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66-569: Administratively , it lies in Dahangdan , Kachin state. The peak is enclosed within Khakaborazi National Park . The park is entirely mountainous and is characterized by broad-leaved evergreen tropical rain forest at low altitudes, a sub-tropical temperate zone from 8,000 to 9,000 ft (2,400–2,700 m), then broad-leaved, semi- deciduous forest and finally needle-leaved evergreen, snow forest . Above 11,000 ft (3,400 m),

132-455: A 73% stake. This new, for-profit corporation, would own National Geographic and other magazines, as well as its affiliated television networks—most of which were already owned in joint ventures with 21CF. As a consequence, the Society and 21st Century Fox announced on November 2, 2015, that 9 percent of National Geographic's 2,000 employees, approximately 180 people, would be laid off, constituting

198-491: A city is ambiguous with the Burmese term မြို့ ('myo') being translated as any urban area. The General Administration Department only explicitly defines the three cities of Yangon , Mandalay and Naypyidaw . In 1900, Burma was a province of British India , and was divided into two subdivisions: Lower Burma , whose capital was Rangoon with four divisions (Arakan, Irrawaddy, Pegu, Tenasserim), and Upper Burma , whose capital

264-458: A good part of its endowments. However, the publisher did not generate much profits. By 2009, the society's endowments were about $ 200 million. National Geographic Ventures, its commercial arm, launched a music division, National Geographic Music and Radio, in 2007. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include its entertainment units. In 2013, the society

330-632: A museum for the public in its Washington, D.C., headquarters. It has helped to sponsor popular traveling exhibits, such as the early 2010s King Tut exhibit featuring artifacts from the tomb of the young Egyptian Pharaoh . The Education Foundation gives grants to education organizations and individuals to improve geography education. The Committee for Research and Exploration has awarded more than 11,000 grants for scientific research and exploration. National Geographic has retail stores in Washington, D.C., London, Sydney, and Panama. The locations outside of

396-464: A national park on November 10, 1998. The Khakaborazi National Park is the last stronghold for biodiversity in Myanmar. The extraordinarily rich flora and fauna, ranging from lowland tropical to alpine species still await proper research and identification. They have barely been studied, and the park remains an excellent center for field study for students of botany, geology, zoology, and geography. A study

462-450: A number of sub-branded channels in international markets, such as Nat Geo Wild , Nat Geo People and Nat Geo Kids. The U.S. domestic version of National Geographic Channel was launched in January 2001 as a joint venture of National Geographic and Fox Cable Networks . National Geographic Music and Radio (NGMR) is the music and radio division of National Geographic Ventures. The scope of

528-467: A series of books about natural remedies and medicinal herbs. Titles include Guide to Medicinal Herbs, Complete Guide to Natural Home Remedies, Nature's Best Remedies, Healing Remedies, and Natural Home Remedies. The books make claims to describe, among other things, plants, herbs, and essential oils purported to help treat diseases and ailments. While giving some appropriate warnings about such concerns as anecdotal evidence and side effects are given,

594-571: A wide range of individual, charitable, governmental and corporate donors, including the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation , Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , Lockheed Martin , Pfizer , National Endowment for the Humanities and many others. The National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel and exploration. On January 13, 1888, 33 explorers and scientists gathered at

660-694: Is around 6.8 million monthly, with some 60 million readers. In addition to its flagship magazine, the Society publishes several other periodicals: The Society also ran an online daily news outlet called National Geographic News . Additionally, the Society publishes atlases , books, and maps through National Geographic Books and National Geographic Maps , commercial publishing divisions of National Geographic Partners . It previously published and co-published other magazines, including National Geographic Adventure , National Geographic Research (a scientific journal), and others, and continues to publish special issues of various magazines. The Society published

726-483: Is long (four weeks) and arduous through a dense rain forest with many unbridged stream crossings. The recentness of the first ascent can also be attributed to the policy that foreigners were not allowed into the area until 1993. In 2013, the nearby peak of Gamlang Razi was climbed and measured at 5,870 m (19,260 ft) using an advanced version of GPS , making it possibly the highest in Myanmar. Ozaki had confirmed Hkakabo's height as 5881 m, but he did not yet have

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792-484: Is named for Gardiner Greene Hubbard , the first National Geographic Society president. The Hubbard Medal has been presented 44 times as of 2018 , the most recent award going to Peter H. Raven . The National Geographic Society also awards, rarely, the Alexander Graham Bell Medal, for exceptional contributions to geographic research. The award is named after Alexander Graham Bell , scientist, inventor of

858-722: Is the ward for urban areas and village tract for rural areas. Some townships include areas not part of any ward or village tract. Village Tracts may contain up to 8 distinct villages. Most townships contain at least one ward/town, and are usually named after the population center. As of reforms in 2012 and 2013, Ward and Village Tract administrators are now typically elected, but report to the appointed Township Administrator. Ward Administrators and Village Tract Administrators (also called just Village Administrators) are supported by 100-household-heads and 10-household-heads who are collectively called area leaders. Most cities in Myanmar are contained within one township like Pathein . In some cases,

924-472: Is the table of government subdivisions and its organizational structure based on different regions, states, the union territory, the self-administered division, and the self-administered zones: The regions were called divisions prior to August 2010, and four of them are named after their capital city, the exceptions being Sagaing Region , Ayeyarwady Region and Tanintharyi Region . The regions can be described as ethnically predominantly Burman (Bamar) , while

990-813: The California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, National Geographic Society, Harvard University, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Myanmar Forestry Ministry. On 11 September 2001, herpetologist Joseph Slowinski , team leader from California Academy of Sciences, was bitten by a venomous krait and died in the field. In 2002–2003, P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist from the California Academy of Sciences, and photographer Dong Lin retraced their previous steps and succeeded in making

1056-668: The Cosmos Club , a private club then located on Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., to organize "a society for the increase and diffusion of geographical knowledge." After preparing a constitution and a plan of organization, the National Geographic Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27. Gardiner Greene Hubbard (co-founder of AT&T ) became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell (also co-founder of AT&T), succeeded him in 1897. In 1899, Bell's son-in-law Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor

1122-681: The Armed Forces. Self-Administered Zones and Self-Administered Divisions are administered by a Leading Body. The Leading Body consists of at least ten members and includes State or Regional Hluttaw members elected from the Zones or Divisions and other members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body has both executive and legislative powers. A Chairperson is head of each Leading Body. Within Sagaing Region : Within Shan State : Districts are

1188-509: The GPS equipment to measure the exact height of Hkakabo Razi. In August 2014 an all-Burmese expedition took a new route up the north face. Two team-members, Ko Aung Myint Myat and Ko Wai Yan Min Thu, reached the summit on August 31 for the second ascent of the mountain, placing a flag, plaque and Buddha image at the summit. The climbers ran out of battery power right after reaching the summit, and radio contact

1254-486: The National Geographic Society currently is Jean Case. Michael Ulica is president. Jill Tiefenthaler is the chief executive officer. The editor-in-chief of National Geographic magazine is Susan Goldberg. Gilbert Melville Grosvenor , a former chairman, received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 for his leadership in geography education. In 2004, the National Geographic Society headquarters in Washington, D.C.,

1320-427: The National Geographic Society in 1888: Although Alexander Graham Bell is sometimes discussed as a founder, he was actually the second president, elected on January 7, 1898, and serving until 1903. The Society has helped sponsor many expeditions and research projects over the years. The Hubbard Medal is awarded by the National Geographic Society for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. The medal

1386-410: The National Geographic Society. National Geographic Films appointed Adam Leipzig as president in 2004. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include Cinema Ventures and Feature Films. In 2008, the film division and Image Nation formed a $ 100 million fund to develop, produce, finance and acquire over five years 10–15 films. The first film the fund invested in

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1452-517: The National Geographic organization from members to exhibition to television. There were nine partner museums as of 2012: Television programs produced by the National Geographic Society are also broadcast on television. National Geographic television specials and series have been aired on PBS and other networks in the United States and globally for many years. The Geographic series in

1518-528: The President's choice unless they can prove that he or she does not meet the constitutional qualifications. Legislative authority resides with the State Hluttaw or Regional Hluttaw made up of elected civilian members and representatives of the Armed Forces. Both divisions are considered equivalent, the only distinction being that states have large ethnic minority populations and regions are mostly populated by

1584-743: The Society and Fox) and magazine publications. The Walt Disney Company assumed 21CF's share of National Geographic Partners in March 2019. Most of National Geographic Partners' businesses predate the establishment in 2015, and even the launch of National Geographic Channel in Asia and Europe by the original News Corporation (of which 21st Century Fox is one of the successors) in the late 1990s. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include Cinema Ventures, Feature Films, Kids Entertainment, Home Entertainment and Music & Radio divisions. Music and Radio division president David Beal

1650-488: The Society operates the magazine , TV channels , a website, worldwide events, and other media operations. The National Geographic Society was founded on January 13, 1888 "to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge". It is governed by a board of trustees whose 33 members include distinguished educators, business executives, former government officials and conservationists . The organization sponsors and funds scientific research and exploration. National Geographic maintains

1716-562: The Township and report to the District. Subtownships exist for many but not all townships. They can be created for many reasons including, townships with large areas, townships with a large natural barrier or townships with a lopsided population distribution. These subtownships are unofficial, but can be used by the Township administration and national ministries for data collection and administrative ease. The fourth and lowest level of administration

1782-594: The Township level; few services are offered at the District level. The Township Administrator is the key focal point for most interactions with the government and the Township Administrator serves as a representative of the State or Region government and executes functions on behalf of the State or Region. All Township governments are staffed by 34 GAD civil servants regardless of population, although larger townships may have several Township committees that coordinate with

1848-455: The U.S. started on CBS in 1964, moved to ABC in 1973, shifted to PBS (produced by WQED , Pittsburgh ) in 1975, shifted to NBC in 1995, and returned to PBS in 2000. It moved to National Geographic Channel in 2005. It has featured stories on numerous scientific figures such as Jacques Cousteau , Jane Goodall , and Louis Leakey that not only featured their work but as well helped make them world-famous and accessible to millions. Most of

1914-619: The United States are operated by Worldwide Retail Store S.L., a Spanish holding company. The Society's media arm is National Geographic Partners , a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and the Society, which publishes a journal, National Geographic in English and nearly 40 local-language editions. It also publishes other magazines, books, school products, maps, and Web and film products in numerous languages and countries. National Geographic's various media properties reach more than 280 million people monthly. Its efforts are supported by

1980-525: The biggest staff reduction in the Society's history. Later, The Walt Disney Company assumed 21CF's share in National Geographic Partners, following the completion of Disney's acquisition of most of 21CF assets on March 20, 2019. On June 29, 2023, National Geographic laid off the remaining staff writers for their magazine and announced the end of their physical news-stand publications in the United States in 2024. The 33 original founders of

2046-489: The books have been criticized from a medical perspective for a number of reasons. These include making recommendations that lack scientific evidence, inconsistent claims from one book to the next as well as internal contradictions, and failure to mention effective and safe alternatives. The journal Skeptical Inquirer devoted thirty-four pages in 2019 discussing these books. Experts such as Harriet Hall , Joe Nickell , Cees Renckens and Barry Kosmin addressed each subject in

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2112-462: The camera Robert Peary used at the North Pole and pottery that Jacques Cousteau recovered from a shipwreck. National Geographic Partners , a for-profit joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a 73% stake) and the Society (which owns 27%), was established in 2015 to handle commercial activities of the Society, including television channels worldwide (which were already co-owned by

2178-413: The division includes National Geographic Live! events, digital music distribution, music publishing, radio content, Nat Geo Music TV channel (available in parts of Asia and Europe) and film and TV music. Clear Channel , Salem Communications and NPR were distribution partners. In early August 2007, National Geographic Ventures announced the existence of the then-recently formed division. The division

2244-430: The edge of its covers. There are 12 monthly issues of National Geographic per year. The magazine contains articles about geography, popular science, world history, culture, current events and photography of places and things all over the world and universe. National Geographic magazine is currently published in 40 local-language editions in many countries around the world. Combined English and other language circulation

2310-534: The film distribution arm of Destination Cinema and entered the film distribution business. During the COVID-19 pandemic , National Geographic partnered with pharmaceutical company Pfizer to produce a sponsored documentary chronicling the development of Pfizer and BioNTech 's COVID-19 vaccine . National Geographic Cinema Ventures (NGCV) was a giant-screen, 3D and specialty films production and distribution company operated under National Geographic Entertainment. At

2376-528: The first anthropological survey of the Hkakabo Razi region. On foot, they reached the northernmost village in Myanmar, Tahaundam , which is inhabited by about 200 Khampa Tibetans, including mountaineer Nyama Gyaltsen (see below). The region will shortly be opened to the general public through eco-tourism by the Myanmar authorities. The government is collecting information for development in that regard, and many scientific expeditions have been already accepted in

2442-523: The following: On 20 August 2010, the renaming of the 7 divisions and the naming of the 6 self-administered zones was announced by Burmese state media. National Geographic Society The National Geographic Society ( NGS ), headquartered in Washington, D.C. , United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world. Founded in 1888, its interests include geography , archaeology , natural science ,

2508-504: The height of Hkakabo Razi using the same equipment as the Gamlang Razi team. The 2014 group was led by Hilaree Nelson , and also included Mark Jenkins, Cory Richards, Renan Ozturk , Emily Harrington and Taylor Rees. On November 7, 2014, Jenkins and Ozturk made the final attempt at the summit but turned back at 5,742 m (18,839 ft). They estimated that the summit was an additional 800 ft (240 m) higher. In August 2018 it

2574-412: The highest forest zone is alpine, different from the forest not only in kind but in history and origin. Still higher, around 15,000 ft (4,600 m), cold, barren, windswept terrain and permanent snow and glaciers dominate. At around 17,500 ft (5,300 m), there is a large ice cap with several outlet glaciers. Hkakabo Razi was established as a natural reserve on January 30, 1996, and as

2640-540: The late 1990s, in partnership with the Society. The Society provides programming to the National Geographic-branded channels worldwide, while, as of March 2019, The Walt Disney Company 's subsidiaries ( Walt Disney Television in the United States and Fox Networks Group outside the United States) handle distribution of the channels and advertisement sales. The National Geographic Channel has begun to launch

2706-639: The late 2011 American Alliance of Museums conference, National Geographic Cinema Ventures launched the Museum Partnership Program as museums want a brand for their giant screen theaters. Starting on February 1, 2018, Cosmic Pictures gained distribution rights to a number of the NGCV library. The Museum Partnership Program is the branding and content program of National Geographic Cinema Ventures. Partner museums would receive immediate market exclusivity on their 2 new digital 3D films per year and gain access to

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2772-583: The national majority Burmans / Bamar . The constitution states that Naypyidaw shall be a Union Territory under the direct administration of the President . Day-to-day functions would be carried out on the President's behalf by the Naypyidaw Council led by a Chairperson. The Chairperson and members of the Naypyidaw Council are appointed by the President and shall include civilians and representatives of

2838-588: The only type of administrative division that covers the entirety of Myanmar. A District is led by a District Administrator and a Township is administered by a Township Administrator. Both are appointed civil servants through the General Administration Department (GAD) of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA). The Minister of Home Affairs is to be appointed by the military according to the 2008 constitution. Most local governance services are offered at

2904-405: The promotion of environmental and historical conservation , and the study of world culture and history . The National Geographic Society's logo is a yellow portrait frame—rectangular in shape— which appears on the margins surrounding the front covers of its magazines and as its television channel logo. Through National Geographic Partners (a joint venture with The Walt Disney Company ),

2970-531: The region. Only a few Westerners ever made it to Mt. Hkakabo Razi, the National Park or anywhere close to it. Captain B.E.A. Pritchard was the first Westerner to visit the Alun Dung valley, in 1913. Takashi Ozaki (Japan, 1951 – May 14, 2011) and Nyima Gyaltsen (aka "Aung Tse"; Myanmar) made the first ascent in 1996. Ozaki had attempted the mountain in 1995 but turned back due to bad weather. The route to basecamp

3036-506: The rural portions of the township may be administered semi-independently as sub-townships. In larger cities, like Mandalay , the municipality may be functionally administered at a district level with townships acting de facto as subdivisions of a city. In Yangon , the administrative jurisdiction of the Yangon City Development Committee overlap across 33 townships and all 4 of Yangon Region's districts. The definition of

3102-413: The second-order divisions of Myanmar and are often named after a population center within the district of the same name. Shan State has the most districts, even excluding Self-Administered Zones and Divisions. Naypyidaw Union Territory and Mon State have the least with just 2 districts. The District's role is more supervisory as the 330 townships are the basic administrative unit of local governance and are

3168-432: The series of books. Summing up the series, Hall wrote in a review of the series that, "The author Nancy J. Hajeski is a fiction and nonfiction writer with no medical or scientific credentials. The forward is by Tieraona Low Dog, MD, an integrative medicine specialist. ... which is a marketing term designed to infiltrate quackery into science-based medicine." National Geographic Films was a wholly owned taxable subsidiary of

3234-590: The specials were narrated by various actors, including Glenn Close , Linda Hunt , Stacy Keach , Richard Kiley , Burgess Meredith , Susan Sarandon , Alexander Scourby , Martin Sheen , and Peter Strauss . The specials' theme music, by Elmer Bernstein , was also adopted by the National Geographic Channel. Another long-running show is National Geographic Explorer . The original News Corporation launched National Geographic Channel in Asia and Europe in

3300-487: The states, regions and self-administering bodies is outlined in the new constitution adopted in 2008. Executive authority is held in each state or region by a Regional or State Government consisting of a Chief Minister, other ministers and an Advocate General. The President appoints the Chief Minister from a list of qualified candidates in the regional or state legislature; the regional or state legislature must approve

3366-882: The states, the zones and Wa Division are dominated by ethnic minorities. Yangon Region has the largest population and is the most densely populated. The smallest population is Kayah State . In terms of land area, Shan State is the largest and Naypyidaw Union Territory is the smallest. Regions and states are divided into districts ( ခရိုင် ; kha yaing or khayaing , IPA: [kʰəjàɪɴ] ). These districts consist of townships ( မြို့နယ် ; myo-ne , IPA: [mjo̰nɛ̀] ) that include towns ( မြို့ ; myo , IPA: [mjo̰] ), wards ( ရပ်ကွက် ; yatkwet , IPA: [jaʔ kwɛʔ] )) and village tracts ( ကျေးရွာအုပ်စု ; kyayywa oksu , IPA: [tɕé jwà ʔoʊʔ sṵ] ). Village tracts are groups of adjacent villages ( ကျေးရွာ ; kyayywa , IPA: [tɕé jwà] ). The administrative structure of

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3432-596: The telephone and the second president of the NGS. Up to mid-2011, the medal has been twice presented: The Society operates the National Geographic Museum, located at 1145 17th Street, NW (17th and M), in Washington, D.C. The museum features changing exhibitions featuring the work of National Geographic explorers, photographers, and scientists. There are also changing exhibits related to natural history, culture, history or society. Permanent exhibits include artifacts like

3498-425: Was The Way Back . Leipzig left the company in January 2010. On March 15, 2010, former Miramax president Daniel Battsek started as National Geographic Films president. Basttsek ended up also over seeing Nat Geo Cinema Ventures distribution and big screen production before he left in 2012 becoming president of Cohen Media Group . Films it has produced include: In 2005, the National Geographic Society acquired

3564-591: Was Mandalay with six divisions ( Meiktila , Minbu, Sagaing, North Federated Shan States and South Federated Shan States). On 10 October 1922, the Karenni States of Bawlake, Kantarawaddy, and Kyebogyi became a part of the Federated Shan States. In 1940, Minbu division's name was changed to Magwe, and Meiktila Divisions became part of Mandalay District. Upon independence, on 4 January 1948, the Chin Hills area

3630-558: Was already creating music for its feature film and kids units. Initially hired to run the division were Mark Bauman, executive vice president of radio and video production, and David Beal, head of music labels, publishing and radio operations. With National Geographic Channels, Music and Radio on October 15, 2007, launched the Nat Geo Music channel in Italy. The society formed in October 2007 National Geographic Entertainment division to include

3696-409: Was announced that three Myanmar mountaineers would ascend the mountain sometime that year, but for various reasons, the team postponed the climb until further notice. States of Myanmar Myanmar is divided into 21 administrative divisions , which include seven regions , seven states , one union territory , one self-administered division , and five self-administered zones . Following

3762-492: Was appointed head of Nat Geo Entertainment. The National Geographic Magazine , later shortened to National Geographic , published its first issue in October 1888, nine months after the Society was founded, as the Society's official journal, a benefit for joining the tax-exempt National Geographic Society. Starting with the February 1910 (Vol XXI, No. 2) issue, the magazine began using its now famous trademarked yellow border around

3828-661: Was created out of Myitkyina District as part of the peace agreement with the Kachin Independence Army . The 2008 Constitution stipulates the renaming of the 7 "divisions" ( တိုင်း in Burmese) as "regions" ( တိုင်းဒေသကြီး in Burmese). It also stipulates the creation of Union territories, which include the capital of Nay Pyi Taw and ethnic self-administered zones ( ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ in Burmese) and self-administered divisions ( ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရတိုင်း in Burmese). These self-administered regions include

3894-700: Was done by the Forest Department with the assistance of Wildlife Conservation Society of New York during 1997 and 1998. The results have been presented in ICIMOD sponsored Workshop "Sub-regional Consultation on Conservation of Hkakabo Razi Mountain Ecosystems in Eastern Himalayas", held in Putao , Myanmar during 25–29 October 1999. This was followed in 2001 with an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists from

3960-486: Was investigated for possible violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to their close association with an Egyptian government official responsible for antiquities. On September 9, 2015, the Society announced that it would re-organize its media properties and publications into a new company known as National Geographic Partners , which would be majority-owned by 21st Century Fox (21CF) with

4026-413: Was lost. After they failed to return to the lower camps, a rescue operation was launched. The search for the missing climbers continued into October. It involved a helicopter crash landing, leading to the death of one pilot and an 11-day survival trek by the other pilot and the passenger mountaineer. In November 2014, a National Geographic Society / The North Face sponsored expedition set out to measure

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4092-456: Was named the first full-time editor of National Geographic magazine and served the organization for fifty-five years (until 1954), and members of the Grosvenor family have played important roles in the organization since. Bell and Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor devised the successful marketing notion of Society membership and the first major use of photographs to tell stories in magazines. The chairman of

4158-539: Was one of the first buildings to receive a "Green" certification from Global Green USA . The National Geographic received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities in October 2006 in Oviedo, Spain . National Geographic Expeditions was launched in 1999 to fulfill one of its mission and for the proceeds to go towards its mission. In 2006, the society purchased Hampton-Brown , an English-as-a-second-language educational material publisher, using

4224-543: Was renamed Kayah State. In 1964, Rangoon Division was separated from Pegu Division, whose capital shifted to Pegu. In addition, Karen State was renamed Kawthoolei State. In 1972, the Hanthawaddy and Hmawbi districts were moved under Rangoon Division's jurisdiction. In 1974, after Ne Win introduced a constitution, Chin Special Division became a state, and its capital moved from Falam to Hakha . Kawthoolei State's name

4290-569: Was reverted to Karen State. Mon State was created out of portions of Tenasserim Division and Pegu Division. Mon State's capital became Moulmein , and Tenasserim Division's became Tavoy . In addition, Rakhine Division was granted statehood. In 1989, after the coup d'état by the military junta , the names of many divisions in Burma were altered in English to reflect Burmese pronunciations. After 1995, in Kachin State Mohnyin District

4356-528: Was split from Arakan Division to form Chin Special Division, and Kachin State was formed by carving out the Myitkyina and Bhamo districts of Mandalay Division. Karen State was also created from Amherst, Thaton, and Toungoo Districts of Tenasserim Division. Karenni State was separated from the Federated Shan States, and Shan State was formed by merging the Federated Shan States and the Wa States. In 1952, Karenni State

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