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14-621: The Hoher Eichham (also Hocheichham ), at 3,371  m (AA) , is the most dominant mountain in the southeastern part of the Venediger Group in the High Tauern in Austria . Four arêtes radiate from its summit towards the north, east, south and southwest. To the southeast is the glacier of Nilkees and, to the northeast, is the Hexenkees . The Großer Eichhamkees to the northwest and

28-576: A ridge branches southeast linking it with the Sailkopf ; the lowest notch on this arête being the Sailscharte ( 3,080 m above sea level (AA) ). The Hoher Eichham may have first been climbed during a military survey using triangulation in the 1850s. The first visit to the summit by tourists was on 16 July 1887 by Berlin alpinists, Carl Benzien and Hermann Meynow using the South Arête. They were led by

42-436: Is not constant over large areas the orthometric height of a level surface (equipotential) other than the reference surface is not constant, and orthometric heights need to be corrected for that effect. For example, gravity is 0.1% stronger in the northern United States than in the southern, so a level surface that has an orthometric height of 1000 meters in one place will be 1001 meters high in other places. In fact, dynamic height

56-407: Is the most appropriate height measure when working with the level of water over a large geographic area. Orthometric heights may be obtained from differential leveling height differences by correcting for gravity variations. Practical applications must use a model rather than measurements to calculate the change in gravitational potential versus depth in the earth, since the geoid is below most of

70-403: Is used, while its neighbours use other height systems, which leads to differences. On the state borders these differences are: (Differences: H Austria − H neighbouring states ) 45°38′49″N 13°45′36″E  /  45.646867°N 13.759867°E  / 45.646867; 13.759867 Orthometric height The orthometric height (symbol H ) is the vertical distance along

84-884: The Kleiner Eichhamkees to the southwest have shrunk to insignificant slabs of ice. On the North Arête is a rock tower, the Eichhamturm ( 3,255 m above sea level (AA) ). Along the continuation of the arête lies the Großer Hexenkopf ( 3,313 m above sea level (AA) ), which is roughly 600 metres as the crow flies from the Hoher Eichham. On the East Arête is the Niederer Eichham ("Lower Eichham", 3,247 m above sea level (AA) ). From this subpeak

98-668: The Nilljoch Hut ( 1,990 m above sea level (AA) ) heading straight up the Niltal valley to the Nilkees glacier and the Eichhamscharte. From the Eichhamscharte the route now climbs the southern flank up to about 3,200 metres. The climbing route that now follows involves a short, steep section of rock face and a descent into a notch just before the summit block ( grade II ). The route is very exposed but may be secured by climbing bolts . From

112-569: The plumb line from a point of interest to a reference surface known as the geoid , the vertical datum that approximates mean sea level . Orthometric height is one of the scientific formalizations of a layman's " height above sea level ", along with other types of heights in Geodesy . In the US, the current NAVD88 datum is tied to a defined elevation at one point rather than to any location's exact mean sea level. Orthometric heights are usually used in

126-522: The 1900 gauge ( Nadmorska visina, m/nv ). In Albania (normal-orthometric height) they also refer to heights as 'metres above the Adriatic', but use a specific tide gauge in the port of Durrës . The individual countries using this datum abbreviate it in different ways depending on their local language, as follows: 'Metres above the Adriatic' may be abbreviated in English to m AA In Austria orthometric height

140-695: The Bonn-Matreier Hut to the top takes about 3½ hours. In crossing the Nilkees, the risk from crevasses is quite low, however, depending on the conditions, crampons and an ice axe may be useful. Metres above the Adriatic The gauging station in the Port of Trieste was established in 1875 by the local observatory run by the military geographical institute of the Austro-Hungarian Army . The average water surface elevation at Molo Sartorio became

154-565: The US for engineering work, although dynamic height may be chosen for large-scale hydrological purposes. Heights for measured points are shown on National Geodetic Survey data sheets, data that was gathered over many decades by precise spirit leveling over thousands of miles. Alternatives to orthometric height include dynamic height and normal height , and various countries may choose to operate with those definitions instead of orthometric. They may also adopt slightly different but similar definitions for their reference surface. Since gravity

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168-657: The Zillertal mountain guide , Hans Hörhager, from Dornauberg . The mountain is usually ascended from the Bonn-Matreier Hut . Here, the climber initially heads for the Sailkopf using its normal route , then drops about 130 metres of height along its northwest arête to the Sailscharte. Next the Nilkees is crossed, heading westwards to the Eichhamscharte notch( 3,125 m above sea level (AA) ). Alternatively one can start at

182-582: The datum valid for the whole Austro-Hungarian monarchy . Whilst the former Yugoslavian states still use it, the Eastern Bloc successor states of Austria-Hungary like Hungary and Czechoslovakia after World War II switched to the Kronstadt Gauge of the Baltic Sea , which is 0.6747 m (2.214 ft) higher. Whilst for Austria the 1875 gauge is used as the datum, the states of former Yugoslavia use

196-448: The land surface (e.g., the Helmert orthometric heights of NAVD88 ). GPS measurements give earth-centered coordinates , usually displayed as ellipsoidal height h above the reference ellipsoid . It can be related to orthometric height H above the geoid by subtraction of the geoid height N : The geoid determination requires accurate gravity data for that location; in the US,

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