases fiberglass

2597-508: The vehicle itself. In the sport of competitive cycling athlete's performance is increasingly being expressed in VAMs and thus as a power-to-weight ratio in W/kg. This can be measured through the use of a bicycle powermeter or calculated from measuring incline of a road climb and the rider's time to ascend it. A locomotive generally must be heavy in order to develop enough adhesion on the rails to start

2650-403: Was banned by Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) from racing in 1958, because it was thought that the frontal point of wind pressure made them highly unstable even with small amounts of yaw . Other reasons cited for the ban were to ensure adequate steering range ( lock-to-lock ) and stability in crosswinds . FIM regulations forbid streamlining beyond the wheel spindles and require

2703-524: Was introduced. The 2008 model reinforces the road orientation of the Transalp, with larger tyres, lower saddle and more road-oriented shock absorbers . The 2008 XL700V engine is a liquid-cooled, eight-valve, four-stroke, single-overhead cam, 52° V-twin. The 2023, after ten years, the Transalp's name reborn on all new model Honda XL750 Transalp with new engine is a 755 cc, Unicam 8-valve parallel twin that produced 67.5 kW (91 hp; 92 PS) and

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2756-517: Was redesigned, and weight diminished by 4 kg (8.8 lb). In 2007, the XL700V Transalp was introduced, with a new 680 cc engine, which was also fitted to the NT700V Deauville, and compatible with Euro 3 emission standards. The front wheel diameter was reduced from 21 inches to 19 inches, the exhaust system was fitted with a catalytic converter, the lights were redesigned, and ABS

2809-512: Was replaced by a microprocessor-driven design. The front brake was modified in 1997, introducing a second disc and reducing the diameter to 256 mm (10.1 in). The weight of the Transalp increased over time, from 175 kg (386 lb) for the first models to 218 kg (481 lb) for the latest version. In 2000, the XL650V Transalp replaced the XL600V, introducing the engine from

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