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74-468: The Standard was flexible in length and stiff in torsion, which allowed it to be easily turned while still holding a good edge. This combination was so impressive that it became known as "The Cheater" for the way it allowed beginners to turn like pros. The Standard, and models that followed it, were so successful that half the downhill skis in the US in the 1960s were Heads. A number of metal skis were introduced over

148-693: A pit latrine ("long drop"). However, in British English "outhouse" means any outbuilding, such as a shed or barn. In Australia and parts of Canada an outdoor toilet is known as a "dunny". "Privy", an archaic variant of "private", is used in North America, Scotland, and northern England. "Bog" is common throughout Britain (used to coin the neologism " tree bog ") and is also used informally in Britain, as well as Canada and Australia to refer to any toilet. The name "little house" (as tŷ bach ) continues as

222-613: A toilet . This is typically either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet , but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be encountered. The term may also be used to denote the toilet itself, not just the structure. Outhouses were in use in cities of developed countries (e.g. Australia) well into the second half of the twentieth century. They are still common in rural areas and also in cities of developing countries . Outhouses that are covering pit latrines in densely populated areas can cause groundwater pollution . Outhouses vary in design and construction. They are by definition outside

296-415: A "pack it in, pack it out" rule. Many reports document the use of containers for the removal of excrement, which must be packed in and packed out on Mount Everest . Also known as "expedition barrels" or "bog barrels", the cans are weighed to make sure that groups do not dump them along the way. "Toilet tents" are erected. There has been an increasing awareness that the mountain needs to be kept clean, for

370-427: A ball throwing machine. The machine broke constantly, so Head tore it apart and re-designed it. Approaching the company with some improvements, instead he purchased Prince Sports outright. Continuing development of the aluminum racquet, Head invented the modern oversized design that revolutionized the industry. Vought Vought was the name of several related American aerospace firms. These have included, in

444-703: A euphemism for any toilet in both the Welsh language and the Welsh English dialect . Other terms include "back house", "house of ease", and "house of office". The last was common in 17th-century England and appeared in Samuel Pepys 's Diary on numerous occasions. A regional name for an outhouse in North America used especially in Virginia is "johnnyhouse" or "johnny house". In the Scouting Movement in North America,

518-530: A hole drilled through it to allow easy hanging on a nail, was popular. Paper was often kept in a can or other container to protect it from mice, etc. The catalogs served a dual purpose, also giving one something to read. Outdoor toilets are referred to by many terms throughout the English-speaking world. The term "outhouse" is used in North American English for the structure over a toilet, usually

592-526: A hole in it, above a small pit. Others, often in more rural, older areas in European countries, simply have a hole with two indents on either side for the user's feet. In Eastern societies, there is a hole in the floor, over which the user crouches. A roll of toilet paper is usually available. Old corn cob , leaves, or other types of paper may instead be used. The decoration on the outhouse door has no standard. The well-known crescent moon on American outhouses

666-614: A riveter at the Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore . Head worked his way up through the company during the war, eventually becoming a draftsman . Martin was a pioneer in the use of a plastic honeycomb material sandwiched between two thin sheets of aluminum to build bulkheads and floors in post-war aircraft. In 1947, Head skied at Mount Mansfield , better known today as part of Stowe Mountain Resort . He

740-700: A thicker phenolic plastic sheet and bonding it to the ski along with the other layers. By this point it was late in the spring of 1950, and Head took the prototypes to the only place left in the east with good snow, Tuckerman Ravine on Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Head knew that Taylor would be coming east, and arranged to meet him with a pair of the prototypes. Taylor skied them for five days on all types of snow. Then Head asked him to really run them out at high speed, and they worked flawlessly. Head later noted "When I saw Clif coming at me, that fast and that surely, I knew deep inside that I had it." The new design

814-492: A thousand year old Viking outhouse were discovered in 2017. This is the oldest known outhouse in the country, even though evidence cannot establish it to be "the first". This discovery was considered to be culturally significant. Outhouses are typically built on one level, but two-story models are to be found in unusual circumstances. One double-decker was built to serve a two-story building in Cedar Lake, Michigan . The outhouse

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888-542: A toilet tent (e.g. in humanitarian relief operations), or even be installed inside a house that is beyond the reach of sewers. The Swedish Pacto toilet uses a continuous roll of plastic to collect and dispose of waste. Incinerating toilets are installed in several thousand cabins in Norway . These toilets incinerate waste into ashes, using only propane and 12 volt battery electricity. Outhouse design, placement, and maintenance has long been recognized as being important to

962-399: A toilet, particularly an outhouse. For other uses of the word, see Dunny (disambiguation) . In suburban areas not connected to the sewerage, outhouses were not always built over pits. Instead, these areas utilized a pail closet , where waste was collected into large cans positioned under the toilet seat, to be collected by contractors (or night soil collectors) hired by property owners or

1036-459: A trove of common objects from the past—a veritable inadvertent time capsule—which yields historical insight into the lives of the bygone occupants. This is also called privy digging . It is especially common to find old bottles, which seemingly were secretly stashed or trashed, so their content could be privately imbibed. Fossilised feces ( coprolites ) yield much information about diet and health. "Dunny" or "dunny can" are Australian words for

1110-683: A variety of fighters , trainers , flying boats , and surveillance aircraft for the United States Navy and the United States Army Air Service . Despite the Great Depression , Vought continued to design and manufacture aircraft at a growing pace. Soon after Chance Vought's death in 1930, the company moved its operations to East Hartford, Connecticut . Under the Air Mail Act of 1934, United Aircraft and Transportation Corp.

1184-716: A variety of planes and missiles throughout the Cold War . Vought was sold from LTV and owned in various degrees by the Carlyle Group and Northrop Grumman in the early 1990s. It was then fully bought by Carlyle, renamed Vought Aircraft Industries, with headquarters in Dallas , Texas . In June 2010, the Carlyle Group sold Vought to the Triumph Group . In 1917, the Lewis and Vought Corporation

1258-400: A visual screen and some protection from the elements. The outhouse also has the secondary role of protecting the toilet hole from sudden influxes of rainwater, which would flood the hole and flush untreated wastes into the underlying soils before they can decompose. Outhouses are commonly humble and utilitarian, made of lumber or plywood . This is especially so they can easily be moved when

1332-403: A wide variety of shapes and placements employed. The shelter may cover very different sorts of toilets. An outhouse often provides the shelter for a pit latrine , which collects human feces in a hole in the ground. When properly built and maintained they can decrease the spread of disease by reducing the amount of human feces in the environment from open defecation . When the pit fills to

1406-423: A widespread term for outhouse is "kybo". This appears to have originated from camps which used Kybo brand coffee cans to hold lye or lime which was sprinkled down the hole to reduce odor. "Keep Your Bowels Open" may be a backronym . Temporary encampments may use a tent or tarpaulin over a shallow pit; one name for this is a " hudo ", acronym of "Houd uw darmen open" (Dutch for "Keep Your Bowels Open"). In Poland

1480-461: Is said that a woman could uncover the future by going to the outhouse to ask Tsi-Ku. See toilet god . Construction and maintenance of outhouses in the US is subject to state and local governmental restriction, regulation and prohibition. It is potentially both a public health issue, which has been addressed both by law and by education of the public as to good methods and practices ( e.g. , separation from drinking water sources). This also becomes

1554-404: Is the bucket toilet , consisting of a seat and a portable receptacle (bucket or pail). These may be emptied by their owners into composting piles in the garden (a low-tech composting toilet ), or collected by contractors for larger-scale disposal. Historically, this was known as the pail closet ; the municipality employed workers, often known as "nightmen" (from night soil ), to empty and replace

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1628-791: The Vought VE-7 trainer made the first takeoff from the deck of the USS Langley , the first American aircraft carrier. Later came the VE-11 naval fighter and the Vought O2U Corsair , the first of the Corsair aircraft. In 1928, the company was acquired by the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation , but stayed its own separate division among the lines of Pratt & Whitney and Boeing . Vought died from sepsis in 1930, having seen his company produce

1702-439: The simile " built like a brick shithouse ." That phrase's meaning and application is subject to some debate; but (depending upon the country) it has been applied to men, women, or inanimate objects. With regards to anal cleansing , old newspapers and mail order catalogs, such as those from Montgomery Ward or Sears Roebuck , were common before toilet paper was widely available. The Old Farmer's Almanac , manufactured with

1776-693: The 1989 invasion of Panama; and throughout operations during Desert Storm in 1991. The A-7A, A-7B, A-7C and A-7E served with the US Navy while the A-7D was purchased by the US Air Force and Air National Guard. Two-seat models known as TA-7C/Es served with the U.S. Navy while the US Air Force purchased the TA-7K. The A-7 served in limited numbers with three foreign air forces, including Greece ( A-7H/TA-7H ), Portugal ( A-7P/TA-7P ) and Thailand (ex-USN A-7E/TA-7E). IN 1962, Vought

1850-695: The Aerostructures Corp., owned by the Carlyle Group and based in Nashville, Tennessee , merged with Vought. Vought's Nashville site supplies wing components for Airbus A319 , A320 , A330 , and A340 . Boeing announced in July 2009 that it had agreed to acquire the North Charleston, South Carolina, facility of Vought Aircraft Industries, where Vought builds sections 47 and 48 of the aft fuselage for Boeing's 787 Dreamliner. Boeing agreed to pay $ 580 million for

1924-526: The Competition structure but with a flex suitable for intermediate skiers. It would go on to be one of the best selling skis in history. Several versions were spun off from the 360 line, including the 720 and 180. In 1966 the Head Ski Company had more than 500 employees and was grossing $ 25 million a year on the sale of nearly 300,000 pairs of skis in 17 countries, by far the largest manufacturer of skis in

1998-542: The East Coast was an unnecessary risk. Vought moved 27 million pounds of equipment and 1,300 employees in 14 months, a record-breaking industrial move at the time. In 1954, the company separated from United Aircraft and became the independent Chance Vought Aircraft Inc. Vought began making its F-8 Crusader for the Navy in 1957; it was one of the Navy's first supersonic fighters and its last all-gun fighter. The same basic design

2072-550: The Navy and Marines in World War II . By the end of its production in 1952, Vought, Goodyear , and Brewster had all produced the Corsair fighters. Vought was reestablished as a separate division in United Aircraft in 1942. In postwar 1949, Vought moved operations to the former North American Aviation "B" plant in Dallas, Texas . The move was pushed by the Navy, who believed that having both of its main aircraft suppliers on

2146-661: The Winter Olympics in Innsbruck. Two years later a third of all skiers in the top 10 of every major downhill race were on Competitions, winning a total of 18 gold medals, 15 silver and 15 bronze. Several new models based on the basic Standard model followed. These included the Vector, Master and others. In 1967 the last major introduction in the Standard-based line was the Head 360 , based on

2220-497: The area of failure was strengthened and another pair was built. By Christmas 1949 a set of ten greatly improved versions were ready to be tested. Head gave pairs to Steve Knowlton and Clif Taylor, formerly of the 10th Mountain Division and now instructors at Aspen Ski School. They found they skied well in the powder at the top of the hill, but as they descended hit harder snow they simply wouldn't dig in and became impossible to turn. At

2294-511: The back fence, so that the pan could be collected from the dunny lane through a trap-door". The person who appeared weekly to empty the buckets beneath the seats was known as the "dunnyman", see gong farmer . The "dunny lanes" provided access to collectors. These access lanes can now be worth considerable sums see Ransom strip . The Great Australian Dunny Race has become an icon during the Weerama Festival at Werribee . The remains of

Head Standard - Misplaced Pages Continue

2368-415: The bottom, where it was warmer, the snow stuck to the skis and stopped dead, forcing them to walk them down the hill. Unimpressed, Knowlton suggested the shiny ski's best use was as a mirror in the local outhouse . Taylor stayed long enough to tell Head that the ski needed real edges, and some way for the bottoms to hold wax. The solution to the turning problem had already long been used in the ski industry,

2442-512: The buckets. This system was associated in particular with the English town of Rochdale , to the extent that it was described as the "Rochdale System" of sanitation . 20th century books report that similar systems were in operation in parts of France and elsewhere in continental Europe. The system of municipal collection was widespread in Australia; "dunny cans" persisted well into the second half of

2516-412: The company when the plastic used on the new bright-red topsheet started cracking in dry climates. Worse, as designed for Killy, the ski turned out to be far too stiff even for the expert recreational skiers it was sold to. The product was improved and became the basis for Head ski designs in the 1970s. Head was also infamous for interfering in day-to-day operations of the company. In 1968 a management team

2590-478: The concept and refused to consider studying it, claiming "Fiberglass is a flash in the pan. It will be gone tomorrow." But this attitude changed when Jean-Claude Killy continued winning races on the Dynamic VR-17 , one of the first successful "torsion box" racing skis. Head responded by hiring Killy and his ski technician to help them tune a new fibreglass design of their own. The resulting Killy 800 almost killed

2664-417: The dwelling, and are not connected to plumbing , sewer , or septic system . The World Health Organization recommends they be built a reasonable distance from the house balancing issues of easy access versus that of smell. The superstructure exists to shelter the user, and also to protect the toilet itself. The primary purpose of the building is for privacy and human comfort, and the walls and roof provide

2738-465: The earthen pit fills up. Depending on the size of the pit and the amount of use, this can be fairly frequent, sometimes yearly. As pundit "Jackpine" Bob Cary wrote: "Anyone can build an outhouse, but not everyone can build a good outhouse." Floor plans typically are rectangular or square, but hexagonal outhouses have been built. The arrangements inside the outhouse vary by culture. In Western societies, many, though not all, have at least one seat with

2812-434: The edges of honeycomb exposed. For protection, he capped the sides with thin sheets of plywood. The ski was laid up in pieces and covered with a thermosetting shoemaker's glue. The glue required pressure and heat to bond, which normally required large moulds to provide the pressure. Head came up with the idea of placing the skis in a heavy rubber bag, pumping out the air to produce a vacuum to provide pressure, and then immersing

2886-409: The entire assembly in a barrel of boiling crankcase oil. By December 1947, Head had completed six pairs of prototype skis. He arrived at Mansfield on 27 December and showed them to the instructors. The instructors tried flexing the skis, and five of the ski pairs immediately fell apart. Most left for the day, but Neil Robinson kept his pair to try. He returned to Head and said that in the few minutes he

2960-465: The facility. In June 2010, the Carlyle Group sold Vought to the Triumph Group , an aerospace component manufacturer. The Vought acquisitions now operate as Triumph Aerostructures - Vought Aircraft Division. The Dallas/Grand Prairie facility was closed; operations moved to a new facility in Red Oak, Texas . Outhouse An outhouse is a small structure, separate from a main building, which covers

3034-529: The health of the climbers at least. Worm hold privies, another variant of the composting toilet, are being used by Vermont's Green Mountain Club . These simple outhouses are stocked with red worms (a staple used by home composters). Composting toilets are also subject to regulations. The " Clivus Multrum " is another type of composting toilet which can be inside of an outhouse. There are other types of toilet that may be covered by an outhouse superstructure, or

Head Standard - Misplaced Pages Continue

3108-453: The increased volume of people engaged in activities such as mountaineering and kayaking. The growing popularity of paddling , hiking , and climbing has created special waste disposal issues throughout the world. It is a dominant topic for outdoor organizations and their members. For example, in some places the human waste is collected in drums which need to be helicoptered in and out at considerable expense. Alternatively, some parks mandate

3182-437: The local council. The used cans were replaced with empty, cleaned cans. Brisbane relied on "dunny carts" until the 1950s; because the population was so dispersed, it was difficult to install sewerage. Tar, creosote, and disinfectant kept the smell down. Academic George Seddon claimed that "the typical Australian back yard in the cities and country towns" had, throughout the first half of the twentieth century, "a dunny against

3256-574: The outhouse (usually after but sometimes both) a scoop or two of lime is sprinkled into the lid holes to cover the waste as to suppress the odor which also can help with the insect issues. This method of using powdered lime is also used (and for the same reasons) in common/mass graves. One of the purposes of outhouses is to avoid spreading parasites such as intestinal worms , notably hookworms , which might otherwise be spread via open defecation . Old outhouse pits are seen as excellent places for archeological and anthropological excavations , offering up

3330-427: The past, Lewis and Vought Corporation , Chance Vought , Vought-Sikorsky , LTV Aerospace (part of Ling-Temco-Vought ), Vought Aircraft Companies , and Vought Aircraft Industries . The first incarnation of Vought was established by Chance M. Vought and Birdseye Lewis in 1917. In 1928, it was acquired by United Aircraft and Transport Corporation , which a few years later became United Aircraft Corporation ; this

3404-499: The price of high-end wooden designs. In 1956 Head developed the first damping system for skis, inserting a neoprene layer under the top aluminum sheet. This had reduced chattering at high speeds as well as enabling the ski to "snake" over bumps. In 1961 they introduced this improvement in the Head Competition' line. In 1963 Joos Minsch won the downhill at Innsbruck on a pair. The next year Jean Saubert skied them to two medals at

3478-606: The public health. See posters created by the Works Progress Administration during the 1930s and early 1940s. Some types of flying insects such as the housefly are attracted to the odor of decaying material, and will use it for food for their offspring, laying eggs in the decaying material. Other insects such as mosquitoes seek out standing water that may be present in the pit for the breeding of their offspring. Both of these are undesirable pests to humans, but can be easily controlled without chemicals by enclosing

3552-419: The strength of Martin's laminates to the strength of hickory that he found in an engineering textbook. The answer was encouraging, "It looked like I could build a ski with the strength of wood, but with half the weight." Investing $ 6,000 of poker winnings, Head rented the corner of an electrical shop and started work on a composite ski. The main portion of the ski was built of the standard laminate, but this left

3626-489: The strength of a wooden ski, but based on incorrect numbers, so his version was not nearly strong enough. Head found that the plastic core was simply too weak to provide the strength needed to match the hickory skis. He replaced it with a sheet of marine plywood of much greater strength. Over the next year, he and a number of moonlighting Martin engineers made 40 pairs of skis, shipping them to Robinson and Don Traynor at Mansfield for testing. When they failed, which they all did,

3700-568: The successor to Northrop and Grumman , bought the Carlyle Group's Vought interest for $ 130 million in 1994. In 2000, Carlyle Group established Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc. It is primarily an aerostructures subcontractor. Vought is heavily involved in the Boeing 747 , Boeing 787 aircraft as well as supplying parts for the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II and the V-22 Osprey . In July 2003,

3774-544: The time and the place. For example, an opulent 19th century antebellum example (a three-holer) is at the plantation area at the state park in Stone Mountain, Georgia . The outhouses of Colonial Williamsburg varied widely, from simple expendable temporary wood structures to high-style brick. Thomas Jefferson designed and had built two brick octagons at his vacation home. Such outhouses are sometimes considered to be overbuilt, impractical and ostentatious, giving rise to

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3848-502: The top of the pit with tight-fitting boards or concrete , using a sufficiently sealed toilet hole cover that is closed after every use, and by using fine-grid insect screen to cover the inlet and outlet vent holes. This prevents flying insect entry by all potential routes. It is common (at least in the United States) for outhouses to have a bucket or a bag of powdered lime with a scoop of some kind in it. Either before or after using

3922-433: The top, it should be either emptied or a new pit constructed and the shelter moved or re-built at the new location. The management of the fecal sludge removed from the pit is complicated. There are both environment and health risks if not done properly. As of 2013 pit latrines are used by an estimated 1.77 billion people. This is mostly in the developing world as well as in rural and wilderness areas. Another system

3996-566: The twentieth century, see below . In Scandinavia and some other countries, outhouses are built over removable containers that enable easy removal of the waste and enable much more rapid composting in separate piles. A similar system operates in India, where hundreds of thousands of workers engage in manual scavenging , i.e. emptying pit latrines and bucket toilets without any personal protective equipment . A variety of systems are used in some national parks and popular wilderness areas, to cope with

4070-408: The used of carbon steel edges. Normally these were thin strips held onto the ski using small screws, but this was not suitable for the laminated design. Head designed a version with a flange that extended sideways about 1/5 of the way into the base of the ski. The edges were laid up and bonded into the base as the ski was being glued together. The new version not only fixed the problem of soft edges, but

4144-479: The wooden outdoor toilets are commonly called "Sławojka", a name that refers to the former Prime Minister Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski who used to monitor scrupulously the implementation of the provisions imposed by the construction law of 1928 , making it mandatory for outdoor toilet pits to be surrounded by walls. Tsi-Ku, also known as Tsi Ku Niang, is described as the Chinese goddess of the outhouse and divination. It

4218-402: The world. Sales continued to improve throughout the 1950s and 60s, until at one point 50% of all skis in the US were Heads. The competition was quick to introduce similar models of their own, but Head continued development and maintained a leadership position throughout. However, it was during this period that the fibreglass construction started to become popular, and improved rapidly. Head hated

4292-703: The years, among them the 1942 All Magnesium, a post-war run of 1,000 Truflex aluminum skis (made of Metalite, a sandwich of aluminum and balsa wood) from Chance Vought , the stainless steel Chris Ski, the TEY Alu-60 (later known as the Aluflex), the Dow Metal Air Ski, and the Gomme from the UK. All of these designs had numerous problems. In cold snow, ice would freeze to the bottom metal layer and made them very difficult to move. The same

4366-474: Was able to keep on top of them, he "felt something." Head used the remaining pair and managed to make it only a short way before this pair failed as well. Head returned to Baltimore, and on 2 January 1948, quit his job at Martin to work on the ski design full-time. He applied a full stress test to a pair of commercial hickory skis, and found that the real strength of the wood was two times the number found in every engineering text. Head had designed his ski to match

4440-534: Was bought by James Ling , who formed a conglomerate dubbed Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV). Vought Aeronautics and Vought Missiles and Space continued to develop and produce for the Air Force and Navy under the umbrella of LTV Aerospace. The first of two decades of reorganizations began in 1972 with the creation of Vought Systems by the merging of the Vought Missiles and Space and Aeronautics divisions. All of LTV Aerospace

4514-425: Was brought in to run the company, leaving Head as the chairman. Head preferred to be a hands-on manager, and after being pushed from the ski operations he lost interest and turned his attention to tennis. He started development of an aluminum tennis racquet , but in 1969 he sold the entire company to AMF for $ 16 million. Taking up tennis in earnest, his trainer quit in frustration and told Head to keep practicing with

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4588-511: Was connected by walkways . It still stands (but not the building). The waste from "upstairs" is directed down a chute separate from the "downstairs" facility in these instances, so contrary to various jokes about two-story outhouses, the user of the lower level has nothing to fear if the upper level is in use at the same time. The Boston Exchange Coffee House (1809–1818) was equipped with a four-story outhouse with windows on each floor. Some outhouses were built surprisingly ornately, considering

4662-714: Was forced by law to divide its businesses, resulting in Boeing Aircraft, United Airlines , and the United Aircraft Corp, of which Vought was a part. In 1939, United Aircraft moved Vought to Stratford, Connecticut , where it merged with the Sikorsky division to become Vought-Sikorsky Aircraft. Chief engineer Rex Beisel began in 1938 to develop the XF4U, recognized by its distinctive inverted gull wings . After its first flight, in 1940, thousands of F4U Corsairs were produced for

4736-446: Was found to greatly improve the overall performance of the ski as well. To solve the problem with sticking snow, Head adapted another solution being widely introduced in the industry. TEY, creators of the earlier Tru-Flex and Alu 60 designs, faced the same sticking problems and had started selling a self-adhesive celloid plastic sheet that could be used with any ski and eliminated the need for waxing. Head took this one step further, using

4810-583: Was founded by Lewis, an early aviator, and Vought, a former chief engineer of the Wright Company . They sought to take advantage of the growing field of military and civilian aviation after World War I . Operations began in Astoria, New York ; in 1919, they moved to Long Island City, New York . After Lewis retired in 1922, it was renamed the Chance Vought Corporation. Vought made history in 1922 when

4884-405: Was immediately frustrated by the weight of his rented hickory skis, which he felt were archaic in an era of modern lightweight materials. On the train back to Baltimore , he was thinking of building a ski using Martin's aluminum/plastic sandwich. He was so excited about the prospect that he sketched the concept and showed it to his carriage mate. When he returned to work, he spent some time comparing

4958-403: Was introduced in the winter of 1950-51. Head shipped pairs of skis on consignment all across the US, and took to the hills himself, selling them out of the back of his station wagon . By the end of the year, 300 pairs of the $ 85 skis were sold. One last problem needed to be solved; the mirror-like topsheet was distracting in the sun, so a thin sheet of black plastic was added to the top. The result

5032-684: Was later heavily revised and shortened to produce Vought's A-7 Corsair II , a carrier-borne close-air-support and attack plane. Entering service in 1965, the Corsair II was heavily engaged in a close support and strike missions during the Vietnam War , beginning in 1967. The A-7 also participated in the U.S. invasion of Grenada in 1983; a punitive raid on Syrian missile sites in 1983; reprisal raids against Libya during Operation El Dorado Canyon in 1986; strikes against Iranian coastal platforms and naval forces during Operation Praying Mantis in 1988; support of

5106-421: Was popularized by cartoonists and had a questionable basis in fact. There are authors who claim the practice began during the colonial period as an early "mens"/"ladies" designation for an illiterate populace (the sun and moon being popular symbols for the sexes during those times). Others dismiss the claim as an urban legend . What is certain is that the purpose of the hole is for venting and light and there were

5180-697: Was renamed the Vought Corporation in 1976, but by 1983 the Vought company was again split along aeronautic and missile lines under LTV Aerospace and Defense. By the early 1980s, LTV was struggling, and Vought laid off many employees. In 1992, LTV sold Vought to Northrop and the Carlyle Group , each owning roughly half of the company. It sold the missile division to the Loral Corporation , part of Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control . Northrop Grumman ,

5254-468: Was the Head Standard, which would remain largely unchanged for over a decade. On the slopes, skiers found they could turn the ski far easier than wooden designs. Head later noted that "...lightness is not what makes a ski better. In trying to build a lighter ski, I accidentally created a ski that was stiffer in torsion, one that would turn and track more easily. That was the magic difference." The Standard

5328-492: Was the first of many reorganizations and buyouts. During the 1920s and 1930s, Vought Aircraft and Chance Vought specialized in carrier-based aircraft for the United States Navy , by far its biggest customer. Chance Vought produced thousands of planes during World War II , including the F4U Corsair . Vought became independent again in 1954, and was purchased by Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV) in 1961. The company designed and produced

5402-422: Was three times as stiff torsionally as wooden skis, which allowed the edge to be driven into the snow much more strongly. The effect was so pronounced that they became known as "The Cheater" because it made beginners look like pros. News of their ease of skiing spread quickly, and over the next winter 1,100 pairs were sold, improving to 2,200 for 1952-53. This was in spite of them selling for $ 75 to $ 85, roughly twice

5476-407: Was true for wood skis, but these could hold wax that solved the problem. When applied to metal skis, the wax quickly rubbed off. Additionally, metal designs tended to be very springy, and were notorious for vibrating when running on ice. And a strong flex or collision could leave them permanently bent and unskiable. Skiers soon came to dismiss them as "tin cans." In 1939, Howard Head took a job as

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