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36-516: A Homs Governorate also formed part of Ottoman Syria , when it was also known as the Sanjak of Homs. The governorate is divided into seven districts , known as manatiqs . The districts are further divided into 25 sub-districts, known as nawahis : - a newly-created district since 2010, formerly belonging to Homs District The Al-Mukharram District is predominantly inhabited by Alawites . The Taldou, Talkalakh, Homs and Al-Qusayr districts have

72-628: A vali (governor) still appointed by the Sublime Porte but with new provincial assemblies participating in administration. In 1872 Jerusalem and the surrounding towns became the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem , gaining a special administrative status. From 1872 until World War I subdivisions of Ottoman Syria were: The sanjak Zor and the major part of the vilayet Aleppo may or may not be included in Ottoman Syria. The Geographical Dictionary of

108-561: A factor, or agent, in Damascus, despite having had permission to do so. Aleppo served as the company's headquarters until the late 18th century. As a result of the economic development, many European states had opened consulates in Aleppo during the 16th and the 17th centuries, such as the consulate of the Republic of Venice in 1548, the consulate of France in 1562, the consulate of England in 1583 and

144-464: A mixed Alawite , Sunni Muslim and Christian population. The Al-Qusayr District is also home to a large number of Shia Muslims . This article about a location in Homs Governorate , Syria is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ottoman Syria Ottoman Syria ( Arabic : سوريا العثمانية ) is a historiographical term used to describe the group of divisions of

180-406: A single hane, under the new system could re-negotiate taxes based on the general financial stability or redistribute taxes based on a family's financial success. Tax collection was also determined by the status of the land and the identity of the land owner. If the land owner was a member of the reaya class, he was expected to pay taxes. However, if the owner was a member of the askeri , then he

216-876: The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate . The Syrian eyalets were later transformed into the Syria Vilayet , the Aleppo Vilayet and the Beirut Vilayet , following the 1864 Tanzimat reforms. Finally, in 1872, the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem was split from the Syria Vilayet into an autonomous administration with special status. Before 1516, Syria was part of the Mamluk Empire centered in Lower Egypt . The Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered Syria in 1516 after defeating

252-857: The Ottoman Empire within the region of Levant , usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea , west of the Euphrates River , north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains . Ottoman Syria became organized by the Ottomans upon conquest from the Mamluk Sultanate in the early 16th century as a single eyalet (province) of Damascus Eyalet . In 1534, the Aleppo Eyalet

288-588: The askeri class did not have exclusive access to them because of their class. They still had to compete with other buyers to obtain them, though they enjoyed rights that members of the reaya did not. An example of one is that members of the askeri were asked before any one of the reaya if they wanted to purchase land that had just entered the market. This system of conferring specific rights to distinct social classes resembled another administrative system, gedik. Professional businesses, largely guilds or trade organizations, conferred rights onto people considered to be

324-467: The "Double Kaymakamate ", the former regime based on religious rule that led to civil war, into the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , governed by a mutasarrıf who, according to law, had to be a non-Lebanese Christian. As part of the Tanzimat reforms, an Ottoman law passed in 1864 provided for a standard provincial administration throughout the empire with the eyalets becoming smaller vilayets , governed by

360-767: The Mamlukes at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo in northern Syria. Selim carried on his victorious campaign against the Mamlukes and conquered Egypt in 1517 following the Battle of Ridanieh , bringing an end to the Mamluk Sultanate. When he first seized Syria in 1516, Selim I kept the administrative subdivisions of the Mamluk period unchanged. After he came back from Egypt in July 1517, he reorganized Syria into one large province or eyalet named Şam (Arabic/Turkish for "Syria"). The eyalet

396-538: The Ottoman conquest it was governed from Damascus, but by 1534 Aleppo was made the capital of a new eyalet. Its reported area in the 19th century was 8,451 square miles (21,890 km ). Its capital, Aleppo , was the third largest city of the Ottoman Empire during the 16th and 17th century. Thanks to its strategic geographic location on the trade route between Anatolia and the east, Aleppo rose to high prominence in

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432-533: The Ottoman era, at one point being second only to Constantinople in the empire. By the middle of the 16th century, Aleppo had displaced Damascus as the principal market for goods coming to the Mediterranean region from the east. This is reflected by the fact that the Levant Company of London , a joint-trading company founded in 1581 to monopolize England's trade with the Ottoman Empire, never attempted to settle

468-525: The Sublime Porte's firmans (decrees) of 1839 and, more decisively, of 1856 – equalizing the status of Muslim and non-Muslim subjects – produced a dramatic alienation of Muslims from Christians. In the words of one writer, "The former resented the implied loss of superiority and recurrently assaulted and massacred Christian communities – in Aleppo in 1850, in Nablus in 1856, and in Damascus and Lebanon in 1860. Among

504-561: The Vilayet of Bairut, the Vilayet of Syria, the Sanjaq of the Lebanon, and the Sanjaq of Jerusalem. It included that part of the country which was afterwards detached from it to form the mandated territory of Palestine." Eyalet of Aleppo Aleppo Eyalet ( Arabic : إيالة حلب ; Ottoman Turkish : ایالت حلب , romanized :  Eyālet-i Ḥaleb ) was an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire . After

540-801: The World, published in 1906, describes Syria as: "a country in the [south-west] part of Asia, forming part of the Turkish Empire. It extends eastward from the Mediterranean Sea to the river Euphrates and the Syrian Desert (the prolongation northward of the Arabian Desert), and southward from the Alma-Dagh (ancient Amanus), one of the ranges of the Taurus , to the frontiers of Egypt (Isthmus of Suez) It lies between

576-412: The avarizhane system determined the ability of multiple households to pay, rather than only a single household. One reason why this system was used instead of the traditional tapu system, was that hanes were no longer owned by individual family units. Instead, a single hane could be occupied by a number of distinct households of varying means. Quarter officials responsible for what would have been considered

612-641: The cities. The surveys were conducted with the help of civilian locals familiar with the administrative quarters. These locals were exempt from extraordinary taxes because of their service in helping put together the survey. Their duties were likely to assist the surveying teams travel and find accommodations throughout the city, however they were also able to contribute their understandings of where pockets of wealth and poverty existed, and report any information they had about local society and administrative practices. As an example, one group included "a preacher, Sufi shaykh , merchant, cavalryman, and officer attached to

648-552: The consulate of the Netherlands in 1613. The desert hinterland and trade routes of Aleppo in this period were dominated by bedouin emirs of the Abu Rish and al-'Abbas families, who were officially appointed "desert emirs" ( çöl beyi ) by the Ottoman state. However, the prosperity Aleppo experienced in the 16th and 17th century started to fade as silk production in Iran went into decline with

684-562: The districts of Jerusalem and Nablous, with the conduct of pilgrims and the commandment of the Tcherde (the yearly offering to the tomb of the Prophet). His son, Ibrahim Pacha, has again the title of Sheikh and Harem of Mekka, and the district of Jedda; and farther, I have acquiesced in his request to have the district of Adana ruled by the Treasury of Taurus, with the title of Mohassil." In this period,

720-516: The eyalets became as follows: The Eyalet of Aleppo included the Sanjaks of Aleppo , Adana , Marash , Aintab , and Urfa . The Eyalet of Tripoli included the Sanjaks of Tripoli , Latakia , Hama and Homs . The Eyalet of Damascus included the Sanjaks of Damascus , Beirut, Sidon ( Sidon-Beirut ), Acre , Safad , Nablus , Jerusalem , Gaza , Hauran and Ma'an . In 1660, the Eyalet of Safad

756-536: The fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722. By mid-century, caravans were no longer bringing silk from Iran to Aleppo, and local Syrian production was insufficient for Europe's demand. European merchants left Aleppo and the city went into an economic decline that was not reversed until the mid-19th century when locally produced cotton and tobacco became the principal commodities of interest to the Europeans. The economy of Aleppo

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792-432: The kaysarhk, a courtyard structure with various chambers that consisted not only of smaller commercial buildings, but also caravanserais in the central market area. These buildings often housed a variety of different city residents, who all paid the owner some form of rent to reside there. The avarız tax, or extraordinary tax, was collected from the residents of Aleppo from 1640 to 1700. The state required residents to pay

828-435: The land was askeri . Another method that residents could obtain tax exemptions through was to petition the central fiscal body for exemption. This would convert land once considered kadim, to become haric upon decree. Government officials recognized the implications of this, and attempted to restrict the number of these available by application. While the inherent qualities of haric were highly desirable in Aleppo, members of

864-594: The long-term consequences of these bitter internecine conflicts were the emergence of a Christian-dominated Lebanon in the 1920s – 40s and the deep fissure between Christian and Muslim Palestinian Arabs as they confronted the Zionist influx after World War I." Following the massacre of thousands of Christian civilians during the 1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus , and under growing European pressure, mainly from France, an Ottoman edict issued in 1861 transformed

900-448: The parallels of 31° and 37° [north latitude]. It comprises the vilayet of Syria (Suria) , or of Damascus, the vilayet of Beirut, the [south-west] part of the vilayet of Aleppo, and the mutessarrifliks of Jerusalem and the Lebanon. Palestine is included in [the country] Syria, comprising the mutessarriflik of Jerusalem and part of the vilayets of Beirut and Syria. The designation Syria is sometimes used in wider sense so as to include

936-433: The population and grouped them into administrative divisions for centralized regulation. The modernization of warfare during the second half of the century however encouraged changes in municipal administration, and the centralized system was replaced with a set of decentralized guidelines that allowed urban populations to determine their own policies. This did not change the original levels of taxation or military occupation in

972-448: The provincial council". These gestures demonstrated that the surveyors were interested in a holistic understanding of the city, and assured the local population that they were receiving information from a variety of sources. A basic unit of the survey was the beyt, which corresponds to the Arabic dar, and is about a single courtyard house. A second unit that was larger was the kaysariyye, or

1008-424: The shoulders of city residents. The tax was not designed to replace any tax mechanism that existed beforehand, but rather to supplement the tax structure in its entirety. The avarız tax was determined and collected using a fiscal unit called avarizhane. An avarizhane indicated the ability of a number of households to pay a specific amount to tax collectors. This differed from the early Ottoman tapu system, in that

1044-465: The tax to meet unpredictable expenses that often came during times of war until the Tanzimat reforms of the 19th century. Examples of these expenses were the transportation costs of moving goods to military strongholds or fees to enlist specialized corps to assist the army. It was collected from both city residents as well as farmers who lived on the outskirts of municipal boundaries, though it fell largely on

1080-412: The way that taxes were disputed in court; parties would not debate the tax status of an individual, but rather the status of the land, and they would not debate over the current owner of the land, but of the owner at the time of the survey. Residents often won arguments over the taxable status of their property by demonstrating a chain of ownership that predated the register, demonstrating that the status of

1116-582: The whole of the vilayet of Aleppo and the Zor Sanjak , a large part of Mesopotamia being thus added." About Syria in 1915, a British report says: "The term Syria in those days was generally used to denote the whole of geographical and historic Syria, that is to say the whole of the country lying between the Taurus Mountains and the Sinai Peninsula, which was made up of part of the Vilayet of Aleppo,

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1152-462: Was badly hit by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. This, in addition to political instability that followed the implementation of significant reforms in 1841 by the central government, contributed to Aleppo's decline and the rise of Damascus as a serious economic and political competitor with Aleppo. Beginning in the 16th century, officials in Aleppo coordinated large municipal surveys that mapped

1188-519: Was established. It was later renamed the Eyalet of Sidon , and later, the Eyalet of Beirut . In 1833, the Syrian provinces were ceded to Muhammed Ali of Egypt in the Convention of Kutahya . The firman stated that "The governments of Candia and Egypt are continued to Mahomet Ali. And in reference to his special claim, I have granted him the provinces of Damascus, Tripoli-in-Syria, Sidon, Saphet, Aleppo,

1224-452: Was exempt from doing so. If the land in question was not included in an early administrative survey, which took place in 1616, it was considered haric, or too old to be taxed. If record of it existed before that time, it was considered kadim, universally taxable regardless of the status of the person who owned it. After these steps, land was further categorized into relative affluence on the administrative survey. These policies heavily influenced

1260-618: Was split into a separate administration. The Tripoli Eyalet was formed out of Damascus province in 1579 and later the Adana Eyalet was split from Aleppo. In 1660, the Eyalet of Safed was established and shortly afterwards renamed Sidon Eyalet ; in 1667, the Mount Lebanon Emirate was given special autonomous status within the Sidon province, but was abolished in 1841 and reconfigured in 1861 as

1296-403: Was subdivided into several districts or sanjaks . In 1549, Syria was reorganized into two eyalets. The northern Sanjak of Aleppo became the center of the new Eyalet of Aleppo. At this time, the two Syrian Eyalets were subdivided as follows: In 1579, the Eyalet of Tripoli was established under the name of Tripoli of Syria ( Turkish : Trablusşam ; Arabic : طرابلس الشام ). At this time,

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