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66-760: Herceg Novi ( Montenegrin Cyrillic : Херцег Нови , pronounced [xěrtseɡ nôviː] ) is a town in Coastal region of Montenegro located at the Western entrance to the Bay of Kotor and at the foot of Mount Orjen . It is the administrative center of the Herceg Novi Municipality with around 33,000 inhabitants. The town was founded as a fortress in 1382 by the King of Bosnia, Tvrtko I Kotromanić , and named after Saint Stephen but

132-653: A blitz chess tournament was held in Herceg Novi, featuring four World Champions, the field was considered the strongest of any blitz tournament in modern chess history. It once was a Catholic bishopric, but no residential incumbent data are available. In 1933 the diocese was nominally restored by establishing in the Latin Church of the Catholic Church a titular bishopric of Novi (in Dalmatia ), listed as suffragan of

198-641: A crucial role in enhancing the city's cultural life. Among many annual festivities are the mimosa celebration, local theatrical events, and a film and music fest. "The Operosa Opera Festival" takes place during the summer in the Kanli Kula amphitheater inside the fortress of Stari Grad (Old Town) and in the Forte Mare fortress. The Herceg Novi City Archive was returned in 1956 the Archive to Herceg Novi after being temporarily relocated to Zadar , Croatia. The Archive

264-489: A new salt trading center. Initially named after Saint Stephen , the city immediately came to be known as Novi (meaning "new"). After the death of Tvrtko, Duke Sandalj Hranić of the Hum lords, Kosačas , acquired Novi . During his reign, the town picked up trading salt. When Hranić died, his nephew, Duke Stjepan Vukčić Kosača inherited it. During his reign, the town grew in importance and became Stjepan's winter seat, getting

330-556: A new name in the process: Herceg Novi. The Ottomans conquered Herceg Novi before 14 December 1481, and ruled for 200 years. The Ottomans built Kanli Tower on the upper edge of the city. However, there was a short pause between 1538 and 1539 when it was held by the Spaniards before they were defeated in the Siege of Castelnuovo . In their brief overlordship, the Spanish built a Hispaniola fort above

396-688: A number of wars. Genoa, having suffered previous defeats at the hands of the Venetians, had emerged from submission to the Visconti tyrants of Milan during the 14th century, although it had also been severely weakened by the outbreak of the Black Death in 1348, which killed more than 40,000 people in Genoa. Venice had participated in the dismemberment of the Byzantine Empire in 1204 and gradually taken over land on

462-505: A part of the self-proclaimed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . Within a month, this region united with Serbia as part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929. The bay was a municipality of Dalmatia until it was, like all historic entities, abolished in 1922. It was incorporated into the Zeta Oblast (province), from 1929 style Zeta Banate . Herceg Novi

528-734: A period of clashes which led it to a coexistence with its Venetian rivals, and their commercial interests towards the Aegean and the Eastern Mediterranean were de facto divided in the following centuries, with the areas of the Dodecanese , Constantinople and the Black Sea to Genoese trade, while the Adriatic , the Ionian Islands and Crete to Venetian trade. The events of this war - which led to

594-427: A relieving force. By this time the Venetians had recovered the island, and their fleet occupied a fortified anchorage from which they refused to be drawn. Maruffo could do nothing, and on 24 June 1380 the defenders of Chioggia surrendered. The naval Battle of Chioggia took place on 24 June 1380 in the lagoon off Chioggia, resulting in a victory for Venice. The Genoese, near starvation, surrendered and thus allowed

660-628: A source of contention between the two cities; 4000 Greek islanders from Tenedos were resettled in Crete and Euboea . [1] During the first stage of the war the plans of the senate were carried out with general success. While Carlo Zeno harassed the Genoese stations in the Levant , Vettor Pisani brought one of their squadrons to action on 30 May 1378 off Cape d' Anzio to the south of the Tiber , and defeated it. The battle

726-756: A supplementary base consonant Đ : they are needed to note additional phonetic distinctions (notably to preserve the distinctions that are present in the Cyrillic script with which the Montenegrin language has also long been written, when it was still unified in the former Yugoslavia within the written Serbo-Croatian language). The alphabet also includes some digraphs built from the previous characters (that are considered as single letters for collation purpose): Dž , Nj , and Lj . The Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet ( Montenegrin : црногорска ћирилица / crnogorska ćirilica or црногорска азбука / crnogorska azbuka )

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792-418: A year. In July and August there are approximately 11 sunny hours per day. Average annual temperature is 16.2 °C (61.2 °F) (similar to that of Naples and Lisbon ). There are frequent slight temperature oscillations; the average daily temperature fluctuation is only 4 °C (7.2 °F). Average temperature from May to September is about 25 °C (77 °F), and the average summer sea temperature

858-517: Is rather high, between 22 and 26 °C (72 and 79 °F). The annual average precipitation is 1,930 mm (76.0 in). Relative air humidity is at its highest level, 80%, in the fall. Its lowest level, 63%, comes in the summer. Herceg Novi is twinned with: Montenegrin Cyrillic alphabet Although the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets enjoy equal status under the Constitution of Montenegro ,

924-562: Is the official Cyrillic script of the Montenegrin language . It is used in parallel with the Latin script. Its first version was developed by Vojislav Nikčević in the 1970s who was a dissident of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and considered Montenegrin speech to be unique and deserving of consideration as a separate language from Serbo-Croatian. The modern version was brought into official use in early 2009 by

990-577: Is used for writing the Montenegrin language in Latin script . It uses most letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet , with the exception of Q , W , X and Y , only used for writing common words or proper names directly borrowed from foreign languages. Montenegrin Latin is based on Gaj's Latin alphabet , with the addition of the two letters Ś and Ź, to replace the pairs SJ and ZJ (so anachronistically considered as digraphs). С́ and З́, and could also be represented in

1056-559: Is usually the final destination of buses that come from inland Montenegro and Serbia . The Adriatic Motorway , a two-lane motorway that extends for the length of the Montenegrin coast, goes through Herceg Novi before it merges with the Croatian road network at the Debeli Brijeg border crossing. The ferry operates on the Kamenari – Lepetane line at Verige Strait, eliminating the need to go all

1122-563: The Adriatic coast, thereby entering into conflict with the Kingdom of Hungary ; on the Italian mainland, its terrestrial acquisitions had generated a rivalry with the nearby largest city, Padua . Genoa wanted to establish a complete monopoly in the Black Sea area, particularly in the trade of grain, timber, fur, and slaves. In order to do so it needed to eliminate the commercial threat posed by Venice in this region. Genoa felt compelled to initiate

1188-532: The Adriatic coast from the river Neretva to the Bay of Kotor lacked any major settlements. In the second half of the 14th century area in Bay of Kotor also became part of the Kingdom of Bosnia . The Bosnian king, Tvrtko , embroiled in the War of Chioggia , which erupted between the old-time rival Republics of Venice and Genoa in 1378 will, as a result, find himself pressured by the circumstances of failure to seize Kotor ,

1254-658: The Archdiocese of Doclea (which in Classical times controlled its region in the Roman province of Dalmatia Superior ). The following individuals held the titular bishopric. They were either auxiliary bishops or officials of the Vatican : The Herceg Novi municipality stretches from Prevlaka to the Verige strait. An almost unbroken string of towns lie along this strip of coast, accommodating

1320-553: The Carraresi and the Hungarians. The Venetians had closed the passages through the outer banks except at the southern end, at the island of Brondolo , and the town of Chioggia. The barrier here approaches close to the mainland, and the position facilitated the co-operation of the Genoese with the Paduans and Hungarians, but Chioggia is distant from Venice, which could only be reached along

1386-574: The Nemanjić dynasty . After the death of Emperor Stefan Dušan , the Serbian Empire began to fracture into smaller principalities and districts, with Dračevica being administered by duke Vojislav Vojinović . After the rulership of Vojinović, the area, along with most of modern Montenegro, came under the rule of the Balšić noble family . Bosnia could not make economical use of Bosansko Primorje , as its share of

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1452-480: The Yugoslav wars , but the situation has changed since in favour of Budva , Kotor and other resorts. Local bus station will charge doubtfully legal fee of €2 for entering its platform with printed e-ticket. "JUK Herceg-Fest" This cultural events center was established on 24 February 1992. Two years later the cultural center joined with the "Orijen" movie distribution and production company. Together they have played

1518-406: The Bay of Kotor has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ) with significantly more rain in the winter than in the summer. Herceg Novi has a specific microclimate, which is a result of southern exposition, proximity to the sea, limestone substratum and mountainous hinterland which prevents the breakthrough of cold air masses. Herceg Novi has approximately 200 sunny days

1584-693: The Bosnian king Tvrtko I in 1382, a clock tower built by Austrians in the 19th century, the Kanli tower built by Turks. Other famous attractions include the various ancient Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries , which include the Church of St. Ilija, the Church of Preobraženja, the Church of St. Đorđa, the Church of the Holy Salvation (St. Spas), the Church of St. Archangel Michael, and the Savina Monastery . Whilst

1650-468: The Genoese fleet from his base on the Istrian coast. He was forced into battle by the commissioner ( proveditore ) Michele Steno , who as agent of the senate had authority over the admiral. The Venetians were defeated with the loss of all their galleys except six. Luciano Doria fell in the battle, and the Genoese, who had suffered severely, did not at once follow up their success. When Pisani returned home, he

1716-584: The Genoese fleet might escape from the cul-de-sac at Chioggia. The Venetian galley fleet that had been on a raiding expedition in the Mediterranean reached the anchorage off Brondolo on 1 January 1380; this fleet was under the command of Carlo Zeno , who had left on a plundering expedition before the battle of Pola and had been inflicting damage on Genoese trade in the Tyrrhenian and Aegean seas as far as Beirut and Rhodes . Zeno returned home in time to join

1782-496: The Genoese galleys which had fled to Famagusta. Pisani returned to the Adriatic and with a fleet of 25 galleys destroyed the port of Sebenico (today's Šibenik , Croatia ) and headed towards Traù (Trogir), where 22 Genoese galleys were found, commanded by Luciano Doria. Pisani attacked Traù, but the port, heavily fortified, resisted his attack. The Venetians, suffering damage themselves, withdrew to Venice. The next spring (1379)

1848-649: The Lagoon and Istrian cities that had fallen into the hands of the Genoese. The war then ended diplomatically with the Treaty of Turin on 8 August 1381, which sanctioned the exit of the Genoese and Venetians from a conflict in which both maritime republics had suffered enormous economic damage. The War of Chioggia represented the last major clash between the Genoese and the Venetians, from which Venice soon recovered thanks to its solid internal organisation, while Genoa, at that time also tormented by internal struggles for power, entered

1914-670: The Ministry of Education under Sreten Škuletić . It was called the First Montenegrin Orthography, included a new Orthographic Dictionary, and replaced the Serbian Cyrillic script which was official until then. The act is a component part of the process of standardisation of the Montenegrin language, starting in mid-2008 after the adoption of Montenegrin as the official language of Montenegro. War of Chioggia The War of Chioggia ( Italian : Guerra di Chioggia )

1980-527: The Venetians attempted to attack Traù again, but were repelled. During the summer of 1379 Pisani was employed partly in attacking Genoa in Cyprus , but mainly in taking possession of the Istrian and Dalmatian towns which supported the Hungarians from fear of the aggressive ambition of Venice. He was ordered to winter on the coast of Istria, where his crews suffered from exposure and disease. Genoa, having recovered from

2046-487: The Venetians themselves was great, but the Doge Andrea Contarini and the nobles set an example by sharing the general hardships, and taking an oath not to return to Venice till they had recovered Chioggia. But the resources of Genoa had been taxed to fit out the squadrons she had already sent to sea. It was not until 12 May 1380 that her admiral, Matteo Maruffo , was able to reach the neighbourhood of Brondolo with

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2112-481: The Venetians to regain control of the Adriatic. Through the mediation of the "Green Count" of Savoy , Amadeus VI , the two sides made a peace treaty at Turin . It gave no formal advantage to Genoa or Venice. But it spelled the end of their long competition: Genoese shipping was not seen in the Adriatic after Chioggia. This conflict saw the first use of shipborne cannons in support of amphibious assault operations and perhaps against Genoese galleys. The conflict

2178-416: The Venetians who were besieging them. The heavy Genoese vessels were much hampered by the shallow water and intricate passages through the lagoon. By taking advantage of their embarrassment and his own local knowledge, Pisani carried out a series of movements which entirely turned the tables on the invaders. Pisani executed a succession of night attacks, during which he sank vessels laden with stones not only in

2244-401: The battle of Pola, was released by popular demand. During the night of 22 December 1379, under cover of darkness, the doge of Venice Andrea Contarini and Pisani blockaded Chioggia. They thus cut off the occupying forces from both the Paduans and the Genoese fleet. After launching this diversionary attack on Chioggia, the Venetians managed to sink obstructions closing every channel by which

2310-407: The blockade of Chioggia. It was the Genoese who now were encircled. The attack on Genoese-held Chioggia was now pressed with vigour. The Genoese held out resolutely in the hope of relief from home. Months of skirmishes followed. The Genoese attempted to clear the barricades in the channels and the Venetians to defend them. Genoese also failed in an attempt to subdue the mercenaries employed by

2376-406: The canals across the lagoon. The Venetians had taken up the buoys which marked the fairway , and had placed a light squadron on the lagoon. The allies soon occupied Brondolo. This wider conflict takes its name from the fishing port town of Chioggia , which had a Venetian garrison of 3,000 men. The Genoese were reinforced by the Hungarians and Paduans, and suddenly and unexpectedly they attacked

2442-409: The canals leading through the lagoon to Venice, but in the fairways leading from Chioggia to the open sea round both ends of the island of Brondolo. The Genoese were thus shut in at the very moment when they thought they were about to besiege Venice. Pisani stationed the galleys under his command in the open sea outside Brondolo, and during the rest of the year blockaded the enemy closely. The distress of

2508-475: The city itself is not a major destination for sunbathing , with no long sandy beaches along the rest of the Bay of Kotor, many beaches are reachable by boat . Tourist companies organise one-day boat trips to Luštica peninsula, which lies opposite to the town. Popular Luštica peninsula beach sites include Žanjic , Mirište and Rose . Herceg Novi accounted for one-third of overnight stays in Montenegro before

2574-486: The city that is well-preserved today. Evliya Çelebi visits the Bay of Kotor and mentions Croats, Bosnians and Albanians (Arnauts) who live in the Herceg Novi. In 1608 an earthquake struck Herceg Novi and devastated it. In 1687, the city was captured by the Republic of Venice under Girolamo Corner , and included it into Albania Veneta , an administrative unit on the territory of present-day coastal Montenegro. In Venice,

2640-447: The city was known as Castelnuovo. The Venetians refortified the old town walls and towers and reinforced the fortress with a Citadella tower (destroyed in an earthquake in 1979). On 24 August 1798, Herceg Novi was annexed by Habsburg Austria but was then ceded to Russia as per the Treaty of Pressburg on 26 December 1805. The Russians officially occupied Herceg Novi between 28 February 1806 and 12 August 1807. On 7 July 1807, Herceg Novi

2706-595: The complete destruction of Clodia minor , the current Sottomarina - are still recalled in the Palio della Marciliana, which is held annually in Chioggia. The two maritime powers, Genoa and Venice, had long been leading commercial powers with ties to Constantinople that had nurtured their growth during the Early Middle Ages . Their rivalry over trade with the Levant and other areas of the eastern Mediterranean had generated

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2772-673: The conflict because of the collapse of Mongol hegemony over the Central Asian Trade Route which had hitherto been a significant source of wealth for Genoa. When the Mongols lost control of the area, trade became much more hazardous and far less profitable. Hence Genoa's decision to go to war was to ensure its trade in the Black Sea area remained under its control. Genoa's allies included Hungary and Padua . The King of Hungary , Louis I , had conquered Dalmatia from Venice and by 1379 Hungarian forces threatened Venice itself by land from

2838-454: The damage to the Bosnian economy from the Ragusan embargo, and the need for easy access to maritime trade. This and the fact that Bosansko Primorje had no significant port led Tvrtko to found the youngest medieval town on the eastern Adriatic coast. In early 1382, Tvrtko constructed a new fortress in the Bay of Kotor on the place of a small fishing village and decided that it should form the basis of

2904-584: The fall of the Western Roman Empire, the area was dominated by the Byzantine Empire . Slavic tribes began inhabiting these lands during the 7th century AD. During these times the small settlement was part of Byzantine-held Dračevica district, which in turn later belonged to the Principality of Travunija . During the 10th century, Dračevica came under the control of various Dioclean/Zetan dukes, who were in turn incorporated into Kingdom of Serbia ruled by

2970-657: The government and proponents of the Montenegrin language prefer to use the Latin script ; it is also much more widely used in all aspects of the day-to-day written communication in the country, in education, advertising and media. Efforts to create a Latin character-based Montenegrin alphabet go back to at least World War I , when a newspaper was published in Cetinje using both Latin and Cyrillic characters. The Montenegrin Latin alphabet ( Montenegrin : crnogorska latinica / црногорска латиница, crnogorska abeceda / црногорска абецеда or crnogorski alfabet / црногорски алфабет)

3036-540: The latter to the throne. The war was primarily fought over control of the island of Tenedos in the Aegean Sea , and both sides supported different claimants to the throne of the Byzantine Empire. Tenedos had been acquired by Venice from the Byzantine Empire in 1377, but after this conflict, they ceded it to Savoy and evacuated it in 1381. The Pope decided that the castle on Tenedos should be demolished, rather than be

3102-519: The municipality's 30,864 (2011 census) residents. Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011 Source: Statistical Office of Montenegro - MONSTAT, Census 2011 Herceg Novi is a major Montenegrin tourist destination. It is well known as a spa and health center; nearby Igalo has an abundance of healing sea mud called "igaljsko blato" (Igalo mud) and mineral springs called "igaljske slatine" (Igalo springs). The most famous tourist attractions in Herceg Novi are castle Forte Mare built by

3168-525: The name did not stick, instead it became known as Novi ( transl.  New ), also Castelnuovo in Italian ( transl.  New Castle ). Between 1482 and 1687 it was part of the Ottoman Empire and then from 1687 to 1797 the Albania Veneta of the Republic of Venice . It was a Catholic bishopric and remains a Latin titular see as Novi. Herceg Novi has had a turbulent past, despite being one of

3234-651: The north. Paduan forces, under the leadership of Francesco I da Carrara , cut off Venice's communications to the west. Genoa's allies also included the Patriarch of Aquileia and Leopold III , the Duke of Austria . The danger on land seemed trifling to Venice so long as she could keep the sea open to her trade and press the war against the Genoese in the Levant. Venice's allies, which included Bernabò Visconti of Milan , gave her little help on this side, although his mercenaries invaded

3300-487: The original alphabets as sj and zj , and сj and зj, respectively. Because these two glyphs already exist in the Polish alphabet , but must be created in Cyrillic by using combining characters, it provides an additional incentive to prefer Latin over Cyrillic. It also uses some Latin extended letters, composed with a basic Latin letter and one of two combining accents (the acute accent or caron , over C , S , and Z ), and

3366-636: The panic caused by the disaster at Anzio, decided to attack Venice at home while the best of her ships were absent with Carlo Zeno. The Ligurian republic sent a strong fleet into the Adriatic under Luciano Doria . Pisani had been reinforced early in the spring of 1379, but when he was sighted by the Genoese fleet of 25 sail off Pola in Istria on the May 7, he was slightly outnumbered, and his crews were still weak. The Venetian admiral would have preferred to avoid battle, and to check an attack on Venice itself, by threatening

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3432-510: The south end of the lagoon, brought her fleet into the channels of the lagoon and, with her allies, stormed and captured Chioggia on 16 August 1379. By mid-August 1379 the allies had Venice encircled. The Venetian senate applied for peace, but when the Genoese replied that they were resolved to "bit and bridle the Horses of Saint Mark " the Venetians decided to fight to the end. All Venetian reserves were mobilized and Vittor Pisani, imprisoned after

3498-468: The territory of Genoa. The Milanese troops were defeated in September 1379 in the Val Bisagno . Bernabò, whose despotism and taxes had enraged the Milanese, was deposed by his nephew Gian Galeazzo Visconti in 1385. Imprisoned in the castle of Trezzo , Bernabò was poisoned in December of that year. Venice had the support of the Byzantine Emperor John V Palaiologos . In 1376, the Genoese helped Andronikos IV overthrow John V, but in 1379 Venice restored

3564-421: The town was renamed again by adding Stjepan 's title herceg (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation of German herzog ) to the name Novi , which gave it the current name of Herceg Novi . In Montenegrin , the town is known as Herceg Novi or Херцег Нови; in Italian as Castelnuovo ; and in Greek as Neòkastron (Νεοκαστρον), Turkish as Kala-i Novi, all meaning 'new castle'. The name Herceg Novi, in its modern form,

3630-440: The way around Boka Kotorska bay in order to reach Tivat, Kotor, Budva and inland Montenegro. Tivat Airport is 23 km (14 mi) away (via the ferry). There are regular flights to Belgrade and Zürich, and dozens of charter planes land daily on Tivat airport during the summer season. Dubrovnik Airport in Croatia is some 30 km (19 mi) away, and it maintains regular flights to many European destinations. The area of

3696-497: The youngest settlements on the Adriatic . A history of varied occupations has created a blend of diverse and picturesque architectural styles in the city. Tvrtko I of Bosnia founded the town and named it after Saint Stephen , the name that from the beginning gave way to a name Novi , which literally translates to "New", as in Newtown; also known as Castelnuovo in Italian, New Castle in English. Later town came to Kosača possession and become their winter seat. During this era,

3762-403: Was a conflict fought by the Republic of Genoa against the Republic of Venice between 1378 and 1381, the conclusion of an open confrontation that had lasted for years and which had already included some occasional and limited military clashes. Initially the Genoese managed to conquer Chioggia and vast areas of the Venetian Lagoon , but in the end the Venetians managed to recover Chioggia and

3828-432: Was annexed by Mussolini's fascist Italy during World War II in 1941. It became a part of the province of Cattaro. Herceg Novi was later retaken by Yugoslav Partisan forces on 10 September 1943. Within Tito's Communist reformed Yugoslavia , Herceg Novi became part of the People's Republic of Montenegro . On 8 April 1970, following the USSR vs. Rest of the World 'Match of the Century' hosted in Belgrade , Yugoslavia,

3894-400: Was ceded to Napoleon I Bonaparte 's French Empire as per the Treaty of Tilsit . Official French rule over Herceg Novi began on 12 August 1807, when the Russians left the city. The city was part of Dalmatia until 14 October 1809, when it was annexed to the newly created Illyrian Provinces . Herceg Novi, as well as the rest of the Bay of Kotor, was overtaken by Montenegrin forces in 1813. It

3960-419: Was established in 1949 and officially opened in 1953. The museum building, a gift to the city from the former mayor, Mirko Komnenović (1870–1941), and his wife Olga, is at least 150 years old. The City library contains at least 30,000 volumes. Among the contributors to this collection are Dušan Petković (5,000 books), Veljka Radojević (1,500), Doklestić, Daljev, Lučić, Subotić and others. Herceg Novi or Igalo

4026-420: Was first mentioned in a Turkish document in 1726. Archeological findings from the Luštica peninsula and the Vranjaj cavern imply that the area was populated during the Neolithic and early Bronze Age . In the 3rd century BC, after their victory over the Illyrians , the area was ruled by the Roman Republic . After the split of the Roman Empire , the area fell under the rule of the Western Roman Empire . After

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4092-475: Was fought in a gale by 10 Venetian against 11 Genoese galleys. The Genoese admiral, Luigi de' Fieschi , was taken with 5 of his galleys, and others were wrecked . Four of the squadron escaped, and steered for Famagusta in Cyprus , then held by Genoa. If Pisani had directed his course to Genoa itself, which was thrown into a panic by the defeat at Anzio, it is possible that he might have dictated peace, but he thought his squadron too weak, and preferred to follow

4158-498: Was relocated to Zadar by Italians during the Second World War . The original archive building, built in 1885, suffered severe damage from the 1979 earthquake. Shortly afterward, the building was renovated. Today, the Archive is 700 m (7,535 sq ft) in size. The Archive features modern equipment and a library open to the public. The oldest document in the Archive originated in 1685. The library contains approximately 30,000 volumes and 1,000 periodicals. The Historical Museum

4224-402: Was thrown into prison. However, he was later released when the city of Venice was threatened by the Genoese at the Battle of Chioggia. On the arrival of Pietro Doria , with reinforcements, the Genoese appeared off the Lido , the outer barrier of the lagoon of Venice, in July, and in August they entered on a combined naval and military attack on the city, in combination with the Paduans under

4290-450: Was under Austro-Hungarian control until 1918. In 1900, the two names ERZEG NOVI and CASTELNUOVO PRESSO CATTARO were used in bilingual cancellations. The Kingdom of Montenegro attempted to retake the Bay of Kotor during World War I , it was bombarded from Lovćen , but by 1916 Austria-Hungary defeated Montenegro. On 7 November 1918, the Serbian Army entered the bay and were greeted by the people as Slavic liberators. The bay later became

4356-406: Was under control of a temporary government based in Dobrota between 11 September 1813 and 10 June 1814, which was supported by Montenegro . The appearance of Austrian forces in 1814 caused the Prince-Bishop of Montenegro to turn over the territory to Austrian administration on 11 June. After Herceg Novi was retaken, as well as the rest of the bay, it became part of the Dalmatian crownland . The bay

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