In vertebrate anatomy , the hip , or coxa ( pl. : coxae ) in medical terminology , refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis .
97-448: The hip region is located lateral and anterior to the gluteal region , inferior to the iliac crest , and lateral to the obturator foramen , with muscle tendons and soft tissues overlying the greater trochanter of the femur . In adults, the three pelvic bones ( ilium , ischium and pubis ) have fused into one hip bone , which forms the superomedial/deep wall of the hip region. The hip joint , scientifically referred to as
194-506: A hip replacement operation due to fractures or illnesses such as osteoarthritis . Hip pain can have multiple sources and can also be associated with lower back pain . At the 2022 Consumer Electronics Show , a company named Safeware announced an airbag belt that is designed to prevent hip fractures among such uses as the elderly and hospital patients. Abnormal orientation of the acetabular socket as seen in hip dysplasia can lead to hip subluxation (partial dislocation), degeneration of
291-421: A C shape (see image). The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks . They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology. Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific spinal vertebra , depending on the section of the vertebral column the structure is at. The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at
388-421: A C shape (see image). The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks . They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology. Structures may be described as being at the level of a specific spinal vertebra , depending on the section of the vertebral column the structure is at. The position is often abbreviated. For example, structures at
485-405: A buttonhole on the femoral head and assists in maintaining the contact in the joint. All three ligaments become taut when the joint is extended - this stabilises the joint, and reduces the energy demand of muscles when standing. The intracapsular ligament, the ligamentum teres , is attached to a depression in the acetabulum (the acetabular notch) and a depression on the femoral head (the fovea of
582-421: A consequence, the greater trochanter is often the only palpable bony structure in the hip region. The hip joint or coxofemoral joint is a ball and socket synovial joint formed by the articulation of the rounded head of the femur and the cup-like acetabulum of the pelvis. The socket of the acetabulum is pointing downwards and anterolaterally. The socket is also turned such that the outer edge of its roof
679-448: A definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms, the body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes . The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal . Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates , some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that
776-411: A line passing from the anterior to the posterior acetabular rim and the sagittal plane. It measures 7° at birth and increases to 17° in adults. Wiberg's centre-edge angle (CE angle) is an angle between a vertical line and a line from the centre of the femoral head to the most lateral part of the acetabulum, as seen on an anteroposterior radiograph . The vertical-centre-anterior margin angle (VCA)
873-422: A part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example, Terminologia Anatomica for humans and Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as anatomists , veterinarians , and medical doctors , to have
970-416: A small vessel in the ligament of the head of the femur which is a branch of the posterior division of the obturator artery , which becomes important to avoid avascular necrosis of the head of the femur when the blood supply from the medial and lateral circumflex arteries are disrupted (e.g. through fracture of the neck of the femur along their course). The hip has two anatomically important anastomoses ,
1067-414: A standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure. Standard anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists, veterinarians , doctors and anatomists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of
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#17328482740561164-414: A standard set of terms to communicate clearly the position of a structure. Standard anatomical and zoological terms of location have been developed, usually based on Latin and Greek words, to enable all biological and medical scientists, veterinarians , doctors and anatomists to precisely delineate and communicate information about animal bodies and their organs, even though the meaning of some of
1261-403: A state in which a part further away is abnormally placed towards (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline. The terms proximal (from Latin proximus 'nearest') and distal (from Latin distare 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Thus the upper arm in humans
1358-403: A state in which a part further away is abnormally placed towards (varus) or away from (valgus) the midline. The terms proximal (from Latin proximus 'nearest') and distal (from Latin distare 'to stand away from') are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to or distant from the main mass of the body, respectively. Thus the upper arm in humans
1455-402: A transverse axis (left-right); lateral rotation and medial rotation around a longitudinal axis (along the thigh); and abduction and adduction around a sagittal axis (forward-backward); and a combination of these movements (i.e. circumduction , a compound movement in which the leg describes the surface of an irregular cone). Some of the hip muscles also act on either the vertebral joints or
1552-452: A wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm. The terms are also applied to internal anatomy, such as to the reproductive tract of snails . Unfortunately, different authors use the terms in opposite senses. Some consider "distal" as further from a point of origin near the centre of the body and others as further from where the organ reaches the body's surface; or other points of origin may be envisaged. This terminology
1649-452: A wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm. The terms are also applied to internal anatomy, such as to the reproductive tract of snails . Unfortunately, different authors use the terms in opposite senses. Some consider "distal" as further from a point of origin near the centre of the body and others as further from where the organ reaches the body's surface; or other points of origin may be envisaged. This terminology
1746-428: Is a thickening of the anterior capsule extending from anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line . Ischiofemoral ligament is the thickening of posterior capsule of the hip and pubofemoral ligament is the thickening of the inferior capsule. In the upright position, iliofemoral ligament prevents the trunk from falling backward without the need for muscular activity, thus preventing excessive hyperextension. In
1843-413: Is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall moiety of a given compound. Central and peripheral refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something. That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. For example, the central nervous system and
1940-413: Is also employed in molecular biology and therefore by extension is also used in chemistry, specifically referring to the atomic loci of molecules from the overall moiety of a given compound. Central and peripheral refer to the distance towards and away from the centre of something. That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. For example, the central nervous system and
2037-447: Is an angle formed from a vertical line (V) and a line from the centre of the femoral head (C) and the anterior (A) edge of the dense shadow of the subchondral bone slightly posterior to the anterior edge of the acetabulum, with the radiograph being taken from the false angle , that is, a lateral view rotated 25 degrees towards becoming frontal. The articular cartilage angle (AC angle, also called acetabular index or Hilgenreiner angle)
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#17328482740562134-430: Is an angle formed parallel to the weight bearing dome, that is, the acetabular sourcil or "roof", and the horizontal plane, or a line connecting the corner of the triangular cartilage and the lateral acetabular rim. In normal hips in children aged between 11 and 24 months, it has been estimated to be on average 20°, ranging between 18° and 25°. It becomes progressively lower with age. Suggested cutoff values to classify
2231-407: Is attached to the shaft by a thin neck region that is often prone to fracture in the elderly, which is mainly due to the degenerative effects of osteoporosis . The acetabulum is oriented inferiorly, laterally and anteriorly, while the femoral neck is directed superiorly, medially, and slightly anteriorly. Acetabular angle (or Sharp's angle) is the angle between the horizontal line passing through
2328-400: Is attached to the trochanters of the femur and intertrochanteric line anteriorly. Posteriorly, it is attached to a junction between medial two-thirds and lateral one-third of the femoral neck, one finger breadth away from the intertrochanteric crest. From its attachment at the femoral neck, the fibres of the capsule reflected backwards towards the acetabulum, carrying retinacula vessels supplying
2425-414: Is fractured or disrupted by injury in childhood. The hip joint is supplied with blood from the medial circumflex femoral and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are both usually branches of the deep artery of the thigh (profunda femoris), but there are numerous variations and one or both may also arise directly from the femoral artery . There is also a small contribution from the foveal artery,
2522-425: Is more lateral than outer edge of the floor. It forms the primary connection between the bones of the lower limb and the axial skeleton of the trunk and pelvis. Both joint surfaces are covered with a strong but lubricated layer called articular hyaline cartilage . The cuplike acetabulum forms at the union of three pelvic bones — the ilium , pubis , and ischium . The Y-shaped growth plate that separates them,
2619-402: Is proximal and the hand is distal. "Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing appendages , such as fins , tentacles , and limbs . Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to
2716-402: Is proximal and the hand is distal. "Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing appendages , such as fins , tentacles , and limbs . Although the direction indicated by "proximal" and "distal" is always respectively towards or away from the point of attachment, a given structure can be either proximal or distal in relation to another point of reference. Thus the elbow is distal to
2813-515: Is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that a part is close to the middle ("proximal") or further from the middle ("distal"). International organisations have determined vocabularies that are often used as standards for subdisciplines of anatomy. For example, Terminologia Anatomica for humans and Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria for animals. These allow parties that use anatomical terms, such as anatomists , veterinarians , and medical doctors , to have
2910-402: Is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to
3007-402: Is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. This is because the brain is situated at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is situated in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to
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3104-481: Is roughly symmetrical. To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at right angles . An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. Several terms are commonly seen and used as prefixes : Other terms are used as suffixes , added to
3201-481: Is roughly symmetrical. To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at right angles . An organism that is round or not symmetrical may have different axes. Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. Several terms are commonly seen and used as prefixes : Other terms are used as suffixes , added to
3298-458: Is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used: For example, in horses , the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head. These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral"
3395-458: Is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used: For example, in horses , the eyes are caudal to the nose and rostral to the back of the head. These terms are generally preferred in veterinary medicine and not used as often in human medicine. In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral"
3492-434: Is to the midline, or the medial plane. Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". Medial (from Latin medius 'middle') describes structures close to the midline, or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the torso . The genitals are medial to
3589-434: Is to the midline, or the medial plane. Lateral (from Latin lateralis 'to the side') describes something to the sides of an animal, as in "left lateral" and "right lateral". Medial (from Latin medius 'middle') describes structures close to the midline, or closer to the midline than another structure. For example, in a human, the arms are lateral to the torso . The genitals are medial to
3686-420: The acetabular labrum . Excessive coverage of femoral head by the acetabulum can lead to pincer-type femoro-acetabular impingement (FAI). In humans, unlike other animals, the hip bones are substantially different in the two sexes. The hips of human females widen during puberty . The femora are also more widely spaced in females, so as to widen the opening in the hip bone and thus facilitate childbirth. Finally,
3783-405: The acetabulofemoral joint ( art. coxae ), is the ball-and-socket joint between the pelvic acetabulum and the femoral head . Its primary function is to support the weight of the torso in both static (e.g. standing ) and dynamic (e.g. walking or running ) postures. The hip joints have very important roles in retaining balance, and for maintaining the pelvic inclination angle . Pain of
3880-438: The anterior superior iliac spine , the medial malleolus or the medial epicondyle . Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the cardiac exam in medicine to feel the apex beat of the heart . Special terms are used to describe the mouth and teeth. Fields such as osteology , palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe
3977-438: The anterior superior iliac spine , the medial malleolus or the medial epicondyle . Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location. For example, the mid-clavicular line is used as part of the cardiac exam in medicine to feel the apex beat of the heart . Special terms are used to describe the mouth and teeth. Fields such as osteology , palaeontology and dentistry apply special terms of location to describe
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4074-457: The cruciate and the trochanteric anastomoses , the latter of which provides most of the blood to the head of the femur. These anastomoses exist between the femoral artery or profunda femoris and the gluteal vessels. The hip muscles act on three mutually perpendicular main axes, all of which pass through the center of the femoral head , resulting in three degrees of freedom and three pair of principal directions: Flexion and extension around
4171-449: The head . Anterior (from Latin ante 'before') describes what is in front, and posterior (from Latin post 'after') describes what is to the back of something. For example, for a dog the nose is anterior to the eyes and the tail is considered the most posterior part; for many fish the gill openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail. These terms describe how close something
4268-449: The head . Anterior (from Latin ante 'before') describes what is in front, and posterior (from Latin post 'after') describes what is to the back of something. For example, for a dog the nose is anterior to the eyes and the tail is considered the most posterior part; for many fish the gill openings are posterior to the eyes but anterior to the tail. These terms describe how close something
4365-451: The iliofemoral , ischiofemoral , and pubofemoral ligaments attached to the bones of the pelvis (the ilium , ischium , and pubis respectively). All three strengthen the capsule and prevent an excessive range of movement in the joint. Of these, the Y-shaped and twisted iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the human body. It has a tensile strength of 350 kg. Iliofemoral ligament
4462-648: The neuraxis is different between the two groups, and so is what is considered the standard anatomical position , such as how humans tend to be standing upright and with their arms reaching forward. Thus, the "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog would be the back, and the "top" of a flounder may be on either the left or right side. Unique terms are also used to describe invertebrates as well, because of their wider variety of shapes and symmetry. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to
4559-648: The neuraxis is different between the two groups, and so is what is considered the standard anatomical position , such as how humans tend to be standing upright and with their arms reaching forward. Thus, the "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog would be the back, and the "top" of a flounder may be on either the left or right side. Unique terms are also used to describe invertebrates as well, because of their wider variety of shapes and symmetry. Because animals can change orientation with respect to their environment, and because appendages like limbs and tentacles can change position with respect to
4656-467: The pectoralis major muscle). In radiology , an X-ray image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays, known as its projection, passes from their source to patient's anterior body wall first, then through the body to exit through posterior body wall and into the detector/film to produce a radiograph. The opposite is true for the term "posteroanterior," while side-to-side projections are known as either "lateromedial" (from
4753-467: The pectoralis major muscle). In radiology , an X-ray image may be said to be "anteroposterior", indicating that the beam of X-rays, known as its projection, passes from their source to patient's anterior body wall first, then through the body to exit through posterior body wall and into the detector/film to produce a radiograph. The opposite is true for the term "posteroanterior," while side-to-side projections are known as either "lateromedial" (from
4850-415: The peripheral nervous systems . Central (from Latin centralis ) describes something close to the centre. For example, the great vessels run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these. Peripheral (from Latin peripheria , originally from Ancient Greek ) describes something further away from the centre of something. For example, the arm is peripheral to
4947-415: The peripheral nervous systems . Central (from Latin centralis ) describes something close to the centre. For example, the great vessels run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these. Peripheral (from Latin peripheria , originally from Ancient Greek ) describes something further away from the centre of something. For example, the arm is peripheral to
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#17328482740565044-472: The sacroiliac joint meander and criss-cross each other down through the hip bone, the femoral head, neck, and shaft. On the lateral side of the hip joint the fascia lata is strengthened to form the iliotibial tract which functions as a tension band and reduces the bending loads on the proximal part of the femur. Proximally, capsule of the hip joint is attached to the edge of the acetabulum, acetabular labrum, and transverse acetabular ligament. Distally, it
5141-413: The triradiate cartilage , is fused definitively at ages 14–16. It is a special type of spheroidal or ball and socket joint where the roughly spherical femoral head is largely contained within the acetabulum and has an average radius of curvature of 2.5 cm. The acetabulum grasps almost half the femoral ball, a grip deepened by a ring-shaped fibrocartilaginous lip, the acetabular labrum , which extends
5238-414: The angle as abnormally increased include: The angle between the longitudinal axes of the femoral neck and shaft, called the caput-collum-diaphyseal angle or CCD angle, normally measures approximately 150° in newborn and 126° in adults ( coxa norma ). An abnormally small angle is known as coxa vara and an abnormally large angle as coxa valga . Because changes in shape of the femur naturally affects
5335-400: The body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides. Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of
5432-400: The body in a standing position with arms at the side and palms facing forward, with thumbs out and to the sides. Many anatomical terms can be combined, either to indicate a position in two axes simultaneously or to indicate the direction of a movement relative to the body. For example, "anterolateral" indicates a position that is both anterior and lateral to the body axis (such as the bulk of
5529-416: The body is described through the use of anatomical planes and anatomical axes . The meaning of terms that are used can change depending on whether an organism is bipedal or quadrupedal . Additionally, for some animals such as invertebrates , some terms may not have any meaning at all; for example, an animal that is radially symmetrical will have no anterior surface, but can still have a description that
5626-570: The body. These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface. Deep (from Old English ) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. For example, the external oblique muscle of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus 'due to depth'). Superficial (from Latin superficies 'surface') describes something near
5723-570: The body. These terms refer to the distance of a structure from the surface. Deep (from Old English ) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. For example, the external oblique muscle of the abdomen is deep to the skin. "Deep" is one of the few anatomical terms of location derived from Old English rather than Latin – the anglicised Latin term would have been "profound" (from Latin profundus 'due to depth'). Superficial (from Latin superficies 'surface') describes something near
5820-619: The classical poses women take when sculpted, painted or photographed, such as the Grande Odalisque , serve to emphasize the prominence of their hips. Similarly, women's fashion through the ages has often drawn attention to the girth of the wearer's hips. Lateral (anatomy) Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of animals , including humans . The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position . This position provides
5917-417: The closeness to the midline of the dental arch. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin palatum 'palate') referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet. Additional terms may be used to avoid confusion when describing
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#17328482740566014-417: The closeness to the midline of the dental arch. Terms used to describe structures include "buccal" (from Latin bucca 'cheek') and "palatal" (from Latin palatum 'palate') referring to structures close to the cheek and hard palate respectively. Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet. Additional terms may be used to avoid confusion when describing
6111-421: The end of words: Superior (from Latin super 'above') describes what is above something and inferior (from Latin inferus 'below') describes what is below it. For example, in the anatomical position , the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet. As a second example, in humans, the neck is superior to the chest but inferior to
6208-421: The end of words: Superior (from Latin super 'above') describes what is above something and inferior (from Latin inferus 'below') describes what is below it. For example, in the anatomical position , the most superior part of the human body is the head and the most inferior is the feet. As a second example, in humans, the neck is superior to the chest but inferior to
6305-516: The femoral head. The part of femoral neck outside the capsule is shorter in front than posteriorly. The strong but loose fibrous capsule of the hip joint permits the hip joint to have the second largest range of movement (second only to the shoulder ) and yet support the weight of the body, arms and head. The capsule has two sets of fibers: longitudinal and circular. The hip joint is reinforced by four ligaments, of which three are extracapsular and one intracapsular. The extracapsular ligaments are
6402-435: The foot. Anterior and posterior Standard anatomical terms of location are used to describe unambiguously the anatomy of animals , including humans . The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position . This position provides a definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. As part of defining and describing terms,
6499-417: The hand') is commonly used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a dog 's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of
6596-417: The hand') is commonly used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand. For example, the top of a dog 's paw is its dorsal surface; the underside, either the palmar (on the forelimb) or the plantar (on the hindlimb) surface. The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of
6693-405: The head). It is only stretched when the hip is dislocated, and may then prevent further displacement. It is not that important as a ligament but can often be vitally important as a conduit of a small artery to the head of the femur, that is, the foveal artery . This artery is not present in everyone but can become the only blood supply to the bone in the head of the femur when the neck of the femur
6790-420: The hip may be the result of numerous causes, including nervous, osteoarthritic, infectious, traumatic, and genetic. The hip joint, also known as a ball and socket joint, is formed by the acetabulum of the pelvis and the femoral head, which is the top portion of the thigh bone (femur). It allows for a wide range of movement and stability in the lower body. The proximal femur is largely covered by muscles and, as
6887-399: The hip joint is thus performed by a series of muscles which are here presented in order of importance with the range of motion from the neutral zero-degree position indicated: A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur. Symptoms may include pain around the hip particularly with movement and shortening of the leg. The hip joint can be replaced by a prosthesis in
6984-457: The ilium and its muscle attachment are shaped so as to situate the buttocks away from the birth canal, where contraction of the buttocks could otherwise damage the baby. The female hips have long been associated with both fertility and general expression of sexuality . Since broad hips facilitate childbirth and also serve as an anatomical cue of sexual maturity, they have been seen as an attractive trait for women for thousands of years. Many of
7081-410: The inferior aspects of triradiate cartilages ( Hilgenreiner's line ) and another line passing through the inferior angle of triradiate cartilage to superior acetabular rim. The angle measures 35 degrees at birth, 25 degrees at one year of age, and less than 10 degrees by 15 years of age. In adults the angle can vary from 33 to 38 degrees. The sagittal angle of the acetabular inlet is an angle between
7178-408: The joint beyond the equator. The centre of the acetabulum (fovea) does not articulate to anything. Instead, it is lined with fat pad and attached to ligamentum teres . The acetabular labrum is horse-shoe shaped. Its inferior notch is bridged by transverse acetabular ligament. The joint space between the femoral head and the superior acetabulum is normally between 2 and 7 mm. The head of the femur
7275-429: The knee joint, that with their extensive areas of origin and/or insertion, different part of individual muscles participate in very different movements, and that the range of movement varies with the position of the hip joint. Additionally, the inferior and Superior gemelli muscles assist the obturator internus and the three muscles together form the three-headed muscle known as the triceps coxae . The movements of
7372-456: The knee, coxa valga is often combined with genu varum (bow-leggedness), while coxa vara leads to genu valgum (knock-knees). Changes in the CCD angle is the result of changes in the stress patterns applied to the hip joint. Such changes, caused for example by a dislocation, change the trabecular patterns inside the bones. Two continuous trabecular systems emerging on the auricular surface of
7469-512: The legs. Temporal has a similar meaning to lateral but is restricted to the head. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives ( Latin : dexter , lit. 'right'; Latin : sinister , lit. 'left'). However, it is preferred to use more precise terms where possible. Terms derived from lateral include: Varus (from Latin 'bow-legged') and valgus (from Latin 'knock-kneed' ) are terms used to describe
7566-512: The legs. Temporal has a similar meaning to lateral but is restricted to the head. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives ( Latin : dexter , lit. 'right'; Latin : sinister , lit. 'left'). However, it is preferred to use more precise terms where possible. Terms derived from lateral include: Varus (from Latin 'bow-legged') and valgus (from Latin 'knock-kneed' ) are terms used to describe
7663-448: The level of the fourth cervical vertebra may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra "T4", and at the level of the third lumbar vertebra "L3". Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. References may also take origin from superficial anatomy , made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. For example, structures may be described relative to
7760-448: The level of the fourth cervical vertebra may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra "T4", and at the level of the third lumbar vertebra "L3". Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. References may also take origin from superficial anatomy , made to landmarks that are on the skin or visible underneath. For example, structures may be described relative to
7857-401: The main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position . This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to
7954-401: The main body, terms to describe position need to refer to an animal when it is in its standard anatomical position . This means descriptions as if the organism is in its standard anatomical position, even when the organism in question has appendages in another position. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. In humans, this refers to
8051-456: The mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example, teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like "anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous. For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the dental arch , and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to
8148-456: The mouth and teeth. This is because although teeth may be aligned with their main axes within the jaw, some different relationships require special terminology as well; for example, teeth also can be rotated, and in such contexts terms like "anterior" or "lateral" become ambiguous. For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the dental arch , and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to
8245-400: The outer surface of the organism. For example, in skin , the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis . These two terms, used in anatomy and embryology , describe something at the back ( dorsal ) or front/belly ( ventral ) of an organism. The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about
8342-400: The outer surface of the organism. For example, in skin , the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis . These two terms, used in anatomy and embryology , describe something at the back ( dorsal ) or front/belly ( ventral ) of an organism. The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about
8439-402: The outside of the left or right side of the body toward the inside) or "mediolateral"(from the inside of that side of the body toward the outside. The same logic is applied to all planes of the body and, thus top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top X-ray projections are known as "superoinferior" and "inferosuperior," respectively. However, within the diagnostic imaging industry, for this particular example,
8536-402: The outside of the left or right side of the body toward the inside) or "mediolateral"(from the inside of that side of the body toward the outside. The same logic is applied to all planes of the body and, thus top-to-bottom or bottom-to-top X-ray projections are known as "superoinferior" and "inferosuperior," respectively. However, within the diagnostic imaging industry, for this particular example,
8633-422: The sitting position, it becomes relaxed, thus permitting the pelvis to tilt backward into its sitting position. Ischiofemoral prevents excessive extension and the pubofemoral ligament prevents excess abduction and extension. The zona orbicularis , which lies like a collar around the most narrow part of the femoral neck , is covered by the other ligaments which partly radiate into it. The zona orbicularis acts like
8730-442: The skull, the dorsal side is the top. The ventral (from Latin venter 'belly') surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism. For example, in a fish, the pectoral fins are dorsal to the anal fin , but ventral to the dorsal fin . The terms are used in other contexts; for example dorsal and ventral gun turrets on a bomber aircraft. Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something
8827-442: The skull, the dorsal side is the top. The ventral (from Latin venter 'belly') surface refers to the front, or lower side, of an organism. For example, in a fish, the pectoral fins are dorsal to the anal fin , but ventral to the dorsal fin . The terms are used in other contexts; for example dorsal and ventral gun turrets on a bomber aircraft. Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something
8924-460: The surfaces of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface. The term "anterior", while anatomically correct, can be confusing when describing the palm of the hand; Similarly is "posterior", used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can pronate and supinate and flip the location of the hand. For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of
9021-460: The surfaces of the hand and what is the "anterior" or "posterior" surface. The term "anterior", while anatomically correct, can be confusing when describing the palm of the hand; Similarly is "posterior", used to describe the back of the hand and arm. This confusion can arise because the forearm can pronate and supinate and flip the location of the hand. For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of
9118-429: The terms "cranial" (towards the head) and "caudal" (towards the tail, or, downwards, away from the head) are known interchangeable alternatives to the previous two projection terms. Combined terms were once generally hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen. Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes : The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism
9215-429: The terms "cranial" (towards the head) and "caudal" (towards the tail, or, downwards, away from the head) are known interchangeable alternatives to the previous two projection terms. Combined terms were once generally hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen. Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes : The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism
9312-404: The terms often is context-sensitive. Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans ( Terminologia Anatomica ) and animals ( Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria ). Different terms are used for groups of creatures with different body layouts, such as bipeds (creatures that stand on two feet, such as humans) and quadrupeds . The reasoning is that
9409-404: The terms often is context-sensitive. Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans ( Terminologia Anatomica ) and animals ( Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria ). Different terms are used for groups of creatures with different body layouts, such as bipeds (creatures that stand on two feet, such as humans) and quadrupeds . The reasoning is that
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