Bruce Charles Heezen ( / ˈ h eɪ z ən / ; April 11, 1924 – June 21, 1977) was an American geologist. He worked with oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp at Columbia University to map the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the 1950s.
30-573: Heezen was born in Vinton, Iowa . An only child, he moved at age six with his parents to Muscatine, Iowa , where he graduated from high school in 1942. He received his B.A. from the University of Iowa in 1947. He received his M.A. in 1952 and a Ph.D in 1957 from Columbia University . Heezen collaborated extensively with cartographer Marie Tharp . He interpreted their joint work on the Mid-Atlantic ridge and
60-458: A tropical savanna climate or a humid subtropical climate . These climates tend to have hot, or sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in Africa , Australia , and South Asia . In Australia, a large portion of
90-434: A location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. The method used to find the precipitation threshold (in millimeters): If the area's annual precipitation in millimeters is less than the threshold but more than half or 50% the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe, semi-desert, or semi-arid climate). Furthermore, to delineate hot semi-arid climates from cold semi-arid climates,
120-409: A mean annual temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) is used as an isotherm. A location with a BS -type climate is classified as hot semi-arid ( BSh ) if its mean temperature is above this isotherm, and cold semi-arid ( BSk ) if not. Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located from the high teens to mid-30s latitudes of the tropics and subtropics , typically in proximity to regions with
150-535: A rift valley, Heezen initially dismissed it as "girl talk." Eventually they discovered that not only was there a North Atlantic rift valley, but a mountain range with a central valley that spanned the earth. They also realized that the oceanic earthquakes they had been separately plotting fell within the rift, a revolutionary theory at the time. He presented this mid-ocean rift and earthquake theory as his own work at Princeton in 1957. At that lecture, preeminent geologist Harry Hess told Heezen, "Young man, you have shaken
180-469: Is given by the Köppen climate classification , which treats steppe climates ( BSh and BSk ) as intermediates between desert climates (BW) and humid climates (A, C, D) in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short, thorny or scrubby vegetation and are usually dominated by either grasses or shrubs as they usually cannot support forests. To determine if
210-402: Is precipitation year-round, and snowfall occurs in almost all years. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and a very occasional tropical system. This area is classified as humid because it is not dry enough to be classified as semi-arid or arid . As of the census of 2020, there were 4,938 people, 2,117 households, and 1,278 families residing in the city. The population density
240-724: The ABC Islands , the rain shadows of Hispaniola 's mountain ranges in the Dominican Republic and Haiti , parts of the Southwestern United States including California's Central Valley , and sections of South America such as the sertão , the Gran Chaco , and the poleward side of the arid deserts, where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. They are also found in few areas of Europe surrounding
270-542: The East Pacific Rise as supporting S. Warren Carey 's Expanding Earth Theory , developed in the 1950s, but under Tharp's influence "eventually gave up the idea of an expanding earth for a form of continental drift in the mid-1960s." Tharp was Heezen's assistant while he was a graduate student and he gave her the task of drafting seafloor profiles. When she showed Heezen that her plotting of the North Atlantic revealed
300-586: The Mediterranean Basin . In Europe, BSh climates are predominantly found in southeastern Spain . It can also be found primarily in parts of south Greece but also in marginal areas of Thessaloniki and Chalkidiki in north Greece , most of Formentera , marginal areas of Ibiza and marginal areas of Italy in Sicily , Sardinia and Lampedusa . Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in elevated portions of temperate zones generally from
330-518: The Outback surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. In South Asia, both India and parts of Pakistan experience the seasonal effects of monsoons and feature short but well-defined wet seasons , but are not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as either a tropical savanna or a humid subtropical climate. Hot semi-arid climates can be also found in parts of North America , such as most of northern Mexico ,
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#1732858836420360-676: The poverty line , including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 6.0% of those age 65 or over. The Vinton-Shellsburg Community School District operates public schools. The district was established on July 1, 1993, by the merger of the Vinton Community School District and the Shellsburg Community School District . Vinton was the home of the Iowa Braille and Sight Saving School , Iowa's state educational institution for vision-impaired students. Residing in
390-589: The Braille School since 2008 is the North Central Region headquarters for AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC). Portions of downtown Vinton, along with the Benton County courthouse , were featured in the 1996 John Travolta film Michael . Also seen during the movie's opening credits was Prairie Creek Church , a rural area Christian church located approximately six miles northeast of
420-428: The age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.1% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.91. The median age in
450-512: The age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.3% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.91. 25.0% are under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
480-475: The children’s section"; and male staff members "wearing dresses". One of the library's former directors said they had 173 books about Christian life, and seven books about "LGBT, gay or transgender" topics; another former director said some patrons "would check out the books and not return them", rather than file written complaints about the books. According to the United States Census Bureau ,
510-569: The city has a total area of 4.83 square miles (12.51 km ), of which 4.74 square miles (12.28 km ) is land and 0.09 square miles (0.23 km ) is water. Vinton is located on U.S. Route 218 and the Cedar River , which has flooded parts of the city, most recently in 2008. The town's extensive tree cover was damaged by a derecho (straight line windstorm) on July 11, 2011. This region experiences significant seasonal temperature fluctuations, going from warm summers to very cold winters. There
540-404: The city was 40.3 years. 24.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 19.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,102 people, 2,116 households, and 1,390 families residing in the city. The population density
570-499: The city. Portions of downtown Vinton were used in the movie "The Final Season". Semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate , semi-desert climate , or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration , but not as low as a desert climate . There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different biomes . A more precise definition
600-477: The city. The population density was 1,109.1 inhabitants per square mile (428.2/km ). There were 2,299 housing units at an average density of 485.0 per square mile (187.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 97.8% White , 0.3% African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.2% from other races , and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population. There were 2,187 households, of which 30.4% had children under
630-620: The foundations of geology!" Heezen died of a heart attack in 1977 while on a research cruise to study the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Iceland aboard the NR-1 submarine . The Oceanographic Survey Ship USNS Bruce C. Heezen was christened in honor of him in 1999. Heezen Canyon is a large underwater canyon in the NW Atlantic, on the edge of the continental shelf . Heezen Glacier in Antarctica
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#1732858836420660-525: The mid-30s to low 50s latitudes, typically bordering a humid continental climate or a Mediterranean climate . They are also typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature warm to hot dry summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold and possibly freezing winters. These areas usually see some snowfall during
690-450: The population. Of the 2,117 households, 28.0% of which had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.5% were married couples living together, 7.8% were cohabitating couples, 29.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present and 18.9% had a male householder with no spouse or partner present. 39.6% of all households were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals, 16.6% had someone living alone who
720-796: The winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates. Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and tend to feature major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates , with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns. Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in central Asia and
750-405: Was 1,010.9 inhabitants per square mile (390.3/km ). There were 2,262 housing units at an average density of 463.1 per square mile (178.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 94.3% White , 0.7% Black or African American , 0.2% Native American , 0.3% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 0.7% from other races and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino persons of any race comprised 1.7% of
780-479: Was 1,187.7 inhabitants per square mile (458.6/km ). There were 2,227 housing units at an average density of 518.4 per square mile (200.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 98.26% White , 0.25% African American , 0.18% Native American , 0.27% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 0.22% from other races , and 0.80% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of the population. There were 2,116 households, out of which 30.8% had children under
810-406: Was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 35,114, and the median income for a family was $ 41,546. Males had a median income of $ 32,460 versus $ 19,988 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,808. About 9.5% of families and 9.8% of the population were below
840-424: Was 65 years old or older. The median age in the city was 42.2 years. 25.4% of the residents were under the age of 20; 4.8% were between the ages of 20 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 and 44; 25.0% were from 45 and 64; and 21.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female. As of the census of 2010, there were 5,257 people, 2,187 households, and 1,397 families residing in
870-469: Was extended to Vinton in 1869, and it was incorporated as a city that same year. In 2022, the library in Vinton closed for a short period of time after employees quit for political reasons following complaints and allegations by patrons that included: the head librarian's "hiring and support for LGBTQ+ staff"; books by Jill Biden and Kamala Harris , and none about Donald Trump ; "LGBTQ-themed book displays in
900-513: Was named after him in 1977. Vinton, Iowa Vinton is a city in Benton County, Iowa , United States. The population was 4,938 in the 2020 census , a decrease from 5,102 in 2000 . It is also part of the Cedar Rapids Metropolitan Statistical Area . Vinton is the county seat of Benton County. Vinton was founded in 1849. It was named for Hon. Plynn Vinton , a state legislator. The first railroad line
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