Hokuzan ( 北山 , Kunigami : Fukuuzan ) , also known as Sanhoku ( 山北 ) before the 18th century, located in the north of Okinawa Island, was one of three independent political entities which controlled Okinawa in the 14th century during Sanzan period . The political entity was identified as a tiny country, a kingdom, or a principality by modern historians, however the ruler of Hokuzan was in fact not "kings" at all, but petty lords with their own retainers owing their direct service, and their own estates.
61-541: Okinawa, previously controlled by a number of local chieftains or lords, loosely bound by a paramount chieftain or king of the entire island, split into these three more solidly defined kingdoms within a few years after 1314; the Sanzan period thus began, and would end roughly one hundred years later, when Chūzan 's King Shō Hashi conquered Hokuzan in 1416 and Nanzan in 1429. After the unification of Ryukyu, Hokuzan became one of three nominal fu ( 府 , lit. "prefectures") of
122-1001: A National Treasure . A four-year plan was laid out for the restoration of the structure. Other historical monuments came under protection soon afterward. Though the Japanese garrison which had originally occupied Shuri Castle in 1879 withdrew in 1896, the castle, and a series of tunnels and caverns below it, were made to serve as general headquarters for Japanese military forces on Okinawa during World War II . The city first suffered Allied air attack in October 1944. Civilian response preparations and organization were extremely inadequate. Bureaucrats, almost all of them native to other prefectures, and tied up in obligations to military orders, made little effort to protect civilians, their homes, schools, nor historical monuments. Civilians were left to their own devices to rescue and protect themselves, their families, and their family treasures. The official Custodian of
183-467: A castle town surrounding the royal palace, Shuri ceased to be the capital when the kingdom was abolished and incorporated into Japan as Okinawa prefecture . In 1896, Shuri was made a ward ( 区 , ku ) of the new prefectural capital, Naha , though it was made a separate city again in 1921. In 1954, it was merged again into Naha. Shuri Castle was first built during the reign of Shunbajunki (r. 1237–1248), who ruled from nearby Urasoe Castle . This
244-601: A district of the city of Naha, Okinawa , Japan. Formerly a separate city in and of itself, it was once the royal capital of the Ryūkyū Kingdom . A number of famous historical sites are located in Shuri, including Shuri Castle , the Shureimon gate, Sunuhyan-utaki (a sacred space of the native Ryukyuan religion ), and royal mausoleum Tamaudun , all of which are designated World Heritage Sites by UNESCO . Originally established as
305-501: A mission to Ming China, which was followed by Hanishi , King of Sanhoku in 1383. The names of Sanhoku and Sannan are apparently Chūzan-centric. It is not clear who coined these names. Ming China's perception of the co-existence of the three "kings" can be found in an article of 1383 of the Veritable Records , which was based on the report of a Ming envoy who visited Okinawa in 1382. The Ming considered that there were three rulers in
366-468: A not insignificant threat to Chūzan, militarily, since its establishment. In the 1410s, however, disputes among the vassals of Hokuzan's king weakened the kingdom, and in 1416, Chūzan found an opportunity to strike after three of those vassals ( anji ) defected. Following a fierce defense, Nakijin castle fell, and the king and his closest vassals committed suicide. After the annexation of Sanhoku, Shō Hashi , king of Chūzan, appointed his second son Shō Chū
427-402: A year. Chūzan's missions were also unusual in that some of them were sent under the name of the crown prince although it should have been done by the king. In 1404, Crown Prince Bunei reported King Satto's death and was recognized as the next king. In 1407, Crown Prince Shishō 's envoy reported his "father" Bunei's death to seek the approval of the succession to the throne. An article of 1425 in
488-470: Is Aji of Ōzato . Alternatively, he is referred to as Shimo no yo-no-nushi ( 下の世の主 ) . They are no different from other regional rulers. According to Ryūkyū's official history books, King Tamagusuku, who had maintained a unified polity, lost the support of local rulers. People in the south followed the Aji of Ōzato while the northern region was controlled by the Aji of Nakijin. In other words, these books identify
549-468: Is helpful in understanding Okinawa's own world-view although it is a compilation of poems and by no means a history book. The Chūzan Seikan and Sai Taku's edition of the Chūzan Seifu follow Chinese sources in that they refer to the supposed polities as Sanhoku ( 山北 , lit. north of the mountain ) , Chūzan and Sannan ( 山南 , lit. south of the mountain ) . For some unknown reason, however, Sai On changed
610-549: Is noted by historians that the Veritable Records make no mention of the supposed unification. The only thing that can be inferred from the records is that the Kings of Sanhoku and Sannan ceased to send diplomatic missions. The King of Chūzan retained the title of "King of Chūzan" even after he became the sole ruler of the State of Ryūkyū. In 1416, the Ashikaga shōgun sent a letter in reply to
671-499: The Kyūyō (1745). They reflect Okinawa's historical tradition to some degree. They are, however, desperate attempts to reconcile conflicting sources. Sai On, in particular, extensively rewrote his father's edition of the Chūzan Seifu using newly obtained Chinese sources. As a result, he damaged its historical value, from modern historians' perspective. Additionally, the Omoro Sōshi (1623)
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#1732858940217732-454: The Chūzan Seifu , are not based on Okinawa's own narrative. Another problem is about the identification of the place of Ōzato. There are two candidates for it: Shimasoe-Ōzato in modern-day Nanjō City and Shimajiri-Ōzato in modern-day Itoman City . In addition, the Omoro Sōshi divides southern Okinawa into three regions: the eastern region (covering Shimasoe-Ōzato), the central region and
793-449: The Chūzan Seifu . He identified Taromai as the eldest son of Shō Hashi and concluded that Taromai, King of Sannan, was a puppet of Chūzan. According to Wada, Shō Hashi overthrew the King of Sannan in 1403 and ascended to the throne. He overthrew Bunei, King of Chūzan, in 1405 and installed his father Shishō as King of Chūzan. He gave the title of King of Sannan to his son Taromai in 1415 to become
854-543: The Motobu Peninsula , with drops of varying steepness on every side; the ruins which remain today indicate the development of a community of fair size around it, including residences for the king's vassals, and three shrines (拝所 uganju ) to the native religion within the castle walls. In addition to its deficiencies in agriculture and fishing, Hokuzan suffered from the disadvantage, relative to Chūzan, of holding no port to equal Naha (O. Naafa). A small junk trade used
915-668: The Ryukyu Kingdom without administrative function. Hokuzan first came into being in 1314 when Tamagusuku inherited the role of head chieftain of all of Okinawa from his father Eiji . He did not have the charisma or leadership qualities to command the loyalty of all the local lords, and so the Lord of Nakijin , one of many powerful local chieftains, decamped north with a number of lesser chieftains loyal to him and established himself in Nakijin Castle . Another powerful chieftain relocated into
976-521: The Veritable Records states that Ming China let Crown Prince Shō Hashi succeed the late King Shishō. Historians have noted suspicious patterns in the Sanzans' diplomatic missions. While Ming China bestowed vessels and their crews on the Kings of Chūzan and Sannan, the King of Sanhoku had no such record. This may explain why the King of Sanhoku's missions almost always coincided with Chūzan's even though they were supposedly in conflict. In addition, staffs in
1037-560: The yo-no-nushi of the State of Ryūkyū (りうきう國のよのぬし). This rare record has been handed down only on the mainland Japanese side. Okinawa's own narratives on the Sanzan period were recorded centuries later by Ryūkyū . Major history books include the Chūzan Seikan (1650), Sai Taku 's edition of the Chūzan Seifu (1701), Sai On 's revised edition of the Chūzan Seifu (from 1724 onwards) and
1098-500: The "Warden of Nakijin Castle, Sanhoku" ( 山北今帰仁城監守 , commonly known as "Warden of Hokuzan" 北山監守) in 1422, a post which would remain for many years, holding little overall power, but serving to maintain order in the north on behalf of the Chūzan court at Shuri . The post was abolished by Shō Shitsu in 1665, the last warden was ordered to move to Shuri. During the Ryukyu Kingdom period, Hokuzan
1159-409: The 11 regions of Sashiki, Chinen, Tamagusuku, Gushikami, Kochinda, Shimajiri-Ōzato, Kyan, Mabuni, Makabe, Kanegusuku and Tomigusuku. The Chūzan King subjugated Naha, Tomari, Urasoe, Chatan, Nakagusuku, Goeku, Yomitanzan, Gushikawa, Katsuren and Shuri. Shuri is treated as the everlasting capital of Chūzan. However, it is clear from literary evidence and archaeological findings that Urasoe was the center of
1220-461: The Aji of Nakijin as the King of Sanhoku and the Aji of Ōzato as the King of Sannan. Most modern historians question this alleged split because they do not support the existence of a unified polity on Okinawa before the "reunification" in the 15th century. No personal names were recorded for the Aji of Nakijin in the Chūzan Seikan or Sai Taku's edition of Chūzan Seifu , except Hanishi, whose name
1281-528: The Crown Prince of Chūzan. He succeeded his father Shishō as King of Chūzan in 1422. After the death of Taromai around 1429, Shō Hashi formally abolished Sannan. The reason that Shō Hashi nominally maintained Sannan was that he wished to keep profitable Chinese trade conducted under the name of the King of Sannan. Ikuta Shigeru presented an even more radical interpretation of the Sanzan period. He dismissed Okinawa's later narratives as mere legends. He argued that
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#17328589402171342-675: The Family Treasures of the Okinawan royal family returned to the family's mansions in Shuri in March 1945 and sought to rescue a great number of treasures, ranging from crowns granted to the kings by the Chinese Imperial Court to formal royal portraits. Some of these objects were sealed away in vaults, but others were simply buried in the earth or amongst the greenery here and there around Shuri. The mansions were destroyed by fire on 6 April, and
1403-488: The King of Chūzan only after Shishō's death in 1421. Sai On's edition of Chūzan Seifu is drastically different from these two books. It claims that Shō Hashi defeated the King of Chūzan and installed his father Shishō in 1406. He conquered the King of Sanhoku in 1416 and the King of Sannan in 1429. The Chūzan Seikan seems to follow Okinawa's own tradition. Sai Taku "corrected" the Chūzan Seikan with Chinese records which stated that Shishō, Crown Prince of Chūzan, reported
1464-402: The King of Chūzan. He died there in the same year. These records clearly contradict the Veritable Records , raising questions about the reliability of Okinawa's diplomatic correspondence to foreign countries. The King of Chūzan sent envoys to China much more frequently than the Kings of Sanhoku and Sannan. The King of Chūzan paid tribute biennially from 1372 to 1382 and after that once or twice
1525-448: The King of Sannan and claimed the title. He then overthrew Bunei, King of Chūzan, in 1421 to become the King of Chūzan. He finally killed the King of Sanhoku in 1422. Sai Taku's edition of Chūzan Seifu generally follows the Chūzan Seikan . However, it dates Shō Hashi's conquest of Chūzan 16 years earlier than the Chūzan Seikan . It also claims that Shō Hashi installed his father Shishō as King of Chūzan instead of himself. Shō Hashi became
1586-497: The King of Sannan was under the control of the King of Chūzan from the very beginning. Due to lack of sufficient evidence, he refrained from determining Sanhoku's relationship with Chūzan. He related these alleged kings to Ming China's haijin (sea ban) policy. Unlike the preceding Mongol Yuan Dynasty , the Ming Dynasty prohibited Chinese merchants from engaging in oversea trade. In order to maintain international trade that covers
1647-510: The Okinawan guards appointed by the Custodian were sent away when the Japanese military occupied the grounds afterward. As Shuri was the center of the Japanese defense, it was the prime target of American assault in the battle of Okinawa which was fought from March to June 1945. Shuri Castle was leveled by the USS Mississippi , and much of the city was burned and destroyed in the course of
1708-468: The aristocracy at this time, out of a total population of 330,000 royal subjects throughout the Ryūkyū Islands, with most of the aristocracy living in and around Shuri. Over the following years, however, Shuri shrank in both population and importance, as Naha grew. Pressure to restore, conserve, and protect the historical sites of Shuri began in earnest in the 1910s, and in 1928 Shuri Castle was declared
1769-510: The battle. The city was rebuilt over the course of the post-war years. The University of the Ryukyus was established on the site of the ruins of Shuri Castle in 1950, though later moved and today has campuses in Ginowan and Nakagusuku . The castle walls were restored shortly after the war's end, and reconstruction of the palace's main hall ( Seiden ) was completed in 1992, on the 20th anniversary of
1830-502: The capital was remained in Shuri. Also in the same period, the name "Sanhoku" (山北) was changed into "Hokuzan" (北山). 26°41′N 127°58′E / 26.683°N 127.967°E / 26.683; 127.967 Sanzan period The Sanzan period ( 三山時代 , Sanzan jidai , lit. 'three mountain period') is a period in the history of the Okinawa Islands when three lines of kings, namely Sanhoku ( 山北 , lit. 'north of
1891-513: The castle and city to the Okinawans, though the kingdom was now a vassal state under Satsuma's suzerainty and would remain so for roughly 250 years. The American Commodore Perry , when he came to Okinawa in the 1850s, forced his way into Shuri Castle on two separate occasions, but was denied an audience with the king both times. The kingdom was formally abolished when, on 27 March 1879, Japanese Imperial forces led by Matsuda Michiyuki proceeded to
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1952-503: The castle and presented Prince Nakijin with formal papers expressing Tokyo's decision. King Shō Tai and his court were removed from the castle, which was occupied by a Japanese garrison, and the main gates of which were sealed. The castle, along with the nearby mansions of former court nobles, fell into disrepair and decay over the ensuing years, and the ways of life of the aristocrats of Shuri were shattered. Royal pensions were shrunk or abolished, and income from nobles' nominal domains in
2013-560: The countryside likewise dried up. Servants were dismissed, and the aristocratic population of the city scattered, seeking employment in Naha, the countryside, or the Japanese archipelago . Census figures from 1875 to 1879 show that roughly half of the population of Okinawa Island were living in the greater Naha-Shuri area. Shuri had fewer households than Naha, but each household consisted of more people. Roughly 95,000 people in 22,500 households were of
2074-437: The death of "his father" Bunei. Sai On's drastic revision was also based on Chinese records. The last diplomatic contact of the King of Sannan was of 1429 while that of the King of Sanhoku was of 1416. From these records, Sai On naïvely inferred that these two kings ceased to exist immediately after the last contacts. Modern historians have also struggled to resolve contradictions. Unlike Sai On, Wada Hisanori attached weight to
2135-618: The death of the Hongwu Emperor in 1398. Previously, China had only ever recognized one head of state on Okinawa, but now all three kingdoms sent envoys and vied for the prestige, wealth, and power that would come with China's favor; no response came from China for eleven years. In 1406, Bunei , King of Chūzan, was formally invested by representatives of the Ming Court in his position; the kings of Hokuzan would never enjoy this privilege. Despite its economic and political advantages, Hokuzan posed
2196-683: The end of the American Occupation in Okinawa. Shuri was one of the sites, alongside Nago , used by the US Army to test biological weapons in the 60's. The tests involved seeing how effective rice blast fungus was at destroying rice crops, and were aimed at possible use in China or Southeast Asia. Similar tests were also carried out on the US mainland, and it is not known whether the tests in Okinawa occurred inside
2257-487: The inlet below the castle's promontory as a dock, and later Unten harbor. Nevertheless, the northern kingdom engaged in its share of trade with many of the other states in the region, including Java , Sumatra , and the Ayutthaya Kingdom of Siam . Chūzan entered a tributary relationship with Ming dynasty China in 1372, and Hokuzan and Nanzan were granted similar commercial status shortly afterwards. Over roughly
2318-454: The medieval and early modern periods, the residents of Shuri were primarily those associated with the royal court in some way. While Naha was the economic center of the kingdom, Shuri was the political center. Residence at Shuri was prestigious into the 20th century. Samurai forces from the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma seized Shuri Castle on 5 April 1609. The samurai withdrew soon afterwards, returning King Shō Nei to his throne, and
2379-400: The missions were apparently shared. For example, Sangurumi (三吾良亹), who was sent to China by the King of Sannan in 1392, claimed to be a nephew (姪) of Shōsatto, King of Sannan. In Chūzan's missions, however, he appeared as a nephew (従子) of Satto, King of Chūzan, in 1403 and as a nephew (姪) of Bunei, King of Chūzan, in 1404. Even though historian Wada Hisanori regarded him as multiple persons with
2440-414: The most magnificent castle sites to be found anywhere in the world, for it commands the countryside below for miles around and looks toward distant sea horizons on every side. " By 1266, Okinawa was collecting tribute from the communities of the nearby islands of Iheya , Kumejima , and Kerama , as well as the more distant Amami Islands ; new governmental offices to manage this tribute were established at
2501-480: The most powerful polity on the island before the capital was moved to Shuri. Tamagusuku, King of Chūzan, was succeeded by King Seii . After Seii's death, people deposed the crown prince and enthroned Satto, the ruler of Urasoe, in 1350. Although his existence was supported by contemporary sources, his life is colored by mythology: he was a son of a humble farmer and a swan maiden . During his reign, he started to pay tribute to Ming China. Also, he received tribute from
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2562-418: The mountain (island)') , Chūzan ( 中山 , lit. 'middle mountain (island)') and Sannan ( 山南 , lit. 'south of the mountain (island)') , are said to have co-existed on Okinawa Island. It is said to have started during King Tamagusuku 's reign (traditional dates: 1314–1336) and, according to Sai On 's edition of the Chūzan Seifu (1725), ended in 1429 when Shō Hashi unified the island. Historical records of
2623-498: The name of Shōsatto, King of Sannan, lasted from 1380 to 1396. An unusual characteristic of Sannan was that the "King's father's younger brother" (王叔) Ōeishi also sent envoys from 1388 to 1397. In 1403, Ōōso , who claimed to be Shōsatto's younger brother or cousin, reported Shōsatto's death in 1403 and was recognized as King of Sannan the next year. In 1415, Crown Prince Taromai reported that King Ōōso had been murdered by his "elder brother" Tafuchi. Taromai's blood relationship with Ōōso
2684-429: The names of Sanhoku and Sannan to Hokuzan ( 北山 ) and Nanzan ( 南山 ) respectively. A world view presented in the Omoro Sōshi is strikingly different from that of the history books. The perception that Okinawa was divided into three polities is absent from the poem anthology. It never uses the terms of Sanzan, Sanhoku, Chūzan or Sannan. The King of Sanhoku is referred to as Aji of Nakijin . The supposed King of Sannan
2745-455: The next thirty years, only nine tribute missions were sent from Hokuzan to China; Nanzan sent nineteen and Chūzan sent fifty-two. Hokuzan also did not send any students to China, as Chūzan did. Roughly twenty years later, in the 1390s, the kings of all three kingdoms died within a few years, and succession disputes erupted across the island; similar events occurred in Nanking at the same time, with
2806-517: The period are fragmentary and mutually conflicting. Some even question the co-existence of the three polities. Okinawa does not have their own contemporary records of the Sanzan period. Contemporary sources are limited to Chinese and, to a far lesser extent, Korean diplomatic records. They are in a fragmentary fashion and probably overshadowed by diplomatic fictions. Since the Chinese sources simply record local rulers who contacted China, they do not rule out
2867-440: The port of Tomari , which lay just below the castle, to the north. Shō Hashi (r. 1422–1439), first king of the unified Ryūkyū Kingdom, made Shuri his capital, and oversaw expansion of the castle and the city. Shuri would remain the royal capital for roughly 450 years. The castle was burned to the ground during succession disputes in the 1450s, but was rebuilt, and the castle and city were further embellished and expanded during
2928-635: The possibility that some other local rulers co-existed without establishing diplomatic contacts. For this reason, Okinawa's real situation remains largely a mystery. According to the Veritable Records of the Ming , the newly formed Ming dynasty sent an envoy to what it called the "State of Ryūkyū," among many other countries, in 1372 to start tributary relations. In response, a ruler who was referred to as Satto , King of Chūzan, sent his younger brother Taiki to pay tribute. In 1380, Shōsatto , King of Sannan, sent
2989-456: The premises of US military bases there. A number of primary, middle, and secondary schools are located in Shuri, along with one university. The Okinawa Prefectural University of Arts is located just outside the grounds of Shuri Castle. One of the university's buildings sits on the site of the former Office of the Magistrate of Mother of Pearl ( 貝摺奉行所 , kaizuri bugyōsho ) , an office of
3050-425: The region who engaged in conflict. It recognized them as "kings" and called for peace. As for the Kings of Sanhoku, the Veritable Records record the un-Okinawan-looking names of three kings, Hanishi, Min and Han'anchi, but make no mention of their blood relations. The last diplomatic contact of the King of Sanhoku was of 1416. The records of the Kings of Sannann are more complicated. The diplomatic missions under
3111-505: The reign of King Shō Shin (r. 1477–1526). In addition to the construction of stone dragon pillars and other embellishments upon the palace itself, the Buddhist temple Enkaku-ji was built on the castle grounds in 1492, the Sōgen temple on the road to Naha was expanded, and in 1501 construction was completed on Tamaudun , which would be used as the royal mausoleum from thence forward. Throughout
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#17328589402173172-559: The royal administration which oversaw the kingdom's official craftsmen, chiefly lacquerers . The village of Tobari in Shuri was the home of Masami Chinen , who founded and taught the martial art Yamani ryu specialising in Bōjutsu . Gibo and Shuri Stations on the Okinawa Urban Monorail lay within the boundaries of Shuri. Shuri Castle Park, Tamaudun, and other major sites are within easy walking distance of Shuri Station, which
3233-462: The same name, Wada acknowledged that the envoys and vessels sent by Taromai, King of Sannan, clearly overlapped with those of the King of Chūzan. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty states that in 1418, Katsuren, the second son of the King of Chūzan, called for trade with Korea and sent vessels that carried Chinese and Southeast Asian goods. Historians have no consensus on his true identity. It
3294-452: The south and established the kingdom of Nanzan, leaving Tamagusuku in control only of the central part of the island, which thus became the kingdom of Chūzan. Though Hokuzan was the largest of the three kingdoms, it was also the poorest and the most sparsely populated. Much of its land was wild, and its few farming or fishing villages were more primitive than those of the other two kingdoms. Nakijin Castle (城 gusuku ) stood on an outcropping of
3355-400: The southern island groups of Miyako and Yaeyama for the first time in history. Satto was succeeded by his son Bunei in 1395. Although the history books agree that Shō Hashi unified Okinawa, the accounts of the unification process contain non-negligible inconsistencies. The oldest Chūzan Seikan states that after Shō Hashi succeeded his father Shishō as Aji of Sashiki in 1402, he overthrew
3416-399: The vast area from Southeast Asia to Japan and Korea, they set up tribute-paying missions under the names of foreign kings. At their height, they used three dummy names. As Okinawa's importance in international trade decreased, the names of Sanhoku and Sannan ceased to be used. Shuri, Okinawa Shuri ( 首里 , Okinawan : スイ Sui or Shui , Northern Ryukyuan : しより Shiyori ) is
3477-474: The western region (including Shimajiri-Ōzato). The Chūzan Seifu identify the Shimasoe-Ōzato Aji as the King of Sannan, which appears to reflect Okinawa's own narratives. However, both editions of the Chūzan Seifu identify Shimajiri-Ōzato as the capital of Sannan. According to the Chūzan Seikan , the Aji of Nakijin's domain included Haneji, Nago, Kunigami, Kin, Ie and Iheya. The Aji of Ōzato controlled
3538-557: Was nearly a century before Okinawa Island would become divided into the three kingdoms of Hokuzan , Nanzan , and Chūzan ; nearly two centuries before the unification of those kingdoms and the establishment of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. The island was not yet an organized or unified kingdom, but rather a collection of local chieftains ( anji ) loyal to the chief chieftain in Urasoe. Historian George H. Kerr describes Shuri Castle as "one of
3599-408: Was not mentioned. As the King of Sannan, Taromai sent envoys from 1416 to 1429. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea records mysterious events about the King of Sannan. In 1394, Satto, King of Chūzan, requested Korea to return Shōsatto, Crown Prince of Sannan (山南王子承察度), who had supposedly fled to Korea. In 1398, Onsadō, King of Sannan (山南王温沙道), fled to Korea after reportedly being banished by
3660-425: Was obviously taken from Chinese sources. It was not known to Ryūkyū how many rulers assumed the title. Sai On's edition of Chūzan Seifu adds two personal names, Min and Han'anchi, which were taken from a Chinese source, not from Okinawa's own. Similarly, the Chūzan Seikan and Sai Taku's edition of Chūzan Seifu have no record of personal names of the Aji of Ōzato. The names of Ōōso and Taromai, added by Sai On to
3721-403: Was one of three nominal fu ( 府 , lit. "prefectures") of the kingdom without administrative function. At the end of the 17th century, Sanhoku nominally comprised 9 magiri ( 間切 ) : Onna, Kin, Kushi, Nago, Haneji, Motobu, Nakijin, Ōgimi, and Kunigami. During King Shō Kei 's reign, someone suggested that the capital should be moved to Nago . It was disapproved by the regent Sai On , finally,
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