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57-574: The building is one of two post office locations serving the city, with a second in Ingleside at the Holyoke Mall . Holyoke's main post office is located in the city's downtown, on the south side of Dwight Street between Elm and Chestnut Streets. It is a broad two-story structure, built with a steel frame and finished in limestone with granite trim. It has a tall central five-bay section flanked by single-story wings that are two bays wide, with entrances in

114-704: A 100-year floodplain, defined by the agency as areas with a 1% chance of flooding per annum. Ingleside is directly accessible from U.S. Interstate 91 via Exit 15, Lower Westfield Rd./Ingleside. U.S. Route 5 traverses the neighborhood from north to south, with direct access to I-91 via exit 14, and the Massachusetts Turnpike I-90 via exit 4 at Holyoke's border with West Springfield . To its north Route 5 splits from Main Street, which continues northeasterly toward Springdale . Several bus routes serve Ingleside, including PVTA R29 at Providence Hospital, P20 at

171-544: A British army engineer who worked in Egypt prior to World War II . Bagnold investigated the physics of particles moving through the atmosphere and deposited by wind. He recognized two basic dune types, the crescentic dune, which he called " barchan ", and the linear dune, which he called longitudinal or "seif" (Arabic for "sword"). Bagnold developed a classification scheme that included small-scale ripples and sand sheets as well as various types of dunes. Bagnold's classification

228-421: A Gaelic word for fire , may have been chosen for lime kilns which were once in the vicinity in its time as a part of West Springfield. The origin of the name Ingleside itself seems to stem from the eponymous Ingleside Hotel, a large complex constructed by one Jones S. Davis, a key figure in the creation of the city's Lyman Mills , which are now known as Open Square. Completed in 1868, the hotel cost Mr. Davis

285-406: A Y-junction with the fork directed upwind. They have a sharp sinuous or en echelon crest. They are thought to form from a bimodal seasonal wind pattern, with a weak wind season characterized by wind directed an at acute angle to the prevailing winds of the strong wind season. The strong wind season produces a barchan form and the weak wind season stretches this into the linear form. Another possibility

342-413: A boulder or an isolated patch of vegetation. Here the sand builds up to the angle of repose (the maximum stable slope angle), about 34 degrees, then begins sliding down the slip face of the patch. A sandfall is a sand shadow of a cliff or escarpment. Closely related to sand shadows are sand drifts . These form downwind of a gap between obstructions, due to the funneling effect of the obstructions on

399-446: A change in the wind pattern about 3000 years ago. Complex dunes show Little lateral growth but strong vertical growth and are important sand sinks. Vegetated parabolic dunes are crescent-shaped, but the ends of the crescent point upwind, not downwind. They form from the interaction of vegetation patches with active sand sources, such as blowouts. The vegetation stabilizes the arms of the dune, and an elongated lake sometimes forms between

456-523: A desert. Vegetation is effective at suppressing aeolian transport. Vegetation cover of as little as 15% is sufficient to eliminate most sand transport. The size of shore dunes is limited mostly by the amount of open space between vegetated areas. Aeolian transport from deserts plays an important role in ecosystems globally. For example, wind transports minerals from the Sahara to the Amazon basin . Saharan dust

513-418: A distinctive crescent shape with the tips of the crescent directed downwind. The dunes are widely separated by areas of bedrock or reg. Barchans migrate up to 30 meters (98 ft) per year, with the taller dunes migrating faster. Barchans first form when some minor topographic feature creates a sand patch. This grows into a sand mound, and the converging streamlines of the air flow around the mound build it into

570-485: A lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments . Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts . The term is derived from the name of the Greek god Aeolus , the keeper of the winds. Aeolian processes are those processes of erosion , transport , and deposition of sediments that are caused by wind at or near

627-498: A large aklé or barchanoid dune. They form over a prolonged period of time in areas of abundant sand and show a complex internal structure. Careful 3-D mapping is required to determine the morphology of a draa preserved in the geologic record. Linear dunes can be traced up to tens of kilometers, with heights sometimes in excess of 70 meters (230 ft). They are typically several hundred meters across and are spaced 1 to 2 kilometers (0.62 to 1.24 mi)apart. They sometimes coalesce at

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684-411: A network of sinuous ridges perpendicular to the wind direction. Aklé dunes are preserved in the geologic record as sandstone with large sets of cross-bedding and many reactivation surfaces. Draas are very large composite transverse dunes. They can be up to 4,000 meters (13,000 ft) across and 400 meters (1,300 ft) high and extend lengthwise for hundreds of kilometers. In form, they resemble

741-405: A sheet-like surface of rock fragments that remains after wind and water have removed the fine particles. The rock mantle in desert pavements protects the underlying material from further deflation. Areas of desert pavement form the regs or stony deserts of the Sahara . These are further divided into rocky areas called hamadas and areas of small rocks and gravel called serirs . Desert pavement

798-603: A total of $ 162,000 (approximated $ 3.6 million in 2016 US Dollars), and opened on July 4. On July 21, 1871, the hotel hosted the first college rowing regatta in the United States held by the Rowing Association of American Colleges , one of the country's earliest intercollegiate undergraduate sporting events. Held on the banks of the Connecticut River, Massachusetts Agricultural College won the event in an upset against

855-403: A vigorous low-latitude wind system plus more exposed continental shelf due to low sea levels. Wind-deposited sand bodies occur as ripples and other small-scale features, sand sheets , and dunes . Wind blowing on a sand surface ripples the surface into crests and troughs whose long axes are perpendicular to the wind direction. The average length of jumps during saltation corresponds to

912-502: Is silt deposited by wind, is common in humid to subhumid climates. Much of North America and Europe are underlain by sand and loess of Pleistocene age originating from glacial outwash. The lee (downwind) side of river valleys in semiarid regions are often blanketed with sand and sand dunes. Examples in North America include the Platte , Arkansas , and Missouri Rivers. Wind erodes

969-925: Is a neighborhood in Holyoke, Massachusetts located to the south of the city center, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) from downtown. The neighborhood features access to the Connecticut River through the Sue Ellen Panitch River Center and the Land of Providence reservation. Ingleside is also home to the Holyoke Mall , the Nuestras Raices farm, the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke , the Providence Behavioral Health Hospital , and several recreational and historical venues. While Ingleside holds

1026-576: Is also important in periglacial areas, on river flood plains , and in coastal areas. Coastal winds transport significant amounts of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments inland, while wind storms and dust storms can carry clay and silt particles great distances. Wind transports much of the sediments deposited in deep ocean basins. In ergs (desert sand seas), wind is very effective at transporting grains of sand size and smaller. Particles are transported by winds through suspension, saltation (skipping or bouncing) and creeping (rolling or sliding) along

1083-479: Is also responsible for forming red clay soils in southern Europe. Dust storms are wind storms that have entrained enough dust to reduce visibility to less than 1 kilometer (0.6 mi). Most occur on the synoptic (regional) scale, due to strong winds along weather fronts , or locally from downbursts from thunderstorms. Crops , people, and possibly even climates are affected by dust storms. On Earth, dust can cross entire oceans, as occurs with dust from

1140-440: Is downwind movement of particles in a series of jumps or skips. Saltation is most important for grains of up to 2 mm in size. A saltating grain may hit other grains that jump up to continue the saltation. The grain may also hit larger grains (over 2 mm in size) that are too heavy to hop, but that slowly creep forward as they are pushed by saltating grains. Surface creep accounts for as much as 25 percent of grain movement in

1197-547: Is extremely common in desert environments. Blowouts are hollows formed by wind deflation. Blowouts are generally small, but may be up to several kilometers in diameter. The smallest are mere dimples 0.3 meters (1 ft) deep and 3 meters (10 ft) in diameter. The largest include the blowout hollows of Mongolia, which can be 8 kilometers (5 mi) across and 60 to 100 meters (200 to 400 ft) deep. Big Hollow in Wyoming , US, extends 14 by 9.7 kilometers (9 by 6 mi) and

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1254-457: Is important in semiarid and arid regions. Wind erosion is increased by some human activities, such as the use of 4x4 vehicles . Deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material from the surface by wind turbulence. It takes place by three mechanisms: traction/surface creep, saltation , and suspension. Traction or surface creep is a process of larger grains sliding or rolling across the surface. Saltation refers to particles bouncing across

1311-435: Is most applicable in areas devoid of vegetation. In 1941, John Tilton Hack added parabolic dunes, which are strongly influenced by vegetation, to the list of dune types. The discovery of dunes on Mars reinvigorated aeolian process research, which increasingly makes use of computer simulation. Wind-deposited materials hold clues to past as well as to present wind directions and intensities. These features help us understand

1368-564: Is on the Loess Plateau in China . This very same Asian dust is blown for thousands of miles, forming deep beds in places as far away as Hawaii. The Peoria Loess of North America is up to 40 meters (130 ft) thick in parts of western Iowa . The soils developed on loess are generally highly productive for agriculture. Small whirlwinds, called dust devils , are common in arid lands and are thought to be related to very intense local heating of

1425-602: Is that these dunes result from secondary flow , though the precise mechanism remains uncertain. Complex dunes (star dunes or rhourd dunes) are characterized by having more than two slip faces. They are typically 500 to 1,000 meters (1,600 to 3,300 ft) across and 50 to 300 meters (160 to 980 ft) high. They consist of a central peak with radiating crests and are thought to form where strong winds can come from any direction. Those in Gran Desierto de Altar of Mexico are thought to have formed from precursor linear dunes due to

1482-463: Is the wearing down by collisions of particles entrained in a moving fluid. It is effective at rounding sand grains and at giving them a distinctive frosted surface texture. Collisions between windborne particles is a major source of dust in the size range of 2-5 microns. Most of this is produced by the removal of a weathered clay coating from the grains. Wind dominates the transport of sand and finer sediments in arid environments. Wind transport

1539-437: Is up to 90 meters (300 ft) deep. Abrasion (also sometimes called corrasion ) is the process of wind-driven grains knocking or wearing material off of landforms . It was once considered a major contributor to desert erosion, but by the mid-20th Century, it had come to be considered much less important. Wind can normally lift sand only a short distance, with most windborne sand remaining within 50 centimeters (20 in) of

1596-441: Is usually less than the fluid threshold. In other words, there is hysteresis in the wind transport system. Small particles may be held in the atmosphere in suspension. Turbulent air motion supports the weight of suspended particles and allows them to be transported for great distances. Wind is particularly effective at separating sediment grains under 0.05 mm in size from coarser grains as suspended particles. Saltation

1653-655: The Hadley Falls Dam or south of the dam in Enfield, Connecticut , the river can be navigated largely uninterrupted between these two points. Aeolian processes Aeolian processes , also spelled eolian , pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets ). Winds may erode , transport, and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation ,

1710-438: The wavelength , or distance between adjacent crests, of the ripples. In ripples, the coarsest materials collect at the crests causing inverse grading . This distinguishes small ripples from dunes, where the coarsest materials are generally in the troughs. This is also a distinguishing feature between water laid ripples and aeolian ripples. A sand shadow is an accumulation of sand on the downwind side of an obstruction, such as

1767-403: The windward side. The downwind portion of the dune, the lee slope, is commonly a steep avalanche slope referred to as a slipface . Dunes may have more than one slipface. The minimum height of a slipface is about 30 centimeters. Wind-blown sand moves up the gentle upwind side of the dune by saltation or creep. Sand accumulates at the brink, the top of the slipface. When the buildup of sand at

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1824-462: The Connecticut River to its east, and West Springfield to its south. Ingleside's western boundaries contain primarily sand and gravel deposits created by aeolian processes , creating an abundance of gravelly silty loam. In contrast the easterly portion of the neighborhood, which is adjacent to the Connecticut River, consists of floodplain alluvium . The boundary of Ingleside which borders the river contains FEMA regulated floodways which are part of

1881-486: The Earth's surface by deflation (the removal of loose, fine-grained particles by the turbulent action of the wind) and by abrasion (the wearing down of surfaces by the grinding action and sandblasting by windborne particles). Once entrained in the wind, collisions between particles further break them down, a process called attrition . Worldwide, erosion by water is more important than erosion by wind, but wind erosion

1938-490: The Earth's total land surface. The sandy areas of today's world are somewhat anomalous. Deserts, in both the present day and in the geological record, are usually dominated by alluvial fans rather than dune fields. The present relative abundance of sandy areas may reflect reworking of Tertiary sediments following the Last Glacial Maximum. Most modern deserts have experienced extreme Quaternary climate change, and

1995-620: The Holyoke Crossing shopping center, and these routes, along with the P20 Express and R41, serve the Holyoke Mall. Peter Pan Buslines also serves the Holyoke Mall stop with connections to points north and Springfield Union Station . Ingleside was originally a stop on the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad but is no longer serviced by passenger rail service. A freight railway defines

2052-660: The Sahara that reaches the Amazon Basin . Dust storms on Mars periodically engulf the entire planet. When the Mariner 9 spacecraft entered its orbit around Mars in 1971, a dust storm lasting one month covered the entire planet, thus delaying the task of photo-mapping the planet's surface. Most of the dust carried by dust storms is in the form of silt -size particles. Deposits of this windblown silt are known as loess . The thickest known deposit of loess, up to 350 meters (1,150 ft),

2109-442: The air that results in instabilities of the air mass. Dust devils may be as much as one kilometer high. Dust devils on Mars have been observed as high as 10 kilometers (6.2 mi), though this is uncommon. Wind is very effective at separating sand from silt and clay. As a result, there are distinct sandy (erg) and silty (loess) aeolian deposits, with only limited interbedding between the two. Loess deposits are found further from

2166-546: The arms of the dune. Clay dunes are uncommon but have been found in Africa, Australia, and along the Gulf Coast of North America. These form on mud flats on the margins of saline bodies of water subject to strong prevailing winds during a dry season. Clay particles are bound into sand-sized pellets by salts and are then deposited in the dunes, where the return of the cool season allows the pellets to absorb moisture and become bound to

2223-442: The brink exceeds the angle of repose , a small avalanche of grains slides down the slipface. Grain by grain, the dune moves downwind. Dunes take three general forms. Linear dunes, also called longitudinal dunes or seifs, are aligned in the direction of the prevailing winds. Transverse dunes, which include crescent dunes (barchans), are aligned perpendicular to the prevailing winds. More complex dunes, such as star dunes, form where

2280-415: The directions of the winds are highly variable. Additional dune types arise from various kinds of topographic forcing, such as from isolated hills or escarpments. Transverse dunes occur in areas dominated by a single direction of the prevailing wind. In areas where sand is not abundant, transverse dunes take the form of barchans or crescent dunes. These are not common, but they are highly recognizable, with

2337-428: The distinctive crescent shape. Growth is ultimately limited by the carrying capacity of the wind, which as the wind becomes saturated with sediments, builds up the slip face of the dune. Because barchans develop in areas of limited sand availability, they are poorly preserved in the geologic record. Where sand is more abundant, transverse dunes take the form of aklé dunes, such as those of the western Sahara. These form

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2394-624: The dune surface. Deserts cover 20 to 25 percent of the modern land surface of the earth, mostly between the latitudes of 10 to 30 degrees north or south. Here the descending part of the tropical atmospheric circulation (the Hadley cell ) produces high atmospheric pressure and suppresses precipitation. Large areas of this desert is floored with windblown sand. Such areas are called ergs when they exceed about 125 square kilometers (48 sq mi) in area or dune fields when smaller. Ergs and dune fields make up about 20% of modern deserts or about 6% of

2451-404: The ground. The minimum wind velocity to initiate transport is called the fluid threshold or static threshold and is the wind velocity required to begin dislodging grains from the surface. Once transport is initiated, there is a cascade effect from grains tearing loose other grains, so that transport continues until the wind velocity drops below the dynamic threshold or impact threshold , which

2508-525: The margins of dune fields, although they also occur within ergs. Conditions that favor the formation of sand sheets, instead of dunes, may include surface cementation, a high water table, the effects of vegetation, periodic flooding, or sediments rich in grains too coarse for effective saltation. A dune is an accumulations of sediment blown by the wind into a mound or ridge . They differ from sand shadows or sand drifts in that they are independent of any topographic obstacle. Dunes have gentle upwind slopes on

2565-646: The midst of an economic depression. The hotel was razed by fire on July 25, 1875, with some indication that the blaze "was the work of an incendiary". The hotel and its contents were insured in total for $ 20,000. Though the hotel itself stood on the shores of the Connecticut for less than a decade, the Ingleside name would persist as that of the surrounding area long after its absence. The contemporary boundaries of Ingleside are defined by Rt 91 to its west, railroad tracks to its north west, Springdale park to its northeast,

2622-525: The northwest of the neighborhood and is presently a rail connection for the Pioneer Valley Railroad , which services rails between Westfield , Southampton , and the factory-access railways in Holyoke's canal district. Public boat access on the Connecticut River is available for small craft from the Sue Ellen Panitch River Center on Jones Ferry Road. While portage is required for all points north of

2679-589: The original source of sediments than ergs. An example of this is the Sand Hills of Nebraska , US. Here vegetation-stabilized sand dunes are found to the west and loess deposits to the east, further from the original sediment source in the Ogallala Formation at the feet of the Rocky Mountains. Some of the most significant experimental measurements on aeolian landforms were performed by Ralph Alger Bagnold ,

2736-468: The outer bays of the central section. Each entry is topped by a transom and a panel with a carved eagle. The main lobby is finished in marble terrazzo flooring, with marble wainscoting and plaster walls, rising to a carved cornice. Part of the wall is painted with a mural depicting the early settlement of Holyoke. The Art Deco building, a stylistic rarity in Holyoke, was built for a total cost (including land and construction) of $ 284,000. The lobby mural

2793-456: The present climate and the forces that molded it. For example, vast inactive ergs in much of the modern world attest to late Pleistocene trade wind belts being much expanded during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ice cores show a tenfold increase in non-volcanic dust during glacial maxima. The highest dust peak in the Vostok ice cores dates to 20 to 21 thousand years ago. The abundant dust is attributed to

2850-526: The prevailing wind. They form mostly in softer material such as silts. Abrasion produces polishing and pitting, grooving, shaping, and faceting of exposed surfaces. These are widespread in arid environments but geologically insignificant. Polished or faceted surfaces called ventifacts are rare, requiring abundant sand, powerful winds, and a lack of vegetation for their formation. In parts of Antarctica wind-blown snowflakes that are technically sediments have also caused abrasion of exposed rocks. Attrition

2907-449: The same ZIP code as the rest of Holyoke, it is served by its own post office, maintained at the Holyoke Mall. Prior to the annexation of Holyoke from West Springfield in 1850, Ingleside was the site of a ferry known as the Jones' ferry, its landing sites are known as Jones Ferry Road on both the Holyoke and Chicopee sides of the Connecticut River today. The word ingle , stemming from

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2964-613: The surface and practically none normally being carried above 2 meters (6 ft). Many desert features once attributed to wind abrasion, including wind caves, mushroom rocks , and the honeycomb weathering called tafoni , are now attributed to differential weathering, rainwash, deflation rather than abrasion, or other processes. Yardangs are one kind of desert feature that is widely attributed to wind abrasion. These are rock ridges, up to tens of meters high and kilometers long, that have been streamlined by desert winds. Yardangs characteristically show elongated furrows or grooves aligned with

3021-420: The surface for short distances. Suspended particles are fully entrained in the wind, which carries them for long distances. Saltation likely accounts for 50–70 % of deflation, while suspension accounts for 30–40 % and surface creep accounts for 5–25 %. Regions which experience intense and sustained erosion are called deflation zones. Most aeolian deflation zones are composed of desert pavement ,

3078-536: The surface of the earth. Sediment deposits produced by the action of wind and the sedimentary structures characteristic of these deposits are also described as aeolian . Aeolian processes are most important in areas where there is little or no vegetation. However, aeolian deposits are not restricted to arid climates. They are also seen along shorelines; along stream courses in semiarid climates; in areas of ample sand weathered from weakly cemented sandstone outcrops; and in areas of glacial outwash . Loess , which

3135-450: The teams of Harvard, Yale, and Brown. This would be one of the only significant events in the resorts history however, as following the Panic of 1873 , it would be sold at auction to one N.S. Chandler "for a little less than $ 30,000". The hotel, which featured a farm, telegram station, gasworks , and railway stop, was short-lived however, and closed in the winter of 1874 due to low attendance in

3192-547: The wind. Sand sheets are flat or gently undulating sandy deposits with only small surface ripples. An example is the Selima Sand Sheet in the eastern Sahara Desert, which occupies 60,000 square kilometers (23,000 sq mi) in southern Egypt and northern Sudan . This consists of a few feet of sand resting on bedrock. Sand sheets are often remarkably flat and are sometimes described as desert peneplains . Sand sheets are common in desert environments, particularly on

3249-591: Was executed by Ross Moffett as part of a Depression-era jobs program for artists. The building's location was a matter of some local dispute, with competing interests remaining undecided until the Postal Service threatened to withdraw the project entirely. The second floor interior originally held a variety of other government offices, but is now largely unused. [REDACTED] Media related to United States Post Office (Holyoke, Massachusetts) at Wikimedia Commons Ingleside, Holyoke, Massachusetts Ingleside

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