The Hillsborough Convention , was the first of two North Carolina conventions to ratify the United States Constitution . Delegates represented 7 boroughs and 59 counties, including six western counties that became part of Tennessee when it was created in 1796. They met in Hillsborough, North Carolina from July 21 to August 4, 1788 to deliberate and determine whether to ratify the Constitution recommended to the states by the General Convention that had been held in Philadelphia the previous summer. The delegates had won their seats through special elections held in March 1788, as mandated by the North Carolina General Assembly . Governor Samuel Johnston presided over the Convention. The Hillsborough Convention was dominated by anti-Federalists, and North Carolina did not ratify the Constitution until the Fayetteville Convention , which met a year later.
50-622: The convention was held in Hillsborough , North Carolina , at the St. Matthew's Episcopal (Church of England) Church. The church was located on lot 98 in Hillsborough. It was also the location of the third Provincial Congress of North Carolina of 1775 and the meeting place of the North Carolina Legislature in 1778, 1782 and 1783. The church was destroyed by fire before 1800s. A new structure
100-475: A different analysis of the phonemic system of Proto-Siouan, which appears below: In Siouanist literature (e.g., Rankin et al. 2015), Americanist phonetic transcriptions are the norm, so IPA * ʃ is Americanist *š, IPA *j is Americanist *y, and so on. The major change to the previously-proposed system was accomplished by systematically accounting for the distribution of multiple stop series in modern Siouan languages by tracing them back to multiple stop series in
150-446: A household in the town was $ 40,111, and the median income for a family was $ 46,793. Males had a median income of $ 36,636 versus $ 29,052 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 21,818. About 11.0% of families and 12.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.1% of those under age 18 and 16.6% of those age 65 or over. Hillsborough is also home to the internationally recognized arts nonprofit organisation,
200-599: A reflex of [w], [b], [mb], or [p]. The actual phonetic value of these obstruents is an issue of some debate, with some arguing that they arise through geminated *w+*w or *r+*r sequences or a laryngeal plus *w or *r. Previous work on Proto-Siouan only posited single vowel length. However, phonemic vowel length exists in several Siouan languages such as Hidatsa , Ho-Chunk , and Tutelo . Rankin et al. (2015) analyze numerous instances of long vowels as present due to common inheritance rather than common innovation. The five oral vowels and three nasal vowels posited by earlier scholars
250-641: A series of amendments to personal liberties and urged the new federal Congress to adopt measures to incorporate a bill of rights into the Constitution. North Carolina would not join the Union until after it ratified the Constitution, more than a year later, at the November 1789 Fayetteville Convention . There were 294 known delegates from the 59 counties and seven boroughs of North Carolina. Some counties (Greene, Sullivan, Sumner, Tennessee, Washington) later became part of
300-466: Is a language family of North America that is located primarily in the Great Plains , Ohio and Mississippi valleys and southeastern North America with a few other languages in the east. Authors who call the entire family Siouan distinguish the two branches as Western Siouan and Eastern Siouan or as "Siouan-proper" and "Catawban". Others restrict the name "Siouan" to the western branch and use
350-584: Is also home to charter schools Eno River Academy (K-12) and The Expedition School (K-8), as well as alternative school Partnership Academy (9-12). Durham Technical Community College also has an Orange County campus in Hillsborough. For its size, Hillsborough has a high concentration of residents who are nationally known artists and authors, including Lee Smith , Jill McCorkle , Allan Gurganus , Michael Malone , Annie Dillard , Hal Crowther , Frances Mayes , and David Payne. Siouan Siouan ( / ˈ s uː ən / SOO -ən ) or Siouan–Catawban
400-852: Is also listed on the NRHP. Hillsborough is located along the Eno River . The town government has constructed the Riverwalk along the river—a paved, accessible, urban greenway that stretches approximately two miles, connecting the trail system in the Occoneechee Mountain State Natural Area to trails on the Ayr Mount property and the Occoneechee Speedway trail. The Riverwalk is part of the Mountains-to-Sea Trail . According to
450-454: Is an 1844 Greek-revival building designed and built by local builder John Berry. The courthouse is still used for county judicial business. The circa 1760s Hillsborough Clock located atop the town courthouse was a once believed to be a gift from King George III, but its origin is currently unknown. It was first placed in the town church, then moved to the Market House. In 1781, David Fanning and
500-509: Is expanded to include a distinction between short and long vowels. The proposed Proto-Siouan vowel system appears below: The Yuchi isolate may be the closest relative of Sioux–Catawban, based on both sound changes and morphological comparison. In the 19th century, Robert Latham suggested that the Siouan languages are related to the Caddoan and Iroquoian languages . In 1931, Louis Allen presented
550-527: Is shown below: With respect to vowels, five oral vowels are reconstructed: /*i, *e, *a, *o, *u/ and three nasal vowels /*ĩ, *ã, *ũ/ . Wolff also reconstructed some consonantal clusters /*tk, *kʃ, *ʃk, *sp/ . Collaborative work involving a number of Siouanists started at the 1984 Comparative Siouan Workshop at the University of Colorado with the goal of creating a comparative Siouan dictionary that would include Proto-Siouan reconstructions. This work yielded
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#1732859413462600-521: The Eno River . Hillsborough was founded in 1754 and was first owned, surveyed, and mapped by William Churton (a surveyor for Earl Granville ). Originally to be named Orange, it was first named Corbin Town (for Francis Corbin, a member of the governor's council and one of Granville's land agents). It was renamed in 1759 as Childsburgh (in honor of Thomas Child, the attorney general for North Carolina from 1751 to 1760 and another of Granville's land agents). It
650-594: The Music Maker Relief Foundation Hillsborough is part of the Orange County School District, which includes River Park Elementary, Efland Cheeks Elementary, Grady A. Brown Elementary, New Hope Elementary, Pathways Elementary, Central Elementary and Hillsborough Elementary Schools (K-5), A.L. Stanback Middle School, Orange Middle School, Gravelly Hill Middle School, Cedar Ridge High School , and Orange High School . Hillsborough
700-606: The Occaneechi and the Eno were living in the Hillsborough area at the time of European contact. The English explorer John Lawson recorded visiting "Occaneechi Town" here when he traveled through North Carolina in 1701. The tribes suffered high losses due to new infectious diseases brought by Europeans and conflicts with northern Indian groups ; most of the survivors were eventually pushed out of their territory by British and other European settlers. English settlers developed Hillsborough near
750-468: The Regulator movement , which had its strongest support in Hillsborough. With specie scarce, many inland farmers found themselves unable to pay their taxes and resented the consequent seizure of their property. Local sheriffs sometimes kept taxes for their own gain and sometimes charged twice for the same tax. Heavy-handed and corrupt local officials and Governor William Tryon 's conspicuous consumption in
800-532: The United States Census Bureau , the town has a total area of 4.6 square miles (12 km ), of which 4.6 square miles (12 km ) is land and 0.22% is water. The architecture of nearby Duke University incorporates the stone from the local Hillsborough Quarry. Now sometimes referred to as the Duke Stone, it is included in the design of almost every building on Duke University West Campus which
850-485: The 1 mi (1.6 km)-long Poet's Walk. Green Hill is a Federal-style plantation house. It was built circa 1750-1784 for George Johnston. It was moved in the late 1960s from its original location approximately 12 miles south of Hillsborough. The name comes from the teardrop-shaped glass on the front doors and the molding around the eaves of the house. The property was owned by Edmund Fanning until 1768, when he sold it to Thomas King, an inn keeper. The main body of
900-456: The 19th century. In the late 1960s, residents voted to change the name back to its original, historic spelling. Local Native American groups had lived in the Hillsborough area for thousands of years by the time Spanish explorers entered the region. The Great Indian Trading Path, used by generations of Native Americans, crossed the Eno River in this area. Historic Siouan -language tribes such as
950-737: The Alexander Dickson home. In 1982 this house was moved downtown in order to preserve it from commercial development; it now serves as the Hillsborough Welcome Center. After sweeping through the South on his March to the Sea , Union General William T. Sherman camped in Raleigh . He offered an armistice to Johnston, who agreed to meet to discuss terms of surrender. Johnston, traveling east from Hillsborough, and Sherman, traveling west from Raleigh along
1000-722: The Constitution. During the bicentennial celebration of the writing and ratification of the Constitution, a historical marker was placed at the site (now the Hillsborough Presbyterian Church) commemorating the convention. William Hooper , a signer of the Declaration of Independence , was buried in the Presbyterian Church cemetery in October 1790. However, his remains were later reinterred at Guilford Court House Military Battlefield . His original gravestone remains in
1050-486: The Eno River document the local history. Native American relics have been recovered from the sites of ancient villages thousands of years old. The Hillsborough Visitors Center operates from this late-18th century Quaker-plan house. It was moved from its original location 1 mi (1.6 km) southeast of Hillsborough to its present location in the historic district. The site includes an office used by Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston . The Old Orange County Courthouse
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#17328594134621100-461: The Federalist minority brought a stenographer to the convention to record their arguments for publication in the hopes of changing public opinion in the future. The debate resulted in the delegates voting 184 to 84 to neither ratify nor reject the Constitution. One of the major reasons for North Carolina not ratifying the Constitution was its lack of a Bill of Rights . The delegates, however, proposed
1150-572: The Hillsborough-Raleigh Road, met approximately halfway near present-day Durham (then Durham Station) at the home of James and Nancy Bennett. This farmhouse is now known as Bennett Place . The two generals met three times on April 17, 18, and finally on April 26, when they agreed on the final terms of surrender. Johnston surrendered 89,270 Southern troops who were still active in North Carolina, South Carolina , Georgia, and Florida . This
1200-689: The National Register of Historic Places. They include the Bellevue Manufacturing Company , Burwell School , Cabe-Pratt-Harris House , Commandant's House , Eagle Lodge , Eno Cotton Mill , Faucett Mill and House , Hazel-Nash House , Heartsease , Holden-Roberts Farm , Jacob Jackson Farm , Montrose , Moorefields , Murphey School , Nash Law Office , Nash-Hooper House , Rigsbee's Rock House , Ruffin-Roulhac House , Sans Souci , St. Mary's Chapel , and St. Matthew's Episcopal Church and Churchyard . The Hillsborough Historic District
1250-669: The Ohio River Valley, but across the Appalachian Plateau and into the Piedmont regions of present-day Virginia and the Carolinas. Some of these groups migrated or were displaced great distances following European contact, ending up as far afield as present-day Ontario and southern Mississippi. Collectively, Siouan languages of Appalachia and the Piedmont are sometimes grouped under the term Tutelo , Tutelo-Saponi, or Yesah (Yesa:sahį) as
1300-460: The Old Slave Cemetery, first appears in written records in 1885. It is believed that Peter Brown Ruffin, a landowner and employer to the west of Hillsborough, bought the two 1-acre (0.40 ha) lots that comprise the cemetery from the town in 1854 to use as a burial ground. Occoneechee Speedway , just outside Hillsborough, was one of the first two NASCAR tracks to open in 1949. The track
1350-559: The Tories raided the town, seized the bell of the clock, and threw it into the Eno River, but it was fished out by the people at war's end, the clock was fixed, given new weights, and placed in the courthouse where it still works today over 250 years later. It is one of the five oldest functioning tower clocks in the USA today. Ayr Mount is an 1815 Federal-era plantation house, restored and furnished with period antiques and fine art. The estate includes
1400-401: The basis of linguistic evidence, that Catawban was divergent enough from the other Siouan languages, including neighboring Siouan languages of the Piedmont and Appalachia, to be considered a distinct branch. Voegelin proposes that Biloxi, Ofo and Tutelo consistute one group which he terms Ohio Valley Siouan . This group includes various historical languages spoken by Siouan peoples not only in
1450-452: The construction of a new governor's mansion at New Bern exacerbated the movement's resentment. As the western districts were under-represented in the colonial legislature, farmers had difficulty gaining redress from the legislature . Ultimately, the frustrated farmers took to arms and closed the court in Hillsborough, dragging those they considered corrupt officials through the streets. Tryon and North Carolina militia troops marched to
1500-436: The convention were William Murfree , Peter Gooding , Nicholas Murfree , and James Mulloy . Additional sourcing: Hillsborough, North Carolina The town of Hillsborough is the county seat of Orange County, North Carolina , United States and is located along the Eno River . The population was 6,087 in 2010 , but it grew rapidly to 9,660 by 2020 . Its name was unofficially shortened to "Hillsboro" during
1550-400: The first list of systematic correspondences between a set of 25 lexical items in Siouan and Iroquoian. In the 1960s and 1970s, Wallace Chafe further explored the link between Siouan and Caddoan languages. In the 1990s, Marianne Mithun compared the morphology and syntax of all the three families. At present, this Macro-Siouan hypothesis is not considered proven, and the similarities between
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1600-557: The language historically spoken by the Monacan , Manahoac , Haliwa-Saponi , and Occaneechi peoples. Proto-Siouan is the reconstructed ancestor of all modern Siouan languages. There is a certain amount of comparative work in Siouan–Catawban languages. Wolff (1950–51) is among the first and more complete works on the subject. Wolff reconstructed the system of proto-Siouan, and this was modified by Matthews (1958). The latter's system
1650-590: The name Siouan–Catawban for the entire family. Generally, however, the name "Siouan" is used without distinction. Siouan languages can be grouped into Western Siouan languages and Catawban . The Western Siouan languages are typically subdivided into Missouri River languages (such as Crow and Hidatsa ), Mandan , Mississippi River languages (such as Dakota , Chiwere - Winnebago , and Dhegihan languages ), and Ohio Valley Siouan languages ( Ofo , Biloxi , and Tutelo ). The Catawban branch consists of Catawban and Woccon . Charles F. Voegelin established, on
1700-550: The powers of the federal government to help the country keep from dissolving. They argued that the powers granted to the federal government in the Articles of Confederation were not sufficient. On the other side, the Anti-Federalists were suspicious of the federal government and did not want self-rule to come under fire from a government that could intrude on state and individual rights. Knowing that they would likely lose, members of
1750-517: The present structure might be King's old inn. Notable eighteenth-century owners include General Thomas Person, Peter Malett, William Duffy, and John Taylor, who was clerk of the Superior Court from 1800 to 1845. In 1938, the J.W. Richmond family bought the property and renovated the house as a private residence. After additional renovations, Richmond adapted it as 'The Inn at Teardrops', a bed and breakfast . Margaret Lane Cemetery, sometimes called
1800-436: The proto-language. Previous analysis posited only a single stop series. Many of the consonant clusters proposed by Wolff (1950–1951) can be accounted for due to syncopation of short vowels before stressed syllables. For example, Matthews (1958: 129) gives *wróke as the proto-form for 'male.' With added data from a larger set of Siouan languages since the middle of the twentieth century, Rankin et al. (2015) give *waroː(-ka) as
1850-511: The reconstructed form for 'male.' Unlike Wolff and Matthew's proposals, there are no posited nasal consonants in Proto-Siouan. Nasal consonants only arise in daughter languages when followed by a nasal vowel. In addition, there is a set of sounds that represent obstruentized versions of their corresponding sonorants. These sounds have different reflexes in daughter languages, with *w appearing as [w] or [m] in most daughter languages, while *W has
1900-630: The region and defeated the Regulators at the Battle of Alamance in May 1771. Several trials were held after the war, resulting in the hanging of six Regulators at Hillsborough on June 19, 1771. The North Carolina Provincial Congress met in Hillsborough from August 20 – September 10, 1775, at the outset of the American Revolution . The North Carolina General Assembly met here in 1778, 1782, and 1783. The town
1950-406: The site of the former Occaneechi village and its river fords . In the early 18th century, some Occaneechi left Hillsborough for Virginia , though they returned to the area around 1780. In the 1980s, an archaeological team from UNC-Chapel Hill excavated a historic Occaneechi farming village in this area. A replica of an Occaneechi village was built close to their original site of settlement near
2000-589: The state of Tennessee in 1796. The election of delegates from Dobbs County was declared invalid because of violence that led to the loss of the ballot box. Governor Samuel Johnston was the President of the Convention. While his home was in Chowan County, he represented Perquimans County in the Convention. John Hunt was the secretary and James Taylor was the assistant secretary of the Convention. The doorkeepers of
2050-583: The town cemetery. Robert and Margaret Anna (née Robertson) Burwell ran a girl's academy called the Burwell School from 1837 to 1857 in their home on Churton Street. When the Civil War began, Hillsborough residents were reluctant to support secession , but many men went off to fight for the Confederacy . In March 1865, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston and his troops wintered just outside Hillsborough at
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2100-543: The town was 60.26% White , 34.83% African American , 0.51% Native American , 0.57% Asian , 1.62% from other races , and 2.20% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.79% of the population. There were 2,101 households, out of which 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 20.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who
2150-460: The track from being built in the town. Instead, NASCAR officials moved their project to Alabama, where they built the large Talladega Superspeedway in Talladega . A former house once owned by Julian Carr named Poplar Hill is located in the town's historic district. It was moved from its original location south of the Eno River in 1980. Numerous other properties in Hillsborough are listed on
2200-449: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.99. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 32.7% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.0 males. The median income for
2250-612: Was also the site of the first North Carolina ratifying convention , which met July 21 – August 2, 1788, to deliberate and determine whether or not to ratify the Constitution recommended to the states by the Constitutional Convention held in Philadelphia the previous summer. With the hope of effecting the incorporation of a Bill of Rights into the frame of government, delegates voted (184–84) to neither ratify nor reject
2300-492: Was built on the site in 1814 and became the Hillsborough Presbyterian Church in 1816. Key state Federalists were James Iredell Sr., William Richardson Davie , and William Blount . Anti-Federalist leaders included Willie Jones , Samuel Spencer , and Timothy Bloodworth . The Anti-Federalist delegates outnumbered their Federalist colleagues by a margin of two to one. The Federalists wanted to strengthen
2350-505: Was made up of dirt. It is one of two tracks remaining from that inaugural season, Martinsville Speedway being the other. Today, the site has been preserved as a trail. The Historic Occoneechee Speedway Trail (HOST) is a 3 mi (4.8 km)-trail located on 44 acres (180,000 m ) at the site of the former Speedway. Bill France and the early founders of NASCAR bought land to build a 1 mi (1.6 km) oval track at Hillsborough, but opposition from local religious leaders prevented
2400-517: Was not until 1766 that it was named Hillsborough, after Wills Hill , then the Earl of Hillsborough , the British secretary of state for the colonies, and a relative of royal Governor William Tryon . Hillsborough was an early Piedmont colonial town where court was held, and was the scene of some pre- Revolutionary War tensions. In the late 1760s, tensions between Piedmont farmers and county officers arose in
2450-481: Was originally designed by architect Julian Abele . As of the 2020 United States census , there were 9,660 people, 2,739 households, and 1,668 families residing in the town. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,446 people, 2,101 households, and 1,428 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,188.7 inhabitants per square mile (459.0/km ). There were 2,329 housing units at an average density of 508.3 per square mile (196.3/km ). The racial makeup of
2500-436: Was the largest surrender of troops during the war, and effectively ended the conflict. There are numerous historical sites to visit in Hillsborough, including some dating to the late eighteenth century. More than 100 surviving late eighteenth and nineteenth-century structures help illustrate its history of prominence in the early period of the state. In addition, numerous secondary buildings, bridges, mill sites and dams along
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