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128-526: Dances With Wolves is a 1990 American epic Western film starring, directed, and produced by Kevin Costner in his feature directorial debut. It is a film adaptation of the 1988 novel Dances With Wolves , by Michael Blake , that tells the story of Union Army Lieutenant John J. Dunbar (Costner), who travels to the American frontier to find a military post, and who meets a group of Lakota . Costner developed

256-487: A "white savior" film , as Dunbar "fully embeds himself in the Sioux tribe and quickly becomes its primary protector". He argued that its use of the " noble savage " character type "preemptively blunts criticism of the underlying White Savior story". In addition to becoming the first Western film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture since 1931's Cimarron , Dances With Wolves won a number of additional awards, making it one of

384-634: A speculative script by Michael Blake, it went unsold in the mid-1980s. However, Kevin Costner had starred in Blake's only previous film, Stacy's Knights (1983) and encouraged Blake in early 1986 to turn the Western screenplay into a novel to improve its chances of being produced. The novel was rejected by numerous publishers, but finally was published in paperback in 1988. The rights were purchased by Costner, with an eye on directing it. Costner and his producing partner, Jim Wilson, had difficulty in raising money for

512-548: A Native American Apache hero in the lead role. Also in Finland , only a few Western films have been made, the most notable of which could be the 1971 low-budget comedy The Unhanged , directed by, written by, and starring Spede Pasanen . Some new Euro-Westerns emerged in the 2010s, including Kristian Levring 's The Salvation , Martin Koolhoven 's Brimstone , and Andreas Prochaska 's The Dark Valley . Exploitation Western

640-620: A Telugu action film, starring Chiranjeevi and Mohan Babu , was one more addition to the Indo Western genre that fared well at the box office. It was also the first South Indian movie to be dubbed in English as Hunters of the Indian Treasure. Takkari Donga (2002), starring Telugu actor Mahesh Babu , was applauded by critics, but was average at box office. Quick Gun Murugun (2009), an Indian comedy film that spoofs Indian Western movies,

768-541: A Western setting and many musicians have appeared in Western films, sometimes in non-musical roles. Singers Doris Day and Howard Keel worked together in Calamity Jane , a huge success on release which remains one of the most popular Western musicals. On the other hand, crooner Dean Martin and pop singer Ricky Nelson played the parts of gunfighters in Rio Bravo , which is not a musical, although they did combine to sing

896-600: A Yankton Dakota ethnologist, linguist, and novelist who worked extensively with the Dakota and Lakota peoples, documenting their languages and cultures. She collaborated with linguists such as Franz Boas and Edward Sapir to create written materials for Lakota, including dictionaries and grammars. Another key figure was Albert White Hat Sr. , who taught at and later became the chair of the Lakota language program at his alma mater, Sinte Gleska University at Mission, South Dakota, one of

1024-462: A band of trackers who are stalked by the titular creatures; and Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter (2012). Undead Nightmare (2010), an expansion to Red Dead Redemption (2010) is an example of a video game in this genre, telling the tale of a zombie outbreak in the Old West . Bone Tomahawk (2015) received wide critical acclaim for its chilling tale of cannibalism, but like many other movies in

1152-530: A couple of songs in the middle of the film while they were guarding the jailhouse. A subgenre that highlights Mexican narcoculture and portrays drug trafficking and traffickers (real or imagined). Narco Westerns are typically set in Northern Mexico , the Southwest United States, or on the border between the two. A relatively new genre, Hilario Peña states the narco Western is the Western for

1280-780: A deal with Orion Pictures , in which the studio would distribute the film in North America. Actual production lasted from July 17 or 18 to November 21 or 23, 1989. Most of the movie was filmed on location in South Dakota, mainly on private ranches near Pierre and Rapid City , with a few scenes filmed in Wyoming. Specific locations included the Badlands National Park , the Black Hills , the Sage Creek Wilderness Area, and

1408-592: A delay in voicing ([pʰ tʰ kʰ]) , and those with velar friction ([pˣ tˣ kˣ]) , which occur before /a/ , /ã/ , /o/ , /ĩ/ , and /ũ/ (thus, lakhóta , /laˈkʰota/ is phonetically [laˈkˣota] ). For some speakers, there is a phonemic distinction between the two, and both occur before /e/ . No such variation occurs for the affricate /tʃʰ/. Some orthographies mark this distinction; others do not. The uvular fricatives /χ/ and /ʁ/ are commonly spelled ⟨ȟ⟩ and ⟨ǧ⟩ . All monomorphemic words have one vowel which carries primary stress and has

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1536-500: A fluent speaker to use. In 2013 Lakota teachers at Red Cloud Indian School on Pine Ridge Indian Reservation discussed their use of orthography for their K–12 students as well as adult learners. The orthography used at Red Cloud "is meant to be more phonetic than other orthographies... That means there are usually more 'H's than other versions. While many orthographies use tipi ... Red Cloud spells it thípi." He continues, "the orthography also makes heavy use of diacritical marks... that

1664-453: A four-hour version of the film opened at select cinemas in London. This longer cut was titled Dances With Wolves: The Special Edition , and it restored nearly an hour's worth of scenes that had been removed to keep the original film's running time under three hours. In a letter to British film reviewers, Kevin Costner and producer Jim Wilson addressed their reasons for presenting a longer version of

1792-497: A gold bar; after 1872, the rank was indicated by a silver bar. Similarly, Captain Cargill is correctly depicted wearing a pair of gold bars, indicating the rank of captain at that time. Author and screenwriter Michael Blake said that Stands With A Fist was actually based upon Cynthia Ann Parker , the white girl captured by Comanches and mother of Quanah Parker . One year after the original theatrical release of Dances With Wolves ,

1920-516: A grammatical sentence that contains only a verb. (interjection) (conjunction) (adverb(s)) (nominal) (nominal) (nominal) (adverb(s)) verb (enclitic(s)) (conjunction) When interjections are used, they begin the sentence or end it. A small number of interjections are used only by one gender, for instance the interjection expressing disbelief is ečéš for women but hóȟ for men; for calling attention women say máŋ while men use wáŋ . Most interjections, however, are used by both genders. It

2048-481: A higher tone than all other vowels in the word. This is generally the vowel of the second syllable of the word, but often the first syllable can be stressed, and occasionally other syllables as well. Stress is generally indicated with an acute accent: ⟨á⟩ , etc. Compound words will have stressed vowels in each component; proper spelling will write compounds with a hyphen. Thus máza-ská , literally "metal-white", i.e. "silver; money" has two stressed vowels,

2176-411: A local Indian agent . According to screenwriter Michael Blake, the film character's name was chosen at random from lists of Civil War veterans and was merely coincidence. The fictional Lieutenant John Dunbar of 1863 is correctly shown in the film wearing a gold bar on his officer shoulder straps, indicating his rank as a first lieutenant . From 1836 to 1872, the rank of first lieutenant was indicated by

2304-465: A logical step to enhance our film with existing footage ... making an extended version is by no means to imply that the original Dances With Wolves was unfinished or incomplete; rather, it creates an opportunity for those who fell in love with the characters and the spectacle of the film to experience more of both. The genesis of the four-hour version of the film was further explained in an article for Entertainment Weekly that appeared ten months after

2432-688: A lot of good feeling about the film in the Native community, especially among the tribes. I think it's going to be very hard to top this one." However, Blackfeet filmmaker George Budreau countered, "I want to say, 'how nice',... But no matter how sensitive and wonderful this movie is, you have to ask who's telling the story. It's certainly not an Indian." Though promoted as a breakthrough in its use of an indigenous language, earlier English-language films, such as Eskimo (1933), Wagon Master (1950), and The White Dawn (1974) also have native dialogue. David Sirota of Salon referred to Dances With Wolves as

2560-428: A property. (In English, such descriptions are usually made with adjectives .) Verbs are inflected for first-, second- or third person , and for singular, dual or plural grammatical number . There are two paradigms for verb inflection . One set of morphemes indicates the person and number of the subject of active verbs. The other set of morphemes agrees with the object of transitive action verbs or

2688-423: A rebellious antihero, open plains and desert landscapes, or gunfights. This also includes the post-Western , with modern settings and "the cowboy cult" that involve the audience's feelings and understanding of Western movies. This subgenre often features Old West-type characters struggling with displacement in a "civilized" world that rejects their outdated brand of justice. Some contemporary Westerns take place in

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2816-593: A satirical effort to "send up Owen Wister's novel The Virginian and all the cliches of the Western from the fearless hero to the final shootout on Main Street". The Paleface "features a cowardly hero known as "Painless" Peter Potter ( Bob Hope ), an inept dentist, who often entertains the notion that he is a crack sharpshooter and accomplished Indian fighter". Other examples include: Contemporary Western (or neo-Westerns or urban Westerns ) have contemporary settings and use Old West themes, archetypes, and motifs, such as

2944-425: A sequel novel by Michael Blake , the author of both the original novel and the movie screenplay, was published in 2001. It picks up 11 years after the events of Dances With Wolves . John Dunbar is still married to Stands With A Fist, and they have three children. Stands With A Fist and one of the children are kidnapped by a party of white rangers, and Dances With Wolves must mount a rescue mission. Salvador Carrasco

3072-572: A set of cultural concerns very different from the Hollywood metanarrative, but the overlap between "charro" movies and Westerns became more apparent in the 1950s, '60s, and '70s. Some examples are Ismael Rodríguez 's Los Hermanos del Hierro (1961), Jorge Fons 's Cinco Mil Dólares de Recompensa , and Arturo Ripstein 's Tiempo de morir . The most important is Alberto Mariscal , great author of El tunco Maclovio , Todo por nada , Los marcados , El juez de la soga , and La chamuscada . The Western

3200-399: A simplistic view of the culture it attempts to honor, but the end result remains a stirring western whose noble intentions are often matched by its epic grandeur." Metacritic gave the film a score of 72 out of 100 based on 20 critical reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade. Dances With Wolves was named one of

3328-679: A town while using wide-scale shots of Monument Valley locations against a broad running-time. In the silent film era, The Covered Wagon (1923) with J. Warren Kerrigan , was the first epic Western filmed entirely on location. Another silent epic was The Iron Horse (1924) with George O'Brien . Other notable examples include Duel in the Sun (1946) with Joseph Cotten and Gregory Peck , The Searchers (1956) with John Wayne , Giant (1956) with Elizabeth Taylor and James Dean , The Big Country (1958) with Gregory Peck and Charlton Heston , Cimarron (1960) with Glenn Ford , How

3456-600: A veteran actor who had appeared in traditional Westerns, in a non-sex role. Among videogames, Custer's Revenge (1982) is an infamous example, considered to be one of the worst video games of all time . Film critic Philip French includes a subgenre of "pre-Western" to describe films that include themes and characters reminiscent of cowboy pictures but are not strictly regarded as Westerns. This includes films with an early nineteenth century frontier setting with characters like James Fenimore Cooper's Natty Bumppo . It includes examples like The Alamo (1960). First used in

3584-559: A violent black-clad gunfighter, and his quest for enlightenment. The film is filled with bizarre characters and occurrences, use of maimed and dwarf performers, and heavy doses of Christian symbolism and Eastern philosophy . Some spaghetti Westerns also crossed over into the acid Western genre, such as Enzo G. Castellari 's mystical Keoma (1976), a Western reworking of Ingmar Bergman 's The Seventh Seal (1957). More recent acid Westerns include Alex Cox 's Walker (1987) and Jim Jarmusch 's Dead Man (1995). Rosenbaum describes

3712-492: Is automatically inserted between certain consonants, e.g. into the pairs ⟨gl⟩ , ⟨bl⟩ and ⟨gm⟩ . So the clan name written phonemically as ⟨Oglala⟩ has become the place name Ogallala . The voiced uvular fricative /ʁ/ becomes a uvular trill ( [ʀ] ) before /i/ and in fast speech it is often realized as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] . The voiceless aspirated plosives have two allophonic variants each: those with

3840-400: Is postpositional , with adpositions occurring after the head nouns: mas'óphiye él , "at the store" (literally 'store at'); thípi=kiŋ ókšaŋ , "around the house" (literally 'house=the around') (Rood and Taylor 1996). Rood and Taylor (1996) suggest the following template for basic word order. Items in parentheses are optional; only the verb is required. It is therefore possible to produce

3968-723: Is a popular genre in the Asian film industry. Examples of the Chinese Western genre include Millionaires Express (1986), Let the Bullets Fly (2010) and Once Upon a Time in China and America (1997). This subgenre is imitative in style to mock, comment on, or trivialize the Western genre's established traits, subjects, auteurs' styles, or some other target by means of humorous, satiric, or ironic imitation or parody. A prime example of comedy Western includes The Paleface (1948), which makes

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4096-574: Is a subgenre of the Exploitation film , a genre characterized by "exploiting" lurid and graphic content throughout 1960s and 1970s up to the early 1980s. Examples of exploitation Western films include Soldier Blue (1970), Cain's Cutthroats (1971), Cut-Throats Nine (1972) and Kid Vengeance (1977). Fantasy Westerns mixed in fantasy settings and themes, and may include fantasy mythology as background. Some famous examples are Stephen King 's The Stand and The Dark Tower series of novels,

4224-577: Is an archetype in this form of Australian Western, with signature scenes of harsh desert environments, and exploration of the themes of rough justice, exploitation of the Aboriginals, and the thirst for justice at all costs. Others in this category include Rangle River (1936), Kangaroo , The Kangaroo Kid (1950), The Sundowners (1960), Quigley Down Under (1990), Ned Kelly (1970), The Man from Snowy River (1982), The Proposition , Lucky Country , and Sweet Country . Mystery Road

4352-485: Is an example of a modern Australian Western, and Mad Max has inspired many futurist dystopian examples of the Australian Western such as The Rover . Many blaxploitation films, particularly ones involving Fred Williamson , have incorporated a Western setting within them. They are often characterized by excessive violence, stilted dialalog, and macho heroes. Examples include Soul Soldier (1970), Buck and

4480-501: Is an example of a series based upon a historical storyline, whereas films such as Cowboys: A Documentary Portrait provide a nonfiction portrayal of modern working cowboys in the contemporary West. The 1971 film Zachariah starring John Rubinstein , Don Johnson , and Pat Quinn , was billed as the "first electric Western". The film featured multiple performing rock bands in an otherwise American West setting. Zachariah featured appearances and music supplied by rock groups from

4608-515: Is based on a character created for television promotions at the time of the launch of the music network Channel [V] in 1994, which had cult following. Irumbukkottai Murattu Singam (2010), a Western adventure comedy film, based on cowboy movies and paying homages to the John Wayne, Clint Eastwood, and Jaishankar , was made in Tamil. Laal Kaptaan (2019) is an IndoWestern starring Saif Ali Khan , which

4736-524: Is common for a sentence to begin with a conjunction. Both čhaŋké and yuŋkȟáŋ can be translated as and ; k’éyaš is similar to English but . Each of these conjunctions joins clauses. In addition, the conjunction na joins nouns or phrases. Lakota uses postpositions , which are similar to English prepositions, but follow their noun complement. Adverbs or postpositional phrases can describe manner, location, or reason. There are also interrogative adverbs, which are used to form questions. To

4864-478: Is marked with an acute accent : ⟨á, é, í, ó, ú, áŋ, íŋ, úŋ⟩ on stressed vowels (which receive a higher tone than non-stressed ones) The following consonants approximate their IPA values: ⟨b, g, h, k, l, m, n, ŋ, p, s, t, w, z⟩ . ⟨Y⟩ has its English value of /j/ . An apostrophe, ⟨'⟩ , is used for the glottal stop . A caron is used for sounds, other than /ŋ/ , which are not written with Latin letters in

4992-416: Is mentally ill, kills himself after Dunbar departs. Dunbar travels with Timmons, a foul-mouthed mule-wagon provisioner, and finds the fort deserted. He decides to rebuild the fort, recording his observations in his diary. Timmons is killed by a band of Pawnee while returning to Fort Hays. The deaths of Timmons and Fambrough leave the army unaware of Dunbar's assignment, so no other soldiers arrive to reinforce

5120-398: Is more appropriate. They are both used in matters of time and space. As mentioned above, nominals are optional in Lakota, but when nouns appear the basic word order is subject–object–verb. Pronouns are not common, but may be used contrastively or emphatically. Lakota has four articles : waŋ is indefinite, similar to English a or an , and kiŋ is definite, similar to English

5248-440: Is not popular among some educators and academics". Delphine Red Shirt, an Oglala Lakota tribal member and a lecturer on languages at Stanford University , disagrees and prefers a Lakota orthography without diacritical marks. "I'm very against any orthography that requires a special keyboard to communicate," she said. First language speaker and veteran language teacher at Red Cloud, the late Philomine Lakota, had similar concerns with

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5376-507: Is now", he acknowledges, "but ideally, there is a point at which it would come out with an intermission, booked into the very best venues in America." Costner later stated that he did not work on the creation of the Special Edition at all. List of Western subgenres#Epic Western The Western is a genre set in the American frontier and commonly associated with folk tales of

5504-484: Is often written without diacritics . Besides failing to mark stress, this also results in the confusion of numerous consonants: /s/ and /ʃ/ are both written ⟨s⟩ , /h/ and /χ/ are both written ⟨h⟩ , and the aspirate stops are written like the unaspirates, as ⟨p, t, c, k⟩ . All digraphs (i.e. characters created by two letters, such as kh, kȟ, k') are treated as groups of individual letters in alphabetization. Thus for example

5632-831: Is set during the rise of the British Empire in India. The documentary Western is a subgenre of Westerns that explore the nonfiction elements of the historical and contemporary American West . Between 1894 and 1899, Edison's early use of film included several examples of documentaries that introduced Western characters and settings. Among them were Parade of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show . His work showcased Native American ceremonial dance films such as Eagle Dance and Indian Day School , working cowboys in Branding Cattle , and scenic attractions such as Royal Gorge and Coaches Going to Cinnabar from Yellowstone Park . Ken Burns's The West

5760-774: Is spent teaching and speaking the language. On May 3, 2022, the Tribal Council of the Standing Rock Sioux , in a near-unanimous vote, banished the Lakota Language Consortium (and specifically, LLC linguist Jan Ullrich and co-founder Wilhelm Meya) from ever again setting foot on the reservation. The council's decision was based on the LLC's history with not only the Standing Rock community, but also with at least three other communities that also voiced concerns about Meya and

5888-568: The Kung Fu TV series, which ran from 1972 to 1975. Comedy examples include the Jackie Chan and Owen Wilson collaboration Shanghai Noon (2000). Further subdivisions of this subgenre include Westerns based on ninjas and samurais (incorporating samurai cinema themes), such as Red Sun (1971) with Charles Bronson , Alain Delon , and Toshiro Mifune . There have been many musical films with

6016-728: The American Indians sympathetically, as oppressed people fighting for their rights, in contrast to American Westerns of the time, which frequently portrayed them as villains. Osterns frequently featured Gypsy or Turkic people in the role of the Indians, due to the shortage of authentic Native Americans in Eastern Europe. Gojko Mitic portrayed righteous, kind-hearted, and charming Indian chiefs (e.g., in Die Söhne der großen Bärin (1966), directed by Josef Mach ). He became honorary chief of

6144-692: The American West and reveal the progression of the Old West mentality into the late 20th and early 21st centuries; but the genre is not limited to the traditional American West setting. Coogan's Bluff and Midnight Cowboy are examples of urban Westerns set in New York City. Typical themes of the neo-Western are the lack of rules, with morals guided by the character's or audience's instincts of right and wrong rather than by governance, characters searching for justice, and characters feeling remorse, connecting

6272-581: The Anpao Kin ("Daybreak") circulated from 1878 by the Protestant Episcopal Church in Niobrara Mission , Nebraska until its move to Mission, South Dakota in 1908 continuing until its closure in 1937. The print alongside its Dakota counterpart Iapi Oaye ("The Word Carrier") played an important role in documenting the enlistment and affairs including obituaries of Native Sioux soldiers into

6400-578: The Belle Fourche River area. The bison hunt scenes were filmed at the Triple U Buffalo Ranch outside Fort Pierre, South Dakota , as were the Fort Sedgewick scenes on a custom set. As of 7 December 2023, the film holds an approval rating of 87% on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 131 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: " Dances With Wolves suffers from

6528-513: The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama . It is one of only four Westerns to win the Oscar for Best Picture, the other three being Cimarron (1931), Unforgiven (1992), and No Country for Old Men (2007). It is credited as a leading influence for the revitalization of the Western genre of filmmaking in Hollywood. In 2007, Dances With Wolves was selected for preservation in

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6656-468: The Rex Beach novel, The Spoilers (including 1930's The Spoilers , with Gary Cooper, and 1942's The Spoilers , with Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott , and Wayne); The Far Country (1954) with James Stewart; North to Alaska (1960) with Wayne; Death Hunt (1981) with Charles Bronson ; and The Grey Fox (1983) with Richard Farnsworth . Ostern films were Western-style films produced in

6784-814: The Sioux tribe when he visited the United States, in the 1990s, and the television crew accompanying him showed the tribe of one of his films. American actor and singer Dean Reed , an expatriate who lived in East Germany , also starred in several Ostern films. "Eastern" films typically replaced the Wild West setting with by an Eastern setting in the steppes of the Caucasus . Western stock characters, such as " cowboys and Indians ", were also replaced by Caucasian stock characters, such as bandits and harems . A famous example of

6912-837: The Soviet Union and Socialist Eastern Europe. They were popular in Communist Eastern European countries and were a particular favorite of Joseph Stalin . Osterns are typically divided between "Easterns", which sought to portray an Eastern European analogue to the Wild West set in frontier regions across Eurasia, and "Red Westerns", which were set in the American West but sought to subvert the ideas of manifest destiny and other narratives typical of Hollywood Westerns in favor of Marxist ideals of proletarian internationalism and class consciousness . Red Western films usually portrayed

7040-700: The Vertigo comics series Preacher , and Keiichi Sigsawa 's light novel series, Kino's Journey , illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi . Florida Westerns , also known as cracker Westerns , are set in Florida during the Second Seminole War . An example is Distant Drums (1951) starring Gary Cooper . Gaucho Westerns are films set in the 18th century in South America's pampas following stories of gauchos , cowhands and swashbucklers getting into adventures akin to

7168-549: The Western United States , particularly the Southwestern United States , as well as Northern Mexico and Western Canada. It is commonly referred to as the "Old West" or the "Wild West" and depicted in Western media as a hostile, sparsely populated frontier in a state of near-total lawlessness patrolled by outlaws , sheriffs, and numerous other stock gunslinger characters. Western narratives often concern

7296-414: The acid Western , associated with Dennis Hopper , Jim McBride , and Rudy Wurlitzer , as well as films such as Monte Hellman 's The Shooting (1966), Alejandro Jodorowsky 's bizarre experimental film El Topo ( The Mole ) (1970), and Robert Downey Sr. 's Greaser's Palace (1972). The 1970 film El Topo is an allegorical cult Western and underground film about the eponymous character,

7424-544: The "SLO" or even "Suggested Lakota Orthography." Tasha Hauff writes, Choosing a writing system, or orthography, is often a serious point of contention in Indigenous communities engaging in revitalization work (Hinton, 2014). While writing a traditionally oral language can itself be considered a colonial act, standardizing a writing system is fraught with political as well as pedagogical complications. Because teachers at Standing Rock were in need of language-teaching materials, and

7552-563: The "modern age," and that "instead of a horse, the character drives a truck, and instead of fighting Apaches , the character must defeat criminals and the federal police in the state of Sinaloa ." Examples of narco Westerns include the American television shows Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul , as well as the films Miss Bala , El Infierno and Heli . They may also come in the form of literature or telenovelas . Narco Westerns often feature narratives of personal identity , usually

7680-426: The . In addition, waŋží is an indefinite article used with hypothetical or irrealis objects, and k’uŋ is a definite article used with nouns that have been mentioned previously. There are also nine demonstratives , which can function either as pronouns or as determiners . Verbs are the only word class that are obligatory in a Lakota sentence. Verbs can be active, naming an action, or stative , describing

7808-566: The 1970s, including the James Gang and Country Joe and the Fish as "The Cracker Band". Fiddler Doug Kershaw had a musical cameo as does Elvin Jones as a gunslinging drummer named Job Cain. The independent film Hate Horses starring Dominique Swain , Ron Thompson , and Paul Dooley billed itself as the "second electric Western". The epic Western is a subgenre of the Western that emphasizes

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7936-603: The Bad and the Weird, Golden Kamuy and Sukiyaki Western Django . Lakota language Speakers of the Lakota language make up one of the largest Native American language speech communities in the United States , with approximately 2,000 speakers, who live mostly in the northern plains states of North Dakota and South Dakota . Many communities have immersion programs for both children and adults. Like many indigenous languages,

8064-636: The Czech linguist advocates resembles the Czech orthography – making it easier for Czech people to read. The Europeans predominantly use the internet to give the impression that this "Czech orthography" is a Lakota product and the standard for writing Lakota." "The Rosebud Sioux Tribe was the first of the Lakota tribes to take legal action against the self-authorizing practices the LLC committed by utilizing names of Lakota language experts without their consent to obtain funding for their projects." Rosebud Resolution No. 2008–295 goes further and compares these actions to what

8192-482: The IPA: ⟨č⟩ /tʃ/ , ⟨ǧ⟩ /ʁ/ , ⟨ȟ⟩ /χ/ , ⟨š⟩ /ʃ/ , ⟨ž⟩ /ʒ/ . Aspirates are written with ⟨h⟩ : ⟨čh, kh, ph, th,⟩ and velar frication with ⟨ȟ⟩ : ⟨kȟ, pȟ, tȟ.⟩ Ejectives are written with an apostrophe: ⟨č', ȟ', k', p', s', š', t'⟩ . The spelling used in modern popular texts

8320-569: The LLC materials but do not write in the orthography. These are usually Elders who remain in the habit of writing the way they learned. A few people at Standing Rock, however, have been offended by the notion of a standard way of writing Lakota/Dakota, especially one that seems unlike any of the systems used by Elders. Community members have been particularly wary of the SLO ["Standard Lakota Orthography"], which appears to be developed by outsiders who are not fluent speakers and would require considerable study for

8448-422: The LLC was one of the few organizations developing such resources, Standing Rock adopted the new orthography, but not without resistance from members of the community. ... The new writing system at Standing Rock was often criticized or even rejected within the community. Some fluent speakers at Standing Rock have not accepted the new writing system. There are some who continue to work in language education and who use

8576-469: The LLC's promotion of their New Lakota Dictionary , websites and other Internet projects aimed at revising and standardizing their new spelling of the Lakota language. "Lakota first language speakers and Lakota language teachers criticize the "Czech orthography" for being overloaded with markings and – foremost – for the way it is being brought into Lakota schools"; it has been criticized as " neocolonial domination." Sonja John writes that "The new orthography

8704-510: The LLC, "saying he broke agreements over how to use recordings, language materials and historical records, or used them without permission." The "Standard Lakota Orthography" as the LLC calls it, is in principle phonemic, which means that each character ( grapheme ) represents one distinctive sound ( phoneme ), except for the distinction between glottal and velar aspiration, which is treated phonetically. Lakota vowels are ⟨a, e, i, o, u⟩ nasal vowels are aŋ, iŋ, uŋ. Pitch accent

8832-407: The Lakota Language Consortium and its " Czech orthography " from the reservation and its educational system. This ban was a response to a series of protests by community members and grassroots language preservation workers, at Rosebud and other Lakota communities, against the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC). Despite its name, the LLC is an organization formed by two Europeans. Concerns arose due to

8960-457: The Lakota language did not have a written form traditionally. However, efforts to develop a written form of Lakota began, primarily through the work of Christian missionaries and linguists, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The orthography has since evolved to reflect contemporary needs and usage. One significant figure in the development of a written form of Lakota was Ella Cara Deloria , also called Aŋpétu Wašté Wiŋ (Beautiful Day Woman),

9088-627: The Library of Congress selected Dances With Wolves for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . Some of the criticism of the film centered on the lack of authenticity of the Lakota language used in the film, as only one of the actors was a native speaker of the language. Oglala Lakota activist and actor Russell Means was critical of the film's lack of accuracy. In 2009, he said, "Remember Lawrence of Arabia ? That

9216-552: The Malayalam film directed by Bharathan and written by noted writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair , perhaps most resembles the spaghetti Westerns in terms of production and cinematic techniques. Earlier spaghetti Westerns laid the groundwork for such films as Adima Changala (1971) starring Prem Nazir , a hugely popular zapata spaghetti Western film in Malayalam, and Sholay (1975) Khote Sikkay (1973) and Thai Meethu Sathiyam (1978) are notable curry Westerns. Kodama Simham (1990),

9344-469: The Pawnees, numbering only 4,000 at that time, as victims of the more powerful Sioux." The history and context of Fort Hays is radically different from that portrayed in the movie. Historic Fort Hays was founded in 1867, with the iconic stone blockhouse being built immediately. Its predecessor, Fort Fletcher (1865–1868), was abandoned for a few months and then relocated a short distance away in 1866. Fort Hays

9472-501: The Preacher (1972), The Legend of Nigger Charley (1972), The Soul of Nigger Charley (1973), Thomasine & Bushrod (1974), Boss Nigger (1975), Adiós Amigo (1975), and Posse (1993). Charro Westerns , often featuring musical stars, as well as action, have been a standard feature of Mexican cinema since the 1930s. In the 1930s and 1940s, these were typically films about horsemen in rural Mexican society, displaying

9600-431: The Sioux to recover. Though the Sioux are initially hostile, Dunbar gradually establishes a rapport with them, particularly Kicking Bird, the Sioux fighter Wind In His Hair, and the youth Smiles A Lot. Stands With A Fist acts as an interpreter, speaking Lakota and English. Dunbar comes to respect and appreciate the Sioux. He is accepted into their group after he tells them of a migrating herd of buffalo and participates in

9728-524: The Undead (1959), Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1965), and Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966), which depicts the legendary outlaw Billy the Kid fighting against the notorious vampire. Another example is The Ghoul Goes West , an unproduced Ed Wood film to star Bela Lugosi as Dracula in the Old West. Newer examples include the films Near Dark (1987) directed by Kathryn Bigelow , which tells

9856-664: The United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". In 1863, 1st Lieutenant John J. Dunbar—serving with the Union Army —is wounded in a stalemated battle at St. David's Field in Tennessee . The surgeon intends to amputate his leg. Choosing death in battle instead, Dunbar steals a horse and rides in front of Confederate lines unarmed, but miraculously survives his suicide attempt. The Union soldiers take advantage of

9984-861: The West Was Won (1962) with James Stewart and Henry Fonda (among many others ), Custer of the West (1967) with Robert Shaw , Duck, You Sucker! (1971) with Rod Steiger and James Coburn , Heaven's Gate (1980) with Isabelle Huppert , Dances with Wolves (1990) with Kevin Costner , The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007) with Brad Pitt , Django Unchained (2012) with Jamie Foxx , The Revenant (2015) with Leonardo DiCaprio , and Horizon: An American Saga – Chapter 1 (2024). Euro-Westerns are Western-genre films made in Western Europe. The term can sometimes include

10112-433: The Western theme and archetypes into different supergenres, such as neo-Westerns or space Westerns. For a time, Westerns made in countries other than the United States were often labeled by foods associated with the culture, such as spaghetti Westerns (Italy), meat pie Westerns (Australia), ramen Westerns (Asia), and masala Westerns (India). Film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum refers to a makeshift 1960s and 1970s genre called

10240-611: The acid Western as "formulating a chilling, savage frontier poetry to justify its hallucinated agenda"; ultimately, he says, the acid Western expresses a counterculture sensibility to critique and replace capitalism with alternative forms of exchange. The Australian Western genre or meat pie Western is set in Australia, especially the Australian Outback or the Australian Bush . The genre borrows from US traditions. The Tracker

10368-614: The approach... then the question is whose version will be adopted? This will cause dissent and politics to become a factor in the process." Also in 2002, Sinte Gleska University rejected a partnership with the European-owned Lakota Language Consortium. Sinte Gleska uses the orthography developed by Albert White Hat , which on December 13, 2012, was formally adopted by the Rosebud Sioux Tribe per Tribal Resolution No. 2012–343. This resolution also banned

10496-625: The army as America became involved in World War I . Lakota has five oral vowels, /i e a o u/ , and three nasal vowels, /ĩ ã ũ/ (phonetically [ɪ̃ ə̃ ʊ̃] ). Lakota /e/ and /o/ are said to be more open than the corresponding cardinal vowels, perhaps closer to [ɛ] and [ɔ] . Orthographically, the nasal vowels are written with a following ⟨ƞ⟩ , ⟨ŋ⟩ , or ⟨n⟩ ; historically, these were written with ogoneks underneath, ⟨į ą ų⟩ . No syllables end with consonantal /n/ . A neutral vowel ( schwa )

10624-400: The cowboys portrayed in American movies of the era. Notable examples of gaucho Westerns include Nobleza gaucha (1915), The Gaucho (1927), The Gaucho War (1942), Way of a Gaucho (1952), Savage Pampas (1966), Don Segundo Sombra (1969), The Ardor (2014) and The Settlers (2023). An example of a gaucho neo-Western would be The Ones From Below (2023). According to

10752-448: The distraction to mount a successful attack. Dunbar is given medical care that saves his leg and is awarded "Cisco", the horse he rode during his suicide attempt, along with his choice of posting. He requests a transfer to the American frontier so he can see it before it disappears. Dunbar arrives at Fort Hays where its commander, Major Fambrough, assigns him to the furthest outpost under his jurisdiction: Fort Sedgwick . Fambrough, who

10880-580: The film with an initial budget of $ 15 million. Much of the dialogue is spoken in Lakota with English subtitles. It was shot from July to November 1989 in South Dakota and Wyoming , and translated by Doris Leader Charge, of the Lakota Studies department at Sinte Gleska University . The film earned favorable reviews from critics and audiences, who praised Costner's directing, the performances, screenplay, score, cinematography, and production values. It

11008-468: The film. The project was turned down by several studios due to the Western genre no longer being popular, following the disastrous box office of Heaven's Gate (1980), as well as the length of the script. After the project languished at both Nelson Entertainment and Island Pictures due to budget reasons, Costner and Wilson enlisted producer Jake Eberts to manage foreign rights in several countries for Costner to retain final cut rights. The two then made

11136-406: The film: Why add another hour to a film that by most standards pushes the time limit of conventional movie making? The 52 additional minutes that represent this "new" version were difficult to cut in the first place, and ... the opportunity to introduce them to audiences is compelling. We have received countless letters from people worldwide asking when or if a sequel would be made, so it seemed like

11264-399: The first a in each component. If it were written without the hyphen, as mazaska , it would imply a single main stress. A common phonological process which occurs in rapid speech is vowel contraction , which generally results from the loss of an intervocalic glide. Vowel contraction results in phonetic long vowels ( phonemically a sequence of two identical vowels), with falling pitch if

11392-525: The first tribal-based universities in the US. His work focused on the Sicangu dialect using an orthography developed by Lakota in 1982 and which today is slowly supplanting older systems provided by linguists and missionaries. The Lakota people 's creation stories say that language originated from the creation of the tribe. Other creation stories say language was invented by Iktomi . A wholly Lakota newspaper named

11520-415: The first underlying vowel is stressed, and rising pitch if the second underlying vowel is stressed: kê: (falling tone), "he said that", from kéye ; hǎ:pi (rising tone), "clothing", from hayápi . If one of the vowels is nasalized, the resulting long vowel is also nasalized: čhaŋ̌:pi , "sugar", from čhaŋháŋpi . When two vowels of unequal height contract, or when feature contrasts exist between

11648-571: The genre was White Sun of the Desert , which was popular in the Soviet Union . Pornographic Westerns use the Old West as a background for stories primarily focused on erotica. The three major examples of the porn Western film are Russ Meyer 's nudie-cutie Wild Gals of the Naked West (1962), and the hardcore A Dirty Western (1975) and Sweet Savage (1979). Sweet Savage starred Aldo Ray ,

11776-674: The genre, it was not a commercial success. Jordan Peele 's film Nope (2022) combines horror and science fiction with a neo-Western lens. It depicts two rancher siblings attempting to capture evidence of a UFO terrorizing their remote desert ranch. A generic term for a Western which is combined with another genre such as horror , film noir or martial arts . Dynamite Warrior is a martial arts fantasy Western set in Thailand. While many of these mash-ups (e.g., Billy Jack (1971) and its sequel The Trial of Billy Jack (1974)) are cheap exploitation films, others are more serious dramas such as

11904-404: The gradual attempts to tame the crime-ridden American West using wider themes of justice , freedom , rugged individualism , manifest destiny , and the national history and identity of the United States. Within the larger scope of the Western genre, there are several recognized subgenres. Some subgenres, such as spaghetti Westerns, maintain standard Western settings and plots, while others take

12032-445: The group. As they leave, Dunbar and Kicking Bird exchange parting gifts; Smiles A Lot returns the diary, which he recovered during Dunbar's rescue; Wind In His Hair proclaims his everlasting friendship to Dunbar. U.S. troops search the mountains but cannot locate Dunbar or the Sioux. The film's epilogue text states that the last of the free Sioux would surrender at Fort Robinson , Nebraska , thirteen years later. Originally written as

12160-423: The hunt. He also befriends a wolf he dubs "Two Socks" for its white forepaws. Observing Dunbar and Two Socks chasing each other, he is given a name that translates as Dances With Wolves. Dunbar learns the Lakota language , and he and Stands With A Fist grow close. He gives the Sioux firearms to help them defend against Pawnee attack. He eventually earns Kicking Bird's approval to marry Stands With A Fist. Because of

12288-648: The modern neo-Western films began to appear, such as Nicholas Ray's The Lusty Men (1952) and John Sturges 's Bad Day at Black Rock (1955). Examples of the modern "first phase" of neo-Westerns include films such as Lonely Are the Brave (1962) and Hud (1963). The popularity of the subgenre has been resurgent since the release of Joel and Ethan Coen 's No Country for Old Men (2007). The neo-Western subgenre can also be seen in modern American television shows such as Breaking Bad , Justified , and Yellowstone . The Bollywood film Sholay (1975)

12416-514: The most honored films of 1990. The film was released on home video in the United States in September 1991 by Orion Home Video and beat the rental record set by Ghost , at 649,000 units. The extended Special Edition was released on DVD on May 20, 2003, in a two-disc set. Dances With Wolves was then released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 11, 2011, and was re-released on Blu-ray on January 13, 2015, and again on November 13, 2018. The Holy Road ,

12544-488: The movie). Albert Whitehat , a Lakota elder who served as a cultural adviser on the film, adopted Costner into his family, and two other families adopted McDonnell and Wilson. Westerman continued, that this is so "They will all become part of one family." At the 63rd Academy Awards ceremony in 1991, Dances With Wolves earned 12 Academy Award nominations and won seven, including Best Writing, Adapted Screenplay (Michael Blake), Best Director (Costner), and Best Picture. In 2007,

12672-571: The naming conventions after spaghetti Western, in Greece they are also referred to as " fasolada Westerns" (Greek: φασολάδα = bean soup, i.e. one of the national dishes of Greece). Notable examples are Blood on the Land (1966), which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film , and Bullets don't come back (1967). The horror Western subgenre has roots in films such as Curse of

12800-532: The neo-Western to the broader Western genre . Other conventions of the genre include displays of competence, which in turn is measured in acts of violence. Beginning in the postwar era, radio dramas such as Tales of the Texas Rangers (1950–1952), with Joel McCrea , a contemporary detective drama set in Texas, featured many of the characteristics of traditional Westerns. In this period, post-Western precursors to

12928-484: The non-Lakota speaker, the postpositions él and ektá sound like they can be interchangeable, but although they are full synonyms of each other, they are used in different occasions. Semantically (word meaning), they are used as locational and directional tools. In the English language they can be compared to prepositions like "at", "in", and "on" (when used as locatives) on the one hand, and "at", "in", and "on" (when used as directionals), "to", "into", and "onto", on

13056-435: The orthography, and argues against changing the spelling forms she learned from her father. However, she did consider that, a shared curriculum could "create consistency across the region and encourage the long-term viability of the language. However, Philomine is also cognizant that it will take more than a school curriculum to preserve the language." She added, "In order for a language to survive, it can't simply be taught from

13184-424: The other. (Pustet 2013) A pointer for when to use él and when to use ektá can be determined by the concepts of location (motionless) or motion; and space vs. time. These features can produce four different combinations, also called semantic domains, which can be arranged as follows (Pustet 2013): Summed up, when a context describes no motion, él is the appropriate postposition; when in motion, ektá

13312-436: The post. Dunbar encounters his Sioux neighbors when they attempt to steal his horse and intimidate him. Wanting to make peace, he seeks out the Sioux camp. En route, he comes across Stands With A Fist, a white ethnic Sioux woman who was adopted as a girl by the tribe's medicine man, Kicking Bird, after her family was killed by Pawnee. She is mutilating herself in mourning for her late Sioux husband. Dunbar brings her back to

13440-403: The preceding vowel is nasalized, then the resulting vowel is also nasalized): hi=pi=kte , "they will arrive here", [hiukte]; yatkáŋ=pi=na , "they drank it and...", [jatkə̃õna] . Lakota also exhibits some traces of sound symbolism among fricatives, where the point of articulation changes to reflect intensity: zí , "it's yellow", ží , "it's tawny", ǧí , "it's brown". (Compare with

13568-493: The premiere of the original film. "While the small screen has come to serve as a second chance for filmmakers who can't seem to let their babies go, Kevin Costner and his producing partner, Jim Wilson, hope that their newly completed version will hit theater screens first." "I spent seven months working on it", Wilson says of the expanded Wolves . He's quick to defend the Oscar-winning version as "the best picture we had in us at

13696-700: The publicity of the film Tampopo , the term "ramen Western" also is a play on words using a national dish. The term is used to describe Western style media set in Asia. Examples include The Drifting Avenger , Break the Chain , Millionaires Express , East Meets West , Tears of the Black Tiger and Dynamite Warrior , Let the Bullets Fly , Unforgiven , Marlina the Murderer in Four Acts , Buffalo Boys , The Good,

13824-458: The similar examples in Mandan .) Several orthographies as well as ad hoc spelling are used to write the Lakota language, with varying perspectives on whether standardization should be implemented. In 2002, Rosebud Cultural Studies teacher Randy Emery argued that standardization of the language could cause problems "because the language is utilized diversely. If standardization is determined to be

13952-461: The soldiers had stolen his diary. Refusing to help the army hunt down the Sioux, he is charged with desertion, and the soldiers begin to transport him back east as a prisoner. Two Socks attempts to follow Dunbar but is shot dead by the soldiers. His Sioux friends track and attack the convoy, killing the soldiers and freeing Dunbar. They meet the others at the winter camp. Dunbar decides to leave with Stands With A Fist because his presence would endanger

14080-628: The spaghetti Western subgenre. One example of a Euro-Western is the Anglo-Spanish film The Savage Guns (1961). Several Euro-Western films, nicknamed sauerkraut Westerns because they were made in Germany and shot in Yugoslavia , were derived from stories by novelist Karl May , and were film adaptations of May's work . One of the most popular German Western franchises was the Winnetou series, which featured

14208-418: The story about a human falling in love with a vampire , From Dusk till Dawn (1996) by Robert Rodriguez deals with outlaws battling vampires across the border, Vampires (1998) by John Carpenter , which tells about a group of vampires and vampire hunters looking for an ancient relic in the west, Ravenous (1999), which deals with cannibalism at a remote US army outpost; The Burrowers (2008), about

14336-742: The story of the American Old West on a grand scale. Many epic Westerns are set during a turbulent time, especially a war, as in Sergio Leone's The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), set during the American Civil War, or Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969), set during the Mexican Revolution. One of the grandest films in this genre is Leone's Once Upon a Time in the West (1968), which shows many operatic conflicts centered on control of

14464-472: The struggles of a cowboy-like anti-hero , while focusing on themes of life and death, love and loss, greed and desire, and hope and pain. Dry or dark humor is sometimes used. Most notably, Narco Westerns frequently showcase graphic portrayals of addiction, violence, and narcoterrorism . The Northern genre is a subgenre of Westerns taking place in Alaska or Western Canada. Examples include several versions of

14592-507: The subject of stative verbs. Most of the morphemes in each paradigm are prefixes, but plural subjects are marked with a suffix and third-person plural objects with an infix . First person arguments may be singular, dual , or plural; second or third person arguments may be singular or plural. Examples: máni "He walks." mánipi "They walk." Example: waŋwíčhayaŋke "He looked at them" from waŋyáŋkA "to look at something/somebody". Subject and object pronouns in one verb If both

14720-447: The threat of encroaching white settlers, Chief Ten Bears decides to move his group to its winter camp. Dunbar decides to accompany them but first goes to retrieve his diary from Fort Sedgwick, as it would help the U.S. Army locate the group at its new location. When he arrives, he finds the fort reoccupied by the army. Because of his Sioux clothing, the soldiers open fire, killing Cisco, and capture Dunbar. He cannot prove his story as one of

14848-461: The time", yet Wilson also says he's "ecstatic" over the recut. "It's a brand-new picture", he insists. "There's now more of a relationship between Kevin and Stands With A Fist, more with the wolf, more with the Indians—stuff that's integral all through the story." Of course, exhibitors may not want a longer version of an already widely seen movie, but Wilson remains optimistic. "I don't think the time

14976-593: The top ten films of 1990 by over 115 critics and was named the best film of the year by 19 critics. Because of the film's popularity and lasting impact on the image of Native Americans, members of the Lakota Sioux Nation held a ceremony in Washington, D.C., "to honor Kevin [Costner] and Mary [McDonnell] and Jim [Wilson] on behalf of the Indian Lakota nation", explained Floyd Westerman (who plays Chief Ten Bears in

15104-506: The top. A language is a living thing and students need to breathe life into it daily; talking with friends, family and elders in Lakota". In 2018, at the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation , Lakota speaker Manny Iron Hawk and his wife Renee Iron Hawk discussed opening an immersion school and the difficulties around choosing an orthography to write Lakota; Mr. Iron Hawk voiced support for the LLC (SLO) Orthography, saying it

15232-425: The vowels and the glide, two new phonetic vowels, [æː] and [ɔː] , result: iyæ̂: , "he left for there", from iyáye ; mitȟa: , "it's mine", from mitȟáwa . The plural enclitic =pi is frequently changed in rapid speech when preceding the enclitics =kte , =kiŋ , =kštó , or =na . If the vowel preceding =pi is high/open, =pi becomes [u]; if the vowel is non-high (mid or closed), =pi becomes [o] (if

15360-429: The word čhíŋ precedes čónala in a dictionary. In 1982, Lakota educator Leroy Curley (1935–2012) devised a 41-letter circular alphabet. The basic word order of Lakota is subject–object–verb , although the order can be changed for expressive purposes (placing the object before the subject to bring the object into focus or placing the subject after the verb to emphasize its status as established information). It

15488-541: Was Sheridan's headquarters at the center of the 1867–1868 conflict. A historic seasonal Pawnee tipi village had been located only 9 miles (14 km) from Fort Hays, but the Pawnee had been excluded from it by other dominant tribes for some time by the 1860s. A Christian missionary named John Dunbar worked among the Pawnee in the 1830s and 1840s, and sided with the Native Americans in a dispute with government farmers and

15616-596: Was Lawrence of the Plains. The odd thing about making that movie is that they had a woman teaching the actors the Lakota language, but Lakota has a male-gendered language and a female-gendered language. Some of the Natives and Kevin Costner were speaking in the feminine way. When I went to see it with a bunch of Lakota guys, we were laughing." Michael Smith ( Sioux ), the director of San Francisco's long-running annual American Indian Film Festival , said that despite criticisms, "There's

15744-439: Was a box office hit, grossing $ 424.2 million worldwide, making it the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1990 , and is the highest-grossing film for Orion Pictures . The film was nominated for 12 awards at the 63rd Academy Awards and won 7, including Best Picture , Best Director for Costner, Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Film Editing , Best Cinematography , Best Original Score , and Best Sound Mixing . The film also won

15872-503: Was accessible to second language learners, but know not all agreed with him. Others in the community voiced a preference for the tribe creating their own orthography. While Mr. Iron Hawk supports this approach, Renee Iron Hawk also expressed a sense of urgency, saying "We should just use what we have, and then fix and replace it, but we need to start speaking it now". The Iron Hawks both agreed that too much time has been spent arguing over which orthography to use or not use, and not enough time

16000-530: Was attached to direct the sequel, but the film was not realized. As of 2007, Blake was writing a film adaptation. However, Costner stated in a 2008 interview that he would "never make a sequel". A third book titled The Great Mystery was planned, but Blake died in 2015. Judith A. Boughter wrote: "The problem with Costner's approach is that all of the Sioux are heroic, while the Pawnees are portrayed as stereotypical villains. Most accounts of Sioux–Pawnee relations see

16128-415: Was done to children taken from their families by the residential schools . In 2006 some of the Lakota language teachers at Standing Rock chose to collaborate with Sitting Bull College , and the Lakota Language Consortium (LLC), with the aim of expanding their language curriculum. Teachers at Standing Rock use several different orthographies. Language activists at Standing Rock also refer to it as simply

16256-523: Was founded in Cheyenne territory rather than Sioux. Rather than a desolate site, the fort was host to thousands of soldiers, railroad workers, and settlers from the start. The Kansas Pacific Railway and the settlements of Rome and Hays City were built next to the fort in 1867; each was a perceived violation of Cheyenne and Arapaho territory, resulting in immediate warfare with the Dog Soldiers . The fort

16384-636: Was often referred to as a "curry Western". A more accurate genre label for the film is the " dacoit Western ", as it combines the conventions of Indian dacoit films such as Mother India (1957) and Gunga Jumna (1961) with those of spaghetti Westerns. Sholay spawned its own genre of " dacoit Western" films in Bollywood during the 1970s. The first Western films made in India – Kalam Vellum (1970, Tamil), Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971, Telugu), Ganga (1972, Tamil), and Jakkamma (1972, Tamil) – were based on classic Westerns. Thazhvaram (1990),

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