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113-538: Prehistoric and Romano-British artefacts have been uncovered around Holdingham. There was an early and middle Saxon settlement, which appears to have disappeared in the 9th century. The current settlement's Old English name suggests a pre- conquest origin, though it was not mentioned in the Domesday Book and appears to have formed part of the Bishop of Lincoln 's manor of New Sleaford. Holdingham probably functioned as

226-531: A chapel in the Middle Ages, which was last in use in the 1550s; it has subsequently disappeared and its location is not known with certainty. As of 2020, Sleaford provides the focus for religious worship. Anglican services normally take place at St Denys' Church , by the town's market place; Holdingham falls within the ecclesiastical parish of New Sleaford. There is a Catholic church (Our Lady of Good Counsel) on Jermyn Street. Sleaford United Reformed Church and

339-556: A parish council , created in England in 1974. They replaced, with the same boundaries, a selected group of urban districts and municipal boroughs : a total of 300 successor parishes were formed from the former areas of 78 municipal boroughs and 221 urban districts. Until 1974, almost all of England was covered by civil parishes. The Local Government Act 1894 ( 56 & 57 Vict. c. 73) had created parish councils, but only for those parishes which fell within rural districts . In urban areas

452-709: A Member of the European Parliament from 1974 until 1994, and then became part of the Lincolnshire and Humberside South constituency until 1999; it then elected members as part of the East Midlands constituency until the United Kingdom withdrew from the European Union in 2020. The A17 road from Newark-on-Trent to King's Lynn bypasses Sleaford from Holdingham Roundabout to Kirkby la Thorpe . It ran through

565-675: A centre of demesne farming. The arrangement of the manor's open fields around the settlement add credence to this, suggesting, as local historian Simon Pawley wrote, that Holdingham was "the agricultural focus" of the Bishop's estate at Sleaford. By 1334, the settlement was valued at £2 16s. 3¼d. It remained a part of the Bishop's estate until Bishop Holbeach alienated it to the Crown in 1540. Mary I granted it to Edward Clinton, Lord Clinton and later Earl of Lincoln , who sold it to Robert Carre in 1559. It passed through his family and then, by marriage, to

678-514: A civil partnership, 6% were widowed, 3% separated and 0.2% were in a same-sex civil partnership; this compared with 47%, 34%, 9%, 7%, 3% and 0.2% nationally, respectively. The mean age in the ward in the 2011 census was 38.2 years and the median 39; the latter was slightly younger than England's national average. 22% of the ward's residents were under 16 (compared to 19% in England), while 15% were aged 65 and over (slightly below England's 16%). 82% of

791-576: A common impurity. Tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before 3000 BCE. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the Neolithic in some areas of the world. While copper is a common ore, deposits of tin are rare in the Old World , and often had to be traded or carried considerable distances from

904-443: A drink just before the tollgate at Sleaford. It was renamed The Jolly Scotchman in 1821, possibly because of this link. In 1825, Holdingham had eighteen houses and a number of tenements for the poor; together, these housed 25 families. Although anciently a hamlet in the parish of New Sleaford, Holdingham appointed its own parish officers in the early 19th century. In 1866, Holdingham was reorganised into its own civil parish (though

1017-422: A mortgage (65%) than in England as a whole (63%). At 21%, a greater proportion of people in the ward socially rent (the figure is 18% nationally); about three quarters of these people rent from the local authority. 13% of residents rent privately; this is lower than in England as a whole (17%). 98% of the dwellings in the ward were whole houses or bungalows, with only 2% being flats, maisonettes or apartments; most of

1130-663: A much more evident Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In Northern Europe , societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands fostered by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviours that are preserved in the material record, such as the Maglemosian and Azilian cultures. These conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until as late as 4000 BCE (6,000  BP ) in northern Europe. Remains from this period are few and far between, often limited to middens . In forested areas,

1243-594: A qualification at Level 4 ( Certificate of Higher Education ) or above, which is a much lower rate than the 27% nationally. There were 20 families living in Holdingham in 1563, according to the diocesan returns of worshippers. This had increased to 25 families in 1825. The 1801 census recorded 113 residents, which rose to 198 in 1841. This fell to 143 in 1871, 120 in 1881 and 89 in 1891, before increasing slightly to 95 in 1901. It rose slightly to 101 in 1921 and 107 ten years later, but had dropped back to 75 by 1951. The parish

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1356-415: A same-sex civil partnership (higher than England's 33%), while 12% comprised a cohabiting couple and 11% a lone parent, compared to 10% and 11% nationally respectively. 34% of households included dependent children (almost half of those were in households with married couples), higher than the national rate of 34%. Of all the residents aged over 16, 50% were married, 30% were single, 11% divorced or formerly in

1469-506: A selective academy and girls' grammar school; and St George's Academy (a mixed non-selective comprehensive school and academy). The grammar schools are selective and pupils are required to pass the Eleven plus exam . St George's is not academically selective. The co-educational Sleaford Joint Sixth Form consortium allows pupils to choose sixth form courses taught at all three schools regardless of which one they are based at. Holdingham had

1582-649: A single room. Settlements might have a surrounding stone wall to keep domesticated animals in and hostile tribes out. Later settlements have rectangular mud-brick houses where the family lived in single or multiple rooms. Burial findings suggest an ancestor cult with preserved skulls of the dead. The Vinča culture may have created the earliest system of writing. The megalithic temple complexes of Ġgantija are notable for their gigantic structures. Although some late Eurasian Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms or even states, states evolved in Eurasia only with

1695-723: A single source. The emergence of metallurgy may have occurred first in the Fertile Crescent , where it gave rise to the Bronze Age in the 4th millennium BCE (the traditional view), although finds from the Vinča culture in Europe have now been securely dated to slightly earlier than those of the Fertile Crescent. Timna Valley contains evidence of copper mining 7,000 years ago. The process of transition from Neolithic to Chalcolithic in

1808-408: A whole at 16%). Public administration and defence was overrepresented among the ward's population, accounting for 14% of workers compared with 6% nationally. The proportion of people working in manufacturing (12%) was also higher than in England as whole (9%). Human health and social work activities accounted for 12%, almost the same as the national rate. No other sectors accounted for more than 10% of

1921-767: Is also a transition period between Stone Age and Bronze Age, the Chalcolithic or Copper Age. For the prehistory of the Americas see Pre-Columbian era . The notion of "prehistory" emerged during the Enlightenment in the work of antiquarians who used the word "primitive" to describe societies that existed before written records. The word "prehistory" first appeared in English in 1836 in the Foreign Quarterly Review . The geologic time scale for pre-human time periods, and

2034-512: Is also on the site. North of the Enterprise Park are outlets housing two wholesalers, a tool manufacturer, an electrician , a training centre and an energy supplier. Immediately adjacent but outside of the ward boundaries are the other business parks and industrial estates which collectively house over 60 more companies, including retailers, wholesalers, services and manufacturing concerns. Many of North Kesteven's residents also commute out of

2147-511: Is an example. In archaeology, the Iron Age refers to the advent of ferrous metallurgy . The adoption of iron coincided with other changes, often including more sophisticated agricultural practices, religious beliefs and artistic styles, which makes the archaeological Iron Age coincide with the " Axial Age " in the history of philosophy. Although iron ore is common, the metalworking techniques necessary to use iron are different from those needed for

2260-488: Is anonymous. Because of this, reference terms that prehistorians use, such as " Neanderthal " or " Iron Age ", are modern labels with definitions sometimes subject to debate. The concept of a "Stone Age" is found useful in the archaeology of most of the world, although in the archaeology of the Americas it is called by different names and begins with a Lithic stage , or sometimes Paleo-Indian . The sub-divisions described below are used for Eurasia, and not consistently across

2373-498: Is bisected by Lincoln Road (B1518) immediately south of Holdingham Roundabout which connects Lincoln Road to the A17 and A15 roads. A stream called Field Beck (also known as Holdingham Beck) runs east−west through the hamlet within a narrow, shallow valley. To the south of the hamlet is modern housing, which creates a contiguous urban area with Sleaford. Holdingham lies between approximately 20 and 30 meters above sea level. The old hamlet on

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2486-747: Is called the Lower Paleolithic (as in excavations it appears underneath the Upper Paleolithic), beginning with the earliest stone tools dated to around 3.3 million years ago at the Lomekwi site in Kenya. These tools predate the genus Homo and were probably used by Kenyanthropus . Evidence of control of fire by early hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic Era is uncertain and has at best limited scholarly support. The most widely accepted claim

2599-515: Is not generally used in those parts of the world where the working of hard metals arrived abruptly from contact with Eurasian cultures, such as Oceania , Australasia , much of Sub-Saharan Africa , and parts of the Americas . With some exceptions in pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, these areas did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, so their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods; for example, 1788

2712-541: Is possible that the settlement shifted to the present location of the hamlet on the western side of Lincoln Road. Its decline may also reflect the growing importance of Sleaford. The word Holdingham derives from the personal name Hald and the Old English words - inga and - ham , together meaning "Homestead of Hald's family or followers", as the place name historian A. D. Mills puts it. The place name scholars Kenneth Cameron and John Ingsley make him Halda and his followers

2825-558: Is provided by a wide variety of natural and social sciences, such as anthropology , archaeology , archaeoastronomy , comparative linguistics , biology , geology , molecular genetics , paleontology , palynology , physical anthropology , and many others. Human prehistory differs from history not only in terms of its chronology , but in the way it deals with the activities of archaeological cultures rather than named nations or individuals . Restricted to material processes, remains, and artefacts rather than written records, prehistory

2938-542: Is seen as a transition period between the Stone Age and Bronze Age. An archaeological site in Serbia contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper making at high temperature, from 7,500 years ago. The find in 2010 extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented independently in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time, rather than spreading from

3051-491: Is that H. erectus or H. ergaster made fires between 790,000 and 690,000 BP in a site at Bnot Ya'akov Bridge , Israel . The use of fire enabled early humans to cook food, provide warmth, have a light source, deter animals at night and meditate. Early Homo sapiens originated some 300,000 years ago, ushering in the Middle Palaeolithic . Anatomic changes indicating modern language capacity also arise during

3164-611: Is the urban centre of the North Kesteven district, and one of the district's centres of employment. According to a local authority report, Sleaford is also "the main retail, service and employment centre for people living in the town and in the surrounding villages". Retail, services and distribution make up 22% of the town's workforce. The public sector is the predominant form of employment in Sleaford civil parish; public administration, education and healthcare collectively account for 29% of

3277-446: Is usually taken as the end of the prehistory of Australia . The period when a culture is written about by others, but has not developed its own writing system, is often known as the protohistory of the culture. By definition, there are no written records from human prehistory, which can only be known from material archaeological and anthropological evidence: prehistoric materials and human remains. These were at first understood by

3390-506: Is when the first signs of human presence have been found; however, Africa and Asia contain sites dated as early as c.  2.5 and 1.8 million years ago, respectively. Depending on the date when relevant records become a useful academic resource, its end date also varies. For example, in Egypt it is generally accepted that prehistory ended around 3100 BCE, whereas in New Guinea

3503-502: The Aswarby series of brown, calcareous earth. It is free-draining, loamy and lime -rich, suited for growing cereals and grasses but classified as a nitrate vulnerable zone . Holdingham gave its name to a civil parish which existed between 1866 (when it was separated from the ancient parish of New Sleaford) and 1 April 1974, when it was merged into the current successor civil parish of Sleaford. The parish boundaries, which contained

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3616-637: The Copper Age or Bronze Age ; or, in some geographical regions, in the Iron Age ). The term Neolithic is commonly used in the Old World ; its application to cultures in the Americas and Oceania is complicated by the fact standard progression from stone to metal tools, as seen in the Old World, does not neatly apply. Early Neolithic farming was limited to a narrow range of plants, both wild and domesticated, which included einkorn wheat , millet and spelt , and

3729-537: The Earls (later Marquesses) of Bristol . In medieval and early modern times, the settlement was arranged into closes . St Mary's Chapel served the inhabitants from at least 1340 (when it is first recorded) until around 1550, around which time it fell into ruin. Its location is unknown. To the west, the land south of Newark Road was part of the Anna (or Annah) Common . The earliest surviving map of Holdingham dates from 1776 and shows

3842-489: The Local Government Boundary Commission for England , and part V of schedule 1 directed it to consult with the existing local authorities and make proposals for the establishment of new parishes. These would have a boundary coterminous with an existing urban district or borough, or if divided by a district boundary, as much as was comprised in a single district. The commission was also to propose names for

3955-525: The Paleolithic , by the Neolithic only Homo sapiens sapiens remained. This was a period of technological and social developments which established most of the basic elements of historical cultures, such as the domestication of crops and animals , and the establishment of permanent settlements and early chiefdoms. The era commenced with the beginning of farming , which produced the " Neolithic Revolution ". It ended when metal tools became widespread (in

4068-492: The agricultural focus of the manor, while New Sleaford (0.9 miles or 1.5 km south) was encouraged to expand as a commercial centre. The land was ceded to the Crown in 1540 and was acquired by Robert Carre in 1559; it passed through his family and then, through marriage, to the Earls (later Marquesses) of Bristol , who owned almost all of the land. Enclosed in 1794, it remained a small, primarily agricultural settlement well into

4181-407: The ecclesiastical parish boundaries remained unchanged); at the next census in 1871, it had 27 inhabited houses, 31 families and a population of 143. Over the next seventy years, the parish population stayed fairly static before declining slightly; there were only 75 people living in 22 houses in 1951. A petrol filling station had been built on Lincoln Road, just south of the hamlet, by at least

4294-606: The three-age system for human prehistory, were systematised during the nineteenth century in the work of British, French, German, and Scandinavian anthropologists , archaeologists , and antiquarians . The main source of information for prehistory is archaeology (a branch of anthropology), but some scholars are beginning to make more use of evidence from the natural and social sciences. The primary researchers into human prehistory are archaeologists and physical anthropologists who use excavation, geologic and geographic surveys, and other scientific analysis to reveal and interpret

4407-478: The urban district council or borough council was the lowest level of government, even if the district or borough covered several urban parishes. During the twentieth century the number of parishes in urban areas gradually reduced, as many towns consolidated all their urban parishes into a single parish which coincided with the urban district or borough. Schedule 7 of the Local Government Act 1972 created

4520-469: The "Chalcolithic", "Eneolithic", or "Copper Age" refers to a transitional period where early copper metallurgy appeared alongside the widespread use of stone tools. During this period, some weapons and tools were made of copper. This period was still largely Neolithic in character. It is a phase of the Bronze Age before it was discovered that adding tin to copper formed the harder bronze . The Copper Age

4633-522: The 1960s; in 1972, this was taken over by Hockmeyer Motors, who later replaced it with a modern filling station. In 1975, Sleaford's eastern bypass opened, which included the construction of Holdingham Roundabout immediately north of the hamlet and at the intersection of the A15, Lincoln Road and the A17, the latter of which was diverted out of the town and east to Kirkby la Thorpe on a new road. The town's western bypass

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4746-418: The 1990s and early 2000s. The hamlet thereby merged into Sleaford's urban area. Further developments took place in the 2010s and more housing has been approved for building in the 2020s on land between Holdingham and The Drove to the south-west. Holdingham had its own chapel in the Middle Ages, but this was abandoned c. 1550; its site has not been identified securely. It has had a public house since at least

4859-462: The 2011 census, 69% of Sleaford Holdingham's population stated that they were religious (similar to England's rate of 68%) and 24% stated that they did not follow a religion (the remaining 7% not stating a religion). 68% of the population were Christian, with approximately 40 people belonging to other religions; the proportion of Christians was higher than in England, where 59% are Christian, 5% are Muslim and 4% belong to other religions. In 2011, 49% of

4972-563: The 2019 update showed that there remained a disparity between the two areas; the LSOA which covered all the lands east of Lincoln Road (excluding part of the Durham Avenue estate and all of the Furlong Way estate) ranked among the 40% most deprived LSOAs nationally. By contrast, the LSOA covering the rest of the ward ranked among the 20% least deprived areas in the country. Holdingham was a hamlet in

5085-467: The 20th century. The late 20th century brought substantial change. Holdingham Roundabout was built immediately north of the hamlet in 1975 as part of the A17 bypass around Sleaford; the roundabout also accommodated the A15 bypass which opened in 1993. After Lord Bristol sold the agricultural land around the hamlet, major residential development began; private suburban housing estates were completed either side of Lincoln Road between Sleaford and Holdingham in

5198-678: The Azilian cultures, before spreading to Europe through the Iberomaurusian culture of Northern Africa and the Kebaran culture of the Levant . However, independent discovery is not ruled out. "Neolithic" means "New Stone Age", from about 10,200 BCE in some parts of the Middle East, but later in other parts of the world, and ended between 4,500 and 2,000 BCE. Although there were several species of humans during

5311-622: The Drove); there is also the William Alvey Church of England Primary School on Eastgate and St Botolph's Church of England Primary School in Quarrington . There are also primary schools in the nearby villages of Leasingham , Kirkby la Thorpe and North Rauceby . There are three secondary schools in Sleaford, each with sixth forms : Carre's Grammar School , a boys' grammar school and selective academy ; Kesteven and Sleaford High School ,

5424-722: The Haldingas. Either way, this implies a pre- conquest origin, though the earliest record of the name does not occur until c . 1202. Although not mentioned in the Domesday Book , it was probably a dependent part of the Bishop of Lincoln 's manor in Sleaford. In the mid-12th century, the Bishops of Lincoln encouraged trade at New Sleaford (as it became known); they granted it limited liberties and burgage tenure. An estate survey of 1258, however, shows that tenants in Holdingham held land described as tofts and bovates , implying that it remained

5537-454: The Iron Age, often through conquest by empires, which continued to expand during this period. For example, in most of Europe conquest by the Roman Empire means the term Iron Age is replaced by "Roman", " Gallo-Roman ", and similar terms after the conquest. Even before conquest, many areas began to have a protohistory, as they were written about by literate cultures; the protohistory of Ireland

5650-518: The Local Government (Successor Parishes) Order 1973 ( SI 1973 /1110), the Local Government (Successor Parishes) (No. 2) Order 1973 ( SI 1973 /1939), and the Local Government (Successor Parishes) Order 1974 ( SI 1974 /569). Where the area of a borough became a successor parish, the powers of the borough corporation under its charter to appoint local officers of dignity passed to the new parish council. Successor parish councils could also apply for

5763-677: The Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. North Africa and the Nile Valley imported its iron technology from the Near East and followed the Near Eastern course of Bronze Age and Iron Age development. The Bronze Age is the earliest period in which some civilizations reached the end of prehistory, by introducing written records. The Bronze Age, or parts thereof, are thus considered to be part of prehistory only for

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5876-708: The Middle Palaeolithic. During the Middle Palaeolithic Era, there is the first definitive evidence of human use of fire. Sites in Zambia have charred logs, charcoal and carbonized plants, that have been dated to 180,000 BP. The systematic burial of the dead , music , prehistoric art , and the use of increasingly sophisticated multi-part tools are highlights of the Middle Paleolithic. The Upper Paleolithic extends from 50,000 and 12,000 years ago, with

5989-550: The Poacher Line, is a major stop on the East Coast Main Line . Trains from Grantham to London King's Cross take approximately 1 hour 15 minutes. The Sleaford Holdingham Ward does not contain any schools or other educational facilities. Education is provided in Sleaford, where there are four primary schools . The nearest are Church Lane School (on Church Lane) and Our Lady of Good Counsel Roman Catholic Primary School (on

6102-618: The Sleaford Community Church merged in 2008 to form the Sleaford Riverside Church, which meets at premises on Southgate. Sleaford Methodist Church is located on Northgate. New Life Church Ministries have a centre on Mareham Lane. The Salvation Army has a chapel on West Banks. The Sleaford Muslim Community Association has a prayer hall on Station Road. Sleaford Spiritualist Church operates on Westgate. There are seven listed buildings in Holdingham. Three entries are in

6215-505: The Sleaford Holdingham ward. According to Google Maps , the enterprise park in 2020 housed at least 40 businesses, including a brewer , furniture maker, tarpaulin manufacturer, 12 retailers (including five vehicle dealerships), four wholesalers , a plant hire outlet, a publisher , three leisure services, eight skilled trades (including six vehicle repair shops), and other services. The Sleaford Household Waste Recycling Centre

6328-614: The United Kingdom (88% in England), 0.4% in Ireland, 4% elsewhere in the European Union (3% in post-2001 accession states ), and 3% in other countries; this made the population much more UK-born than England as a whole, where 86% of the population were born in the UK, 1% in Ireland, 4% in the rest of the EU and 9% elsewhere. In 96% of households, all people aged over 16 had English as their first language. In

6441-454: The ancient parish of New Sleaford, part of Kesteven 's Flaxwell wapentake . It was incorporated into Sleaford Poor Law Union . In 1866, Holdingham was created as a separate civil parish. The Public Health Act 1872 established urban sanitary districts (USD) and Holdingham became part of the Sleaford USD, which in turn was reorganised into Sleaford Urban District (UD) in 1894. Sleaford UD

6554-580: The arrangement of closes, surrounded by open fields (Town Furlong to the south, Waze Furlong to the far east and Walnut Tree Furlong to the east, immediately beneath the row of small closes that lined the drove to Sleaford Moor). In 1794 the Marquess of Bristol enclosed the open fields; he had by far the largest stake in them, at c. 1,000 acres, against the combined 96 acres divided between seven other men. In order to compensate inhabitants with grazing rights , Lord Bristol allocated them land on Sleaford Moor, to

6667-574: The average low is 5.9 °C (42.6 °F) which reaches its lowest in February at 0.8 °C (33.4 °F) and its highest in July and August at 12.0 °C (53.6 °F). A Bronze Age flint scraper and two pottery sherds from the same period have been uncovered at Holdingham. Lincoln Road, connecting Sleaford and Lincoln , may have Roman origins, although the stretch between Sleaford and Brauncewell (via Holdingham) could be prehistoric . East of

6780-448: The beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems . The use of symbols, marks, and images appears very early among humans, but the earliest known writing systems appeared c.  5,200 years ago. It took thousands of years for writing systems to be widely adopted, with writing having spread to almost all cultures by the 19th century. The end of prehistory therefore came at different times in different places, and

6893-553: The case of Indigenous Australian "highways" known as songlines . The Mesolithic, or Middle Stone Age (from the Greek mesos , 'middle', and lithos , 'stone'), was a period in the development of human technology between the Palaeolithic and Neolithic . The Mesolithic period began with the retreat of glaciers at the end of the Pleistocene epoch, some 10,000 BP, and ended with

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7006-492: The civil parish of Holdingham was established but in 1974 was merged into Sleaford civil parish. The hamlet now lends its name to a ward in North Kesteven, although the boundaries differ from those of the old parish. The ward had a population of 2,774 in 2011. Holdingham is a settlement 0.9 miles (1.5 km) north of Sleaford, a market town in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire . The old hamlet clusters around and

7119-463: The collection of folklore and by analogy with pre-literate societies observed in modern times. The key step to understanding prehistoric evidence is dating, and reliable dating techniques have developed steadily since the nineteenth century. The most common of these dating techniques is radiocarbon dating . Further evidence has come from the reconstruction of ancient spoken languages . More recent techniques include forensic chemical analysis to reveal

7232-422: The district to work, including at Lincoln , Grantham and Newark-on-Trent . According to the 2011 census , 74% of the Sleaford Holdingham ward's residents aged between 16 and 74 were economically active, compared with 70% for all of England. 66% were in employment, compared with 62% nationally. The proportion of full-time employment was relatively high, at 44% (against 39% nationally). The proportion of retirees

7345-400: The district. The settlement also falls within the Lincolnshire County Council electoral division of Sleaford, which is represented by one councillor. Before 1832, Holdingham was in the Lincolnshire parliamentary constituency . In 1832, the Reform Act divided Lincolnshire. Holdingham was placed in the South Lincolnshire constituency that elected two members to parliament. The constituency

7458-433: The dwellings were detached (41%) or semi-detached (42%), with a further 15% being terraced. For measuring deprivation, the Sleaford Holdingham ward is divided into two statistical units called Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs). The 2010 Indices of Multiple Deprivation showed that the ward contains both the second-most deprived and sixth-least deprived LSOAs in North Kesteven (out of 60 such statistical units). The data from

7571-420: The early 19th century, serving drovers bringing their cattle from Scotland to London. The hamlet now has petrol filling stations on the roundabout and Lincoln Road, as well as fast food restaurants , a hotel, a café and a nursing home – all opened since the middle of the 20th century. The nearest schools and other public services are in Sleaford. The hamlet was anciently part of the parish of New Sleaford; in 1866,

7684-419: The east of Holdingham. The Vicar of Sleaford was allocated a farm on the Anna to compensate for the loss of his tithes . By the 16th century, the route through Holdingham was used by drovers bringing their cattle from Scotland down to London via Norfolk . The Green Dragon, a public house at Holdingham, sat on four acres of land which drovers used to put their cattle to pasture while they stopped there for

7797-399: The end of the Bronze Age large states, whose armies imposed themselves on people with a different culture, and are often called empires, had arisen in Egypt, China, Anatolia (the Hittites ), and Mesopotamia , all of them literate. The Iron Age is not part of prehistory for all civilizations who had introduced written records during the Bronze Age. Most remaining civilizations did so during

7910-477: The end of the prehistoric era is set much more recently, in the 1870s, when the Russian anthropologist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai spent several years living among native peoples, and described their way of life in a comprehensive treatise. In Europe the relatively well-documented classical cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome had neighbouring cultures, including the Celts and the Etruscans , with little writing. Historians debate how much weight to give to

8023-400: The existing housing and the A15 bypass as potential housing sites for the period to 2036. In 2017, planning permission was granted to the Drove Landowners Partnership to build 1,400 homes, two schools, a hotel, a community centre and shops on this land, spanning from Holdingham to The Drove; they expected it to be built in phases, with completion in the early 2030s. The Sleaford built-up area

8136-446: The few mines, stimulating the creation of extensive trading routes. In many areas as far apart as China and England, the valuable new material was used for weapons, but for a long time apparently not available for agricultural tools. Much of it seems to have been hoarded by social elites, and sometimes deposited in extravagant quantities, from Chinese ritual bronzes and Indian copper hoards , to European hoards of unused axe-heads. By

8249-704: The figures for England as a whole (11% and 18% respectively); 12% were associate professionals or people employed in technical occupations , roughly in line with the national figure. A further 10% of people were in administrative or secretarial jobs, lower than in England (12%), while 13% were in skilled trades (higher than in England as a whole). Relative to England, similar proportions of residents worked in caring, leisure or other service occupations (9%) and sales and customer service jobs (8%), but there were higher rates of employment as process, plant and machine operatives (12% against 8% nationally) and in elementary occupations (16% compared with 11% nationally). There

8362-493: The first organized settlements and blossoming of artistic work. Throughout the Palaeolithic, humans generally lived as nomadic hunter-gatherers . Hunter-gatherer societies tended to be very small and egalitarian, although hunter-gatherer societies with abundant resources or advanced food-storage techniques sometimes developed sedentary lifestyles with complex social structures such as chiefdoms, and social stratification . Long-distance contacts may have been established, as in

8475-493: The first signs of deforestation have been found, although this would only begin in earnest during the Neolithic, when more space was needed for agriculture . The Mesolithic is characterized in most areas by small composite flint tools: microliths and microburins . Fishing tackle , stone adzes , and wooden objects such as canoes and bows have been found at some sites. These technologies first occur in Africa, associated with

8588-546: The hamlet and adjacent fields and farm houses, were finally amended in 1882. Since 1998, Holdinham has also given its name to an electoral ward (Sleaford Holdingham) in the district of North Kesteven. The ward's boundaries have been altered several times. As fixed in 2006, they differed from those of the old civil parish by including the Jubilee Grove and Woodside Avenue housing estates , Sleaford Wood, Poplar Business Park and Sleaford Enterprise Park (all east of Lincoln Road);

8701-428: The hamlet itself: the 17th- or early-18th-century cottage 1, Holdingham; the 18th-century building at 12, Holdingham; and the mid-18th-century buildings at 13 and 14, Holdingham. To the west of the settlement is the 17th- or early 18th-century Anna House Farmhouse and outbuildings. To the farthest west in the former parish boundaries are the late-18th-century Holdingham Farmhouse and adjoining mill buildings. In addition to

8814-467: The introduction of agriculture , the date of which varied by geographic region. In some areas, such as the Near East , agriculture was already underway by the end of the Pleistocene , and there the Mesolithic is short and poorly defined. In areas with limited glacial impact, the term " Epipalaeolithic " is preferred. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the last ice age ended have

8927-474: The keeping of dogs , sheep , and goats . By about 6,900–6,400 BCE, it included domesticated cattle and pigs, the establishment of permanently or seasonally inhabited settlements, and the use of pottery . The Neolithic period saw the development of early villages , agriculture , animal domestication , tools , and the onset of the earliest recorded incidents of warfare. Settlements became more permanent, some with circular houses made of mudbrick with

9040-525: The late 1970s, adjoining the Jubilee Grove estate to the north-east. In 1987, the district council designated as development land sites between St Denys' Avenue and Holdingham village on the west side of Lincoln Road, and between Durham Avenue, the Woodside Avenue estate and Holdingham village on the east side. These lands were developed for private housing in the 1990s and early 2000s, effectively making Holdingham part of Sleaford's contiguous urban area. As

9153-528: The listed buildings, several others are recorded as having "local interest", including nos. 7–11, Holdingham. Holdingham gave its name to Richard de Haldingham and Lafford (died 1278) the donor and possible author of the Hereford Mappa Mundi . Prehistory Prehistory , also called pre-literary history , is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins c.  3.3   million years ago and

9266-610: The local historian Simon Pawley remarked in the late 1990s, Holdingham had "begun to look more like a suburb of Sleaford than a village in its own right" as a result of these developments. In the early 2010s, further development took place, followed over the next decade by almost 300 houses and a new nursing home at Holdingham Grange, east of the McDonald's and bounded to the north by the A17 bypass. The care home opened in 2018. The Sleaford Masterplan , produced in 2011 for North Kesteven District Council, designated large tracts of land between

9379-602: The metal used earlier, more heat is required. Once the technical challenge had been solved, iron replaced bronze as its higher abundance meant armies could be armed much more easily with iron weapons. All dates are approximate and conjectural, obtained through research in the fields of anthropology , archaeology, genetics , geology , or linguistics . They are all subject to revision due to new discoveries or improved calculations. BP stands for " Before Present (1950)." BCE stands for " Before Common Era ". Successor parish Successor parishes are civil parishes with

9492-401: The nature and behavior of pre-literate and non-literate peoples. Human population geneticists and historical linguists are also providing valuable insight. Cultural anthropologists help provide context for societal interactions, by which objects of human origin pass among people, allowing an analysis of any article that arises in a human prehistoric context. Therefore, data about prehistory

9605-473: The parishes. The concept of successor parishes was a relatively late addition to the Local Government Bill, being added at report stage in response to pressure from the councils of small urban districts and boroughs. It was further allowed that these parish councils would be entitled to be styled 'towns' and have 'town mayors', and retain other charter rights. The mechanism for towns and town mayors

9718-406: The population reported being in very good or good health (very similar to England's 82% rate) and an additional 13% reported being in fair health, the same as the national rate; 83% reported that their day-to-day activities were not limited, only slightly above England's rate of 82%. According to the 2011 census, a slightly higher proportion of the ward's residents own their own homes with or without

9831-658: The regions and civilizations who developed a system of keeping written records during later periods. The invention of writing coincides in some areas with the beginnings of the Bronze Age. After the appearance of writing, people started creating texts including written records of administrative matters. The Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ores, and then combining them to cast bronze . These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as

9944-502: The rise of metallurgy, and most Neolithic societies on the whole were relatively simple and egalitarian. Most clothing appears to have been made of animal skins, as indicated by finds of large numbers of bone and antler pins which are ideal for fastening leather. Wool cloth and linen might have become available during the later Neolithic, as suggested by finds of perforated stones that (depending on size) may have served as spindle whorls or loom weights. In Old World archaeology,

10057-400: The settlement is a suspected Roman villa and skeletons have been uncovered with Romano-British pottery to the south-west; coins and pottery recovered in archaeological investigations date between the 2nd and 4th centuries AD. Along with ditches and gullies , the remains of early and middle Anglo-Saxon enclosures and post-built buildings have been uncovered east of Holdingham Roundabout (on

10170-509: The sites where the McDonald's restaurant and the Furlong Way housing development have since been built); finds included sherds of pottery, much of it produced locally though some from as far away as Leicestershire . Animal bones, loom weights , querns , metal-working waste, remains of crops and domestic waste were also uncovered. The site dwindled in size and was "largely abandoned" in the 9th century; it probably reverted to agricultural use and it

10283-631: The sometimes biased accounts in Greek and Roman literature, of these protohistoric cultures. In dividing up human prehistory in Eurasia, historians typically use the three-age system, whereas scholars of pre-human time periods typically use the well-defined geologic record and its internationally defined stratum base within the geologic time scale . The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory into three consecutive time periods , named for their predominant tool-making technologies: Stone Age , Bronze Age and Iron Age . In some areas, there

10396-680: The term is less often used in discussing societies where prehistory ended relatively recently. In the early Bronze Age , Sumer in Mesopotamia , the Indus Valley Civilisation , and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts and keep historical records, with their neighbours following. Most other civilizations reached their end of prehistory during the following Iron Age . The three-age division of prehistory into Stone Age , Bronze Age , and Iron Age remains in use for much of Eurasia and North Africa , but

10509-607: The town until the bypass opened in 1975. The Holdingham roundabout connects the A17 to the A15 road from Peterborough to Scawby . It also passed through Sleaford until 1993, when its bypass was completed. The nearest railway station is at Sleaford , which is a stop on the Peterborough to Lincoln Line and the Poacher Line , from Grantham to Skegness. Grantham , roughly 14 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (23.7 kilometres) by road and two stops on

10622-500: The transfer of the coat of arms of the former council by Order in Council . The majority of successor parish councils chose to exercise their right to designate their parish a town, with the parish council becoming a town council. A handful (Chichester, Ely, Ripon, Truro, and Wells) were successors to cities, with the parish council known as a city council. Civil parishes are not permitted to cross district or county boundaries, and where

10735-582: The use and provenance of materials, and genetic analysis of bones to determine kinship and physical characteristics of prehistoric peoples. The beginning of prehistory is normally taken to be marked by human-like beings appearing on Earth. The date marking its end is typically defined as the advent of the contemporary written historical record. Both dates consequently vary widely from region to region. For example, in European regions, prehistory cannot begin before c.  1.3  million years ago, which

10848-516: The ward boundaries also excluded most of the land south of the line between The Drove and Sumner's Plantation which had been in the former parish. In 2021, the Stokes Drive and St Denys' Avenue housing estates (to the west of Lincoln Road) were transferred to the Sleaford Westholme ward. The British Isles experience a temperate, maritime climate with warm summers and cool winters. Data from

10961-406: The ward was more ethnically homogenous than England as a whole, where 85% of people are white, 8% Asian or Asian British, 2% mixed, 4% black, African, Caribbean or black British, and 1% other. Around 94% of the ward's population were white British and 3% were classed as "other white", whereas 80% of England's population was white British in 2011. Approximately 93% of the ward's residents were born in

11074-404: The ward's population were male and 51% female. There were 1,148 households in the ward: 26% single-person households, 68% one-family households, and 6% other types; the rate of single-person households was below England's level (30%) and the proportion of one-person households was higher than in England generally (62%). The census showed that 37% of households included a married couple or a couple in

11187-503: The weather station nearest to Holdingham (at Cranwell, 3 miles north-west), shows that the average daily mean temperature is 9.8 °C (49.6 °F); this fluctuates from a peak of 16.9 °C (62.4 °F) in July to 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) in January. The average high temperature is 13.7 °C (56.7 °F), though the monthly average varies from 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) in January and December to 21.8 °C (71.2 °F) in July;

11300-582: The west side of Lincoln Road is underlain by Jurassic mudstone belonging to the Blisworth Clay Formation , a group of sedimentary rocks formed 165–168 million years ago; this forms a narrow outcrop along Field Beck's shallow valley. The bedrock under the rest of the area (including the modern housing developments) is Cornbrash limestone belonging to the Great Oolite Group of Jurassic rocks formed 161–168 million years ago. The soil belongs to

11413-407: The west was built in the 1930s and the interwar and postwar social housing on the east were built near Holdingham's parish boundaries. The Marquess of Bristol still owned almost all of the agricultural land in the parish before the 1960s, but then began selling it off, which allowed speculative development to take place around the town including at Holdingham. Suburban housing on St Denys Avenue

11526-455: The whole area. "Palaeolithic" means "Old Stone Age", and begins with the first use of stone tools . The Paleolithic is the earliest period of the Stone Age . It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools by hominins c.  3.3  million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene c.  11,650   BP (before the present period). The early part of the Palaeolithic

11639-495: The workforce, with the next highest being construction (8%), education (7%), accommodation and food services (7%) and transport and storage (6%). Professional and scientific activities were underrepresented (at 4% against 7% nationally). The proportion of people working in financial services (1%) was a quarter of the rate nationally. The census also showed that 9% of the working population were managers , directors or senior officials, and 11% were professionals , both lower than

11752-469: The workforce. Sleaford houses the headquarters of North Kesteven District Council , as well as four primary schools and three secondary schools , and is near the Royal Air Force bases at Cranwell , Digby and Waddington which are major employers in the district. Sleaford also includes one of the district council's three "strategic employment locations", Sleaford Enterprise Park, which lies within

11865-407: Was 14%, the same as the national rate. The proportion of long-term sick or disabled was 3%, slightly lower than England's 4%; 2% of people were long-term unemployed , the same rate as in all of England. The 2011 census revealed that the most common industry that the ward's residents worked in was wholesale and retail trade and the repair of motor vehicles (15%, comparable with England's population as

11978-494: Was abolished by the Local Government Act 1972 and, by statutory instrument , Sleaford civil parish became its successor , thus merging Quarrington, New Sleaford, Old Sleaford and Holdingham civil parishes. Since 1998, Holdingham has fallen within the Sleaford Holdingham wards in Sleaford Town Council and North Kesteven District Council ; it is represented by two councillors on the town council and one councillor in

12091-542: Was abolished in 1885 and Holdingham was in the new Sleaford (or North Kesteven) constituency . It merged with the Grantham seat in 1918. In 1995, Holdingham was reorganised into Sleaford and North Hykeham , effective from the 1997 general election . The member returned in 2019 for Sleaford and North Hykeham was the Conservative candidate Caroline Johnson , who has been the sitting MP since 2016 . Lincolnshire elected

12204-431: Was added in 1993, which diverted the A15 around Sleaford from Holdingham Roundabout south to Silk Willoughby . In the early 1990s, a service station opened at Holdingham roundabout with a hotel and restaurant, and a fast food restaurant opened near the roundabout in 2001. From the 1930s onwards, Sleaford's urban area gradually encroached northwards along either side of Lincoln Road: the private North Parade development on

12317-468: Was built c. 1968, north of the North Parade estate and within the parish boundaries. The parish was merged with New Sleaford, Old Sleaford and Quarrington in 1974 to form the current Sleaford civil parish. In the early 1970s, another speculative estate was built within the Holdingham boundaries adjoining the council housing on the east side of Lincoln Road. The Woodside Avenue estate was also built in

12430-564: Was introduced in a government amendment in the Lords in September 1972. The Secretary of State for the Environment was permitted to give the commission guidance on making their proposals. The stated policy was "to retain elected councils at parish level for small towns but not for areas which are parts of larger towns or continuously built up areas". The original criteria for identifying "small towns"

12543-576: Was merged into Sleaford in 1974. Since the 1990s, the hamlet has been incorporated into the built-up area of Sleaford. The modern ward of Sleaford Holdingham (which has different boundaries to former parish) had a total population of 2,774 in 2011; this accounted for 16% of the population of Sleaford (17,671). According to the 2011 census, the population of Sleaford Holdingham ward was 98% white, 1% Asian or Asian British and 1% mixed or multi-ethnic, with very few black, African, Caribbean or black British people or people of other ethnicities. This implies that

12656-596: Was that they should have fewer than 20,000 inhabitants, or less than 20 percent of the district's population. A report was issued by the commission in May 1973. Following the publication of the report, a large number of representations were made. Fifty-two towns in metropolitan districts wished to be granted successor status, of which ten were successful. A similar number of towns in non-metropolitan districts also made representations, of which fifteen were favourably received. The parishes were created by three statutory instruments:

12769-422: Was wide variation within the ward; 20% of workers on the Stokes Drive estate were in professional jobs, whereas the rate was 3% on some parts of the Jubilee Grove estate; in the latter areas, up to 24% of workers were in elementary occupations, compared with 10% of workers on the Stokes Drive estate. The census also showed that 23% of residents have no qualifications, in line with the national figure (23%); 20% have

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