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53-450: Hofstetten-Flüh is first mentioned in 1194 as Huhostetten . Hofstetten-Flüh has an area, as of 2009, of 7.52 square kilometers (2.90 sq mi). Of this area, 3.04 km (1.17 sq mi) or 40.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 3.36 km (1.30 sq mi) or 44.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.11 km (0.43 sq mi) or 14.8% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.01 km (2.5 acres) or 0.1%

106-493: A population growth rate of 0.5%. The age distribution, as of 2000, in Hofstetten-Flüh is; 212 children or 7.8% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 480 teenagers or 17.7% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 117 people or 4.3% of the population are between 20 and 24 years old. 817 people or 30.1% are between 25 and 44, and 798 people or 29.4% are between 45 and 64. The senior population distribution

159-421: A Mullet of the first. Hofstetten-Flüh has a population (as of December 2020) of 3,206. As of 2008, 13.2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1999–2009 ) the population has changed at a rate of 10.7%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (2,501 or 92.1%), with English being second most common (57 or 2.1%) and French being third (38 or 1.4%). As of 2008,

212-416: A discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts. Along rivers that change course, pene-enclaves can be observed as complexes comprising many small pene-enclaves. A pene-enclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render a territory, although geographically attached, inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example

265-421: A key). Originally, it was a term of property law that denoted the situation of a land or parcel of land surrounded by land owned by a different owner, and that could not be reached for its exploitation in a practical and sufficient manner without crossing the surrounding land. In law, this created a servitude of passage for the benefit of the owner of the surrounded land. The first diplomatic document to contain

318-408: A larger one. Enclaves may also exist within territorial waters . Enclave is sometimes used improperly to denote a territory that is only partly surrounded by another state. Enclaves that are not part of a larger territory are not exclaves, for example Vatican City and San Marino (both enclaved by Italy ) and Lesotho (enclaved by South Africa ) are enclaved sovereign states . An exclave

371-624: A new replacement site. The same possible curtailments and alterations never apply to proper exclaves. 2011 Swiss federal election Federal elections were held in Switzerland on 23 October 2011. All of the Federal Assembly were to be elected: all 200 seats in the National Council and all 46 seats in the Council of States . Voter turnout was 49.1%, compared to 48.9% in 2007. At

424-677: A part of a sovereign state (like the Kaliningrad Oblast ). A pene-exclave is a part of the territory of one country that can be conveniently approached – in particular, by wheeled traffic – only through the territory of another country. Pene-exclaves are also called functional exclaves or practical exclaves. Many pene-exclaves partially border their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters), such as Point Roberts, Washington , and Minnesota's Northwest Angle . A pene-exclave can also exist entirely on land, such as when intervening mountains render

477-522: A quantitative principle applies: the land boundary must be longer than the coastline. Thus a state is classified as a sovereign semi-enclave if it borders on just one state, and its land boundary is longer than its sea coastline. (Since Vinokurov's writing in 2007, Canada and the Kingdom of Denmark have each gained a second bordering state — each other — with the 2022 division of Hans Island .) Vinokurov affirms that "no similar quantitative criterion

530-521: A territory comprises both land territory and territorial waters. In the case of enclaves in territorial waters, they are called maritime (those surrounded by territorial sea) or lacustrine (if in a lake) enclaves. Most of the true national-level enclaves now existing are in Asia and Europe. While subnational enclaves are numerous the world over, there are only a few national-level true enclaves in Africa, Australia and

583-465: A territory inaccessible from other parts of a country except through alien territory. A commonly cited example is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is accessible only from Germany to the north. The word enclave is French and first appeared in the mid-15th century as a derivative of the verb enclaver (1283), from the colloquial Latin inclavare (to close with

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636-546: A total of 1,092 households that answered this question, 22.2% were households made up of just one person and there were 7 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 374 married couples without children, 386 married couples with children There were 60 single parents with a child or children. There were 13 households that were made up of unrelated people and 10 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing. In 2000 there were 696 single family homes (or 81.0% of

689-478: A total of 1,109 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 51.6%. As of  2010, Hofstetten-Flüh had an unemployment rate of 2.3%. As of 2008, there were 40 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 250 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 36 businesses in this sector. 262 people were employed in the tertiary sector , with 66 businesses in this sector. There were 1,424 residents of

742-541: Is 245 people or 9.0% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 48 people or 1.8% who are over 80. As of 2000, there were 1,039 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 1,444 married individuals, 104 widows or widowers and 130 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 1,082 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 242 households that consist of only one person and 75 households with five or more people. Out of

795-490: Is a logically extended back-formation of enclave . Enclaves exist for a variety of historical , political and geographical reasons. For example, in the feudal system in Europe, the ownership of feudal domains was often transferred or partitioned, either through purchase and sale or through inheritance, and often such domains were or came to be surrounded by other domains. In particular, this state of affairs persisted into

848-870: Is a portion of a state or district geographically separated from the main part, by some surrounding alien territory. Many exclaves are also enclaves, but an exclave surrounded by the territory of more than one state is not an enclave. The Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan is an example of an exclave that is not an enclave, as it borders Armenia , Turkey and Iran . Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border (a coastline contiguous with international waters ), would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves and enclaves are mutually exclusive. Likewise, semi-exclaves and exclaves are mutually exclusive. Enclaves and semi-enclaves can exist as independent states ( Monaco , The Gambia and Brunei are semi-enclaves), while exclaves and semi-exclaves proper always constitute just

901-407: Is both an exclave of A and an enclave from the viewpoint of B. The singular territory D, although an enclave, is not an exclave. An enclave is a part of the territory of a state that is enclosed within the territory of another state. To distinguish the parts of a state entirely enclosed in a single other state, they are called true enclaves . A true enclave cannot be reached without passing through

954-414: Is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.1% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 10.4% and transportation infrastructure made up 2.8%. Out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land, 14.1% is used for growing crops and 18.9% is pastures, while 7.4% is used for orchards or vine crops. All

1007-478: Is needed to define the scope of non-sovereign semi-enclaves/exclaves." Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to one division while being attached to another. The term pene -exclave was defined in Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently – in particular by wheeled traffic – only through

1060-401: Is often used as a synonym for enclave (such as "the pockets of Puducherry district"). In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments or detached parts , and national enclaves as detached districts or detached dominions . In British ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also royal peculiar ). The word exclave

1113-475: Is the Kleinwalsertal , a valley part of Vorarlberg , Austria, that is only accessible from Germany to the north, being separated from the rest of Austria by high mountains traversed by no roads. Another example is the Spanish village of Os de Civís , accessible from Andorra. Hence, such areas are enclaves or exclaves for practical purposes , without meeting the strict definition. Many pene-exclaves partially border

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1166-533: The Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 18 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.66% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.07% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church , and there were 60 individuals (or about 2.21% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.07% of

1219-591: The 19th century in the Holy Roman Empire , and these domains (principalities, etc.) exhibited many of the characteristics of sovereign states. Prior to 1866 Prussia alone consisted of more than 270 discontiguous pieces of territory. Residing in an enclave within another country has often involved difficulties in such areas as passage rights, importing goods, currency, provision of utilities and health services, and host nation cooperation. Thus, over time, enclaves have tended to be eliminated. For example, two-thirds of

1272-725: The Americas (each such enclave being surrounded by the territorial waters of another country). A historical example is West Berlin before the reunification of Germany . Since 1945, all of Berlin had been ruled de jure by the four Allied powers. However, the East German government and the Soviet Union treated East Berlin as an integral part of East Germany, so West Berlin was a de facto enclave within East Germany . Also, 12 small West Berlin enclaves, such as Steinstücken , were separated from

1325-622: The GLP and the BDP have gained the required five seats to form their own parliamentary groups , suggesting a split of the centrist CVP/EVP/glp group . All other major parties lost votes, the Swiss People's Party (SVP) for the first time since the 1987 elections . With 26.6% of the popular vote, the SVP is still the strongest party by a comfortable margin, but the 2011 elections marked the end of its rapid growth during

1378-464: The Gambia and Brunei . Vinokurov (2007) declares, "Technically, Portugal , Denmark , and Canada also border only one foreign state, but they are not enclosed in the geographical, political, or economic sense. They have vast access to international waters. At the same time, there are states that, although in possession of sea access, are still enclosed by the territories of a foreign state." Therefore,

1431-649: The Hofstetten-Flüh school system. The education system in the Canton of Solothurn allows young children to attend two years of non-obligatory Kindergarten . During that school year, there were 56 children in kindergarten. The canton's school system requires students to attend six years of primary school , with some of the children attending smaller, specialized classes. In the municipality there were 168 students in primary school. The secondary school program consists of three lower, obligatory years of schooling, followed by three to five years of optional, advanced schools. All

1484-476: The city, some by only a few meters. True exclave is an extension of the concept of true enclave . In order to access a true exclave from the mainland, a traveller must go through the territory of at least one other state. Semi-enclaves and semi-exclaves are areas that, except for possessing an unsurrounded sea border, would otherwise be enclaves or exclaves. Semi-enclaves can exist as independent states that border only one other state, such as Monaco ,

1537-580: The enclave and exclave system in Baarle . As both Netherlands and Belgium are members of the European Union and Schengen Area , people, goods and services flow freely with little or no restrictions. For illustration, in the figure (above), A1 is a semi-enclave (attached to C and also bounded by water that only touches C's territorial water). Although A2 is an exclave of A, it cannot be classed as an enclave because it shares borders with B and C. The territory A3

1590-402: The enforced reduction of scope of a foreign embassy has always been a possibility, even to the point of expelling the foreign embassy entirely, usually on a breakdown of relations, in reaction to extreme actions such as espionage , or as another form of sanction. The same seems to be possible in profit-driven moving or drilling under any of the sites below, providing safeguards as the structure or

1643-405: The foreign population increased by 2. There were 5 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 4 non-Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland to another country. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was an increase of 6 and the non-Swiss population increased by 8 people. This represents

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1696-400: The gender distribution of the population was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. The population was made up of 1,272 Swiss men (41.9% of the population) and 235 (7.7%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,335 Swiss women (44.0%) and 193 (6.4%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality 666 or about 24.5% were born in Hofstetten-Flüh and lived there in 2000. There were 159 or 5.9% who were born in

1749-544: The last election, in 2007 , the Swiss People's Party (SVP) won the highest share of the vote ever recorded for a single party in Switzerland, with 29% of the vote. Soon after, a moderate faction split from the SVP, forming the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP). In the 2011 election, the two neophyte parties BDP and Green Liberal Party (GLP) were successful, each receiving 5.4% of the popular vote. Both

1802-442: The lower secondary students from Hofstetten-Flüh attend their school in a neighboring municipality. As of 2000, there were 5 students in Hofstetten-Flüh who came from another municipality, while 270 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Exclave An enclave is a territory that is entirely surrounded by the territory of only one other state or entity . An enclave can be an independent territory or part of

1855-468: The municipality and 1,145 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.2 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 31.9% of the workforce coming into Hofstetten-Flüh are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 21.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 61.1% used a private car. From the 2000 census, 1,139 or 41.9% were Roman Catholic , while 752 or 27.7% belonged to

1908-453: The municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 41.7% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 435. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 25, of which 20 were in agriculture and 5 were in forestry or lumber production. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 228 of which 134 or (58.8%) were in manufacturing and 94 (41.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in

1961-411: The municipality. The most common apartment size was 5 rooms of which there were 328. There were 10 single room apartments and 574 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 1,060 apartments (92.9% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 53 apartments (4.6%) were seasonally occupied and 28 apartments (2.5%) were empty. As of 2009, the construction rate of new housing units

2014-691: The period of 1995–2007. Of the small parties (below 5 seats), the Evangelical People's Party received 2.0% of the vote (+0.4%), retaining its two seats. The Ticino League received 0.8% of the vote (+0.2%) and gains one seat, now holding two. The Christian Social Party lost one seat, but gained another to remain in the National Council, while the Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland and Swiss Party of Labour lost their single seats. Other minor groups which gathered more than 0.1% of

2067-401: The population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 501 or (18.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 501 who completed tertiary schooling, 60.3% were Swiss men, 24.2% were Swiss women, 9.6% were non-Swiss men and 6.0% were non-Swiss women. During the 2010–2011 school year there were a total of 224 students in

2120-447: The population) who were Jewish , and 47 (or about 1.73% of the population) who were Islamic . There were 7 individuals who were Buddhist , 21 individuals who were Hindu and 1 individual who belonged to another church. 598 (or about 22.01% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 70 individuals (or about 2.58% of the population) did not answer the question. In Hofstetten-Flüh about 1,103 or (40.6%) of

2173-400: The premises. Most non-embassy lands in such ownership are also not enclaves as they fall legally short of extraterritoriality , they are subject to alike court jurisdiction as before their grant/sale in most matters. Nonetheless, for a person's offence against the property itself, equally valid jurisdiction in criminal matters is more likely than elsewhere, assuming the perpetrator is found in

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2226-568: The prosecuting authority's homeland. Devoid of permanent residents, formally defined new sovereignty is not warranted or asserted in the examples below. Nonetheless, minor laws, especially on flag flying , are sometimes relaxed to accommodate the needs of the accommodated nation's monument. Embassies enjoy many different legal statuses approaching quasi-sovereignty, depending on the agreements reached and in practice upheld from time-to-time by host nations. Subject to hosts adhering to basic due process of international law , including giving warnings,

2279-404: The same canton, while 1,358 or 50.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 468 or 17.2% were born outside of Switzerland. In 2008 there were 22 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 12 deaths of Swiss citizens and 1 non-Swiss citizen death. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 10 while

2332-458: The sea or another body of water, which comprises their own territorial waters (i.e., they are not surrounded by other nations' territorial waters). They border their own territorial waters in addition to a land border with another country, and hence they are not true exclaves. Still, one cannot travel to them on land without going through another country. Attribution of a pene-enclave status to a territory can sometimes be disputed, depending on whether

2385-477: The territory is considered to be practically inaccessible from the mainland or not. One or more parcels/holdings of land in most countries is owned by other countries. Most instances are exempt from taxes. In the special case of embassies/consulates these enjoy special privileges driven by international consensus particularly the mutual wish to ensure free diplomatic missions , such as being exempt from major hindrances and host-country arrests in ordinary times on

2438-405: The territory of a single other state that surrounds it. In 2007, Evgeny Vinokurov called this the restrictive definition of "enclave" given by international law, which thus "comprises only so-called 'true enclaves'". Two examples are Büsingen am Hochrhein , a true enclave of Germany, and Campione d'Italia , a true enclave of Italy, both of which are surrounded by Switzerland. The definition of

2491-653: The territory of another country." Thus, a pene-exclave , although having land borders, is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters. Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007) further elaborate upon examples, including Point Roberts . "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada." Pene-enclaves are also called functional enclaves or practical enclaves. They can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless,

2544-498: The tertiary sector was 182. In the tertiary sector; 29 or 15.9% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 5 or 2.7% were in the movement and storage of goods, 34 or 18.7% were in a hotel or restaurant, 5 or 2.7% were in the information industry, 8 or 4.4% were the insurance or financial industry, 26 or 14.3% were technical professionals or scientists, 15 or 8.2% were in education and 30 or 16.5% were in health care. In 2000, there were 523 workers who commuted into

2597-644: The then-existing national-level enclaves were extinguished on 1 August 2015, when the governments of India and Bangladesh implemented a Land Boundary Agreement that exchanged 162 first-order enclaves (111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi). This exchange thus effectively removed another two dozen second-order enclaves and one third-order enclave, eliminating 197 of the India–Bangladesh enclaves in all. The residents in these enclaves had complained of being effectively stateless. Only Bangladesh's Dahagram–Angarpota enclave remained. Netherlands and Belgium decided to keep

2650-491: The total) out of a total of 859 inhabited buildings. There were 81 multi-family buildings (9.4%), along with 61 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (7.1%) and 21 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (2.4%). Of the single family homes 55 were built before 1919, while 131 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single family homes (211) were built between 1981 and 1990. In 2000 there were 1,141 apartments in

2703-501: The water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality is located in the Dorneck district, in the hills south of the Leimen valley. It is part of an exclave of the Canton of Solothurn. It consists of the village of Hofstetten-Flüh and is made up of the villages of Hofstetten and Flüh. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent two Pales Gules and in a Chief of the same

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2756-452: The word enclave was the Treaty of Madrid , signed in 1526. Later, the term enclave began to be used also to refer to parcels of countries, counties, fiefs, communes, towns, parishes, etc. that were surrounded by alien territory. This French word eventually entered English and other languages to denote the same concept, although local terms have continued to be used. In India, the word "pocket"

2809-646: Was 5.3 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010, was 2.3%. The historical population is given in the following chart: In the 2011 federal election , the most popular party was the SVP which received 22.6% of the vote. The next four most popular parties were the CVP (19.0%), the FDP (16.8%), the SP (16.3%) and the Green Party (9.6%). In the federal election,

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