Henry Draper (March 7, 1837 – November 20, 1882) was an American medical doctor and amateur astronomer . He is best known today as a pioneer of astrophotography.
36-497: Henry Draper's father, John William Draper , was an accomplished doctor, chemist, botanist, and professor at New York University ; he was also the first to photograph the moon through a telescope (1840). Draper's mother was Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner, daughter of the personal physician to the Emperor of Brazil . His niece, Antonia Maury was also an astronomer. He graduated from New York University School of Medicine , at
72-640: A founder of the New York University School of Medicine . One of Draper's books, the History of the Conflict between Religion and Science , popularised the conflict thesis proposing intrinsic hostility in the relationship between religion and science . It was widely read and was translated into several languages. His son, Henry Draper , and his granddaughter, Antonia Maury , were astronomers. His granddaughter, Carlotta Maury (Antonia's younger sister),
108-492: A new, three-year medical school located at NYU Langone Hospital – Long Island . In 2019, the school was renamed NYU Grossman School of Medicine in honor of the educational achievements of Robert I. Grossman , the school's dean. NYU Grossman School of Medicine has 29 academic departments in the clinical and basic sciences. In addition to the medical degree, the School offers joint degree programs: The School offers programs in
144-592: A professor of chemistry until 1881. Draper did important research in photochemistry , made portrait photography possible by his improvements (1839) on Louis Daguerre's process , and published Organization of Plants (1844), a textbook on Chemistry (1846), textbook on Natural Philosophy (1847), textbook on Physiology (1866), and Scientific Memoirs (1878) on radiant energy . In the spring of 1839, Draper, with years of experience in photochemistry, took Talbotype photographs at Hampden Sydney College in Virginia. However, he
180-507: A proposed medical school at New York University , but sufficient funds were not available to go ahead with the project. In 1839, Draper was elected undergraduate professor of chemistry and botany at the university, and moved with his family to New York City . Once there he helped to found the New York University Medical School , acting as a professor there from 1840 to 1850, president of the school from 1850 to 1873, and as
216-404: A variety of medical specialties. In 2018, the school implemented full-tuition scholarships for all current and future students in its M.D. degree program, making NYU Grossman School of Medicine the first top-ranked medical school in the nation to provide full-tuition scholarships to all of its students. In 2019, NYU Langone Health partnered with NYU to form NYU Long Island School of Medicine,
252-543: The Draper point . On Saturday 30 May the 1860 Oxford evolution debate featured Draper's lecture on his paper "On the Intellectual Development of Europe, considered with reference to the views of Mr. Darwin and others, that the progression of organisms is determined by law." Draper's presentation was an early example of applying a Darwinian metaphor of adaptation and environment to social and political studies, but
288-529: The Moon is named in his honor. John William Draper John William Draper (May 5, 1811 – January 4, 1882) was an English scientist, philosopher, physician, chemist , historian and photographer. He is credited with pioneering portrait photography (1839–40) and producing the first detailed photograph of the moon in 1840. He was also the first president of the American Chemical Society (1876–77) and
324-868: The University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1882, a Congressional medal for directing the U.S. expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus, and election to both the National Academy of Sciences and the Astronomische Gesellschaft . In addition, he held memberships in the American Photographic Society , the American Philosophical Society , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and the American Association for
360-454: The relationship between religion and science , dismissing ideas of harmony and presenting the history of science as "not a mere record of isolated discoveries; it is a narrative of the conflict of two contending powers, the expansive force of the human intellect on the one side, and the compression arising from traditional faith and human interests on the other." After outlining the origins of science in ancient Greek philosophy , Draper presented
396-503: The 19th century, and the photograph attached with Draper's letter was also likely a copy made by Draper himself. In March 1840 Draper became the second person to produce photographs of an astronomical object, the Moon , considered the first astrophotographs . In 1843 he made daguerreotypes of the solar spectrum that revealed new infra-red and ultra violet lines. In 1850 he was making photomicrographs and engaged his son, Henry (then 13 years old), into their production. Draper developed
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#1732845618359432-682: The Advancement of Science . After his untimely early death from double pleurisy , his widow Mary Anna Draper funded the Henry Draper Medal for outstanding contributions to astrophysics and a telescope, which was used to prepare the Henry Draper Catalog of stellar spectra. This historical Henry Draper telescope is now at the Toruń Centre for Astronomy ( Nicolaus Copernicus University ) at Piwnice , Poland. The small crater Draper on
468-589: The Medical College of New York University consolidated with Bellevue Hospital Medical College, forming the University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College of New York University. In 1935, University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College was renamed New York University College of Medicine. In 1960, New York University College of Medicine was renamed New York University School of Medicine. The faculty and alumni of NYU Grossman School of Medicine have contributed to
504-465: The United States alone, and was translated into ten languages. Professor Ronald Numbers has pointed to Draper's book as a source of popular misconceptions about historical conflict between science and religion, saying that it was "less of a dispassionate history, which it wasn't, than a screed against Roman Catholics" motivated by personal animus at the behavior of his sister, a Catholic nun, regarding
540-475: The age of 20, in 1857. He worked first as a physician at Bellevue Hospital , and later as both a professor and dean of medicine at New York University (NYU). On May 31, 1862, he joined S Company, 12th New York Infantry Regiment as a surgeon along with his brother John Christopher, who joined as an assistant surgeon. They served until October 8, 1862. In 1867 he married Mary Anna Palmer , a wealthy socialite who collaborated with him in his astronomy work. Draper
576-464: The author of The History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1862), applying the methods of physical science to history, a History of the American Civil War (3 vols., 1867–1870), and a History of the Conflict between Religion and Science (1874). The last book listed is among the most influential works on the conflict thesis , which takes its name from Draper's title. His book examined
612-524: The challenge of creating daguerreotype portraits. He collaborated with Samuel Morse and in spring 1840 operated a daguerreotype studio, one of the earliest of its kind, in a building on the roof of the New York University . Draper also photographed his sister, Dorothy Catherine Draper , and one of those pictures (see image) became known to the public via the letter which Draper sent to John Herschel in 1840. Several copies were made of this picture in
648-469: The control of tuberculosis , diphtheria , yellow fever , and sexually transmitted infections , as well as the development of vaccines for measles, rubella, hepatitis B, polio, and cancer; advances in the treatment and prevention of stroke and heart disease; and the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques. In the early 1980s, clinicians and researchers from NYU Grossman School of Medicine working at NYC Health + Hospitals/Bellevue were among
684-605: The death of his son. Draper was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1844. He served as the first president of the American Chemical Society in 1876. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1877. He died on January 4, 1882, at his home in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York , at the age of 70. The funeral was held at St Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in New York City. He
720-526: The development of Christianity as leading to repression of science. His argument, aimed at his fellow Protestants, employed anti-Catholic rhetoric, but also said that these "two rival divisions of the Christian church" were "in accord on one point: to tolerate no science except such as they considered agreeable to the Scriptures", and both were liable to "theological odium". The book went through fifty printings in
756-488: The direction of Edward Turner (chemist) . On September 13, 1831, John William Draper married Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira Gardner ( c. 1814 –1870), the daughter of Daniel Gardner, a court physician to John VI of Portugal and Charlotte of Spain . Antonia was born in Brazil after the royal family fled Portugal with Napoleon 's invasion . There is dispute as to the identity of Antonia's mother. Around 1830, Antonia
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#1732845618359792-553: The first to identify an alarming increase in Kaposi's sarcoma , opportunistic infections, and immune system failure among young gay men, and alert health authorities to an imminent health catastrophe, soon to be known as HIV/AIDS . NYU Grossman School of Medicine counts among its faculty and alumni four Nobel laureates: In 2007, Robert I. Grossman , an internationally recognized distinguished neuroradiologist who had served as chair of NYU Langone Health’s Department of Radiology since 2001,
828-502: The founding of the American Chemical Society were designated a National Historic Chemical Landmark at New York University . Draper wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals ( Google Scholar ). His books include: New York University Grossman School of Medicine NYU Grossman School of Medicine is a medical school of New York University (NYU) , a private research university in New York City . It
864-472: The proposition in 1842 that only light rays that are absorbed can produce chemical change. It came to be known as the Grotthuss–Draper law when his name was teamed with a prior but apparently unknown promulgator Theodor Grotthuss of the same idea in 1817. In 1847 he published the observation that all solids glow red at about the same temperature, about 977 °F (798 K), which has come to be known as
900-641: The prospective teaching position, John William established a laboratory in Christiansville. Here he conducted experiments and published eight papers before entering medical school. His sister Dorothy Catherine Draper provided finances through teaching drawing and painting for his medical education. In March 1836, he graduated from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine . That same year, he began teaching at Hampden–Sydney College in Virginia . In 1837, Draper accepted an appointment to be head of chemistry in
936-434: The school established an accelerated three-year M.D. pathway for select medical students to ease the financial burden of medical school and launch medical careers one year earlier than traditional students. The school became the first nationally ranked medical school in the U.S. to enable medical students to graduate in three years, providing a directed pathway into any one of twenty residency programs and accelerated entry into
972-502: Was dissatisfied with the results and decided to wait for the publication of the daguerreotype process. Once the details of the process arrived in America in late September 1839, Draper, now a professor at New York University , captured landscape photographs. On or around September 23, he took one of the earliest daguerreotype portraits, which depicted his assistant, William Henry Goode. Throughout 1839 and 1840, Draper focused on solving
1008-473: Was a paleontologist. His eldest son, John Christopher Draper , was a chemist; and son Daniel Draper , a meteorologist. John William Draper was born May 5, 1811, in St. Helens , Lancashire, England, to John Christopher Draper, a Wesleyan clergyman, and Sarah (Ripley) Draper. He also had three sisters, Dorothy Catherine Draper (August 6, 1807 – December 10, 1901), Elizabeth Johnson, and Sarah Ripley. On June 23, he
1044-460: Was appointed the 15th Dean of NYU School of Medicine and CEO of NYU Medical Center, as they were then named. In 2010, the school introduced the Curriculum for the 21st Century, or C21, a new curriculum that affords students earlier and more frequent interaction with patients and new learning pathways with more opportunities for specialized training in areas best suited to their interests. In 2013,
1080-477: Was baptized by the Wesleyan Methodist minister Jabez Bunting . His father often needed to move the family due to serving various congregations throughout England. John Wm. Draper was home tutored until 1822, when he entered Woodhouse Grove School . He returned to home instruction (1826) prior to entering University College London in 1829. While at University College London , Draper studied chemistry under
1116-696: Was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery , Brooklyn, New York . In 1975, Draper's house, known as the Henry Draper Observatory , in Hastings was designated a National Historic Landmark . In 1976, New York University founded the John W. Draper Interdisciplinary Master's Program in Humanities and Social Thought (Draper Program) in honor of his lifelong commitment to interdisciplinary study. In 2001, Draper and
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1152-539: Was founded in 1841 and is one of two medical schools of the university, the other being the NYU Grossman Long Island School of Medicine. Both are part of NYU Langone Health . NYU Grossman School of Medicine was founded in 1841 as the Medical College of New York University, with an inaugural class of 239 students. Among the college's six original faculty members were renowned surgeon Valentine Mott and John Revere, son of patriot Paul Revere. In 1898,
1188-420: Was one of the pioneers of the use of astrophotography . In 1872, he took a stellar spectrum that showed absorption lines . Others, such as Joseph Fraunhofer , Lewis Morris Rutherfurd and Angelo Secchi , preceded him in that ambition. He resigned his chair in the medical department in 1873, to allow for more time for original research. He directed an expedition to photograph the 1874 transit of Venus , and
1224-655: Was sent with her brother Daniel to live with their aunt in London. Following his father's death in July 1831, John William's mother was urged to move with her children to the US state of Virginia . John William hoped to acquire a teaching position at a local Methodist college. In 1832, the family settled in Mecklenburg County, Virginia , 7 miles (11 km) east of Christiansville (now Chase City ). Although he arrived too late to obtain
1260-638: Was the first to photograph the Orion Nebula , on September 30, 1880. Using his 11 inch Clark Brothers photographic refractor he took a 50-minute exposure. He photographed the spectrum of Jupiter in 1880. The Henry Draper Observatory where he took his much-admired photographs of the moon, was in Hastings-on-Hudson , New York . Today the building functions as the Hastings-on-Hudson Historical Society. Draper received numerous awards, including honorary LL.D. law degrees from NYU and
1296-456: Was thought to be long and boring. The hall was crowded to hear Bishop Samuel Wilberforce 's views on Charles Darwin 's recent publication of On the Origin of Species , and the occasion was a historically significant part of the reaction to Darwin's theory due to reports of Thomas Henry Huxley 's response to Wilberforce. Contributions to the discipline of history: Draper is well known also as
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