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46-450: Hazelnuts are used as a snack food, in baking and desserts , and in breakfast cereals such as muesli . In confectionery , they are used to make praline , and also used in combination with chocolate for chocolate truffles and products such as chocolate bars and hazelnut cocoa spreads such as Nutella . They are also used in Frangelico liqueur. Hazelnut oil , pressed from hazelnuts,

92-529: A logo , pretzels boomed in popularity, bringing many other types of snack foods with it. By the 1950s, snacking had become an all-American pastime, becoming an internationally recognized emblem of middle American life. Nuts are a staple of snacks in the Middle East . Among the many varieties available within the region, the most popular are almonds , walnuts , hazelnuts , pine nuts , and pistachios . According to archeological evidence, nuts have been part of

138-433: A tree or shrub are called basal shoots; these are distinguished from shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the roots of a tree or shrub, which may be called root sprouts or suckers. A plant that produces root sprouts or runners is described as surculose . Water sprouts produced by adventitious buds may occur on the above-ground stem, branches or both of trees and shrubs. Suckers are shoots arising underground from

184-715: A breakdown. The second option is to wait for all the nuts to fall before harvesting. Although the first option is considered the better of the two, two or three passes do take more time to complete than one. In 2021, world production of hazelnuts (in shells) was 1.1 million tonnes . The hazelnut production in Turkey accounts for 64% of the world total, followed by Italy , the United States , and Azerbaijan as secondary producers. Hazelnuts are used in confections to make pralines , chocolate truffles , and hazelnut paste products. The (solid) combination of ground hazelnuts with chocolate

230-415: A cart pulled behind the harvester. Once a tote is filled with nuts, the forklift hauls away the full totes and brings empty ones back to the harvester to maximize the harvester's time. Two different timing strategies are used for collecting the fallen nuts. The first is to harvest early when about half of the nuts have fallen. With less material on the ground, the harvester can work faster with less chance of

276-863: A common constituent of muesli . The nuts may be eaten fresh or dried, having different flavors. Raw hazelnuts are 5% water, 61% fat , 17% carbohydrates , and 15% protein (table). In a 100-gram ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 -ounce) reference amount, raw hazelnuts supply 2,630 kilojoules (628 kilocalories) of food energy and are a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value , DV) of numerous essential nutrients (see table). Hazelnuts contain particularly high amounts of protein , dietary fiber , vitamin E , iron , thiamin , phosphorus , manganese , and magnesium , all exceeding 30% DV (table). Several B vitamins have appreciable content. In lesser but still significant amounts (moderate content, 10–19% DV) are vitamin K , calcium , zinc , and potassium (table). Hazelnuts are

322-422: A habitat in which that surculose plant is the dominant species. Root sprouts also may grow from the roots of trees that have been felled. Tree roots ordinarily grow outward from their trunks a distance of 1.5 to 2 times their heights, and therefore root sprouts can emerge a substantial distance from the trunk. This is a phenomenon of natural " asexual reproduction ", also denominated " vegetative reproduction ". It

368-492: A rich source of dietary fat , accounting for 93% DV in a 100-gram amount. The fat components are monounsaturated fat as oleic acid (75% of total), polyunsaturated fat mainly as linoleic acid (13% of total), and saturated fat , mainly as palmitic acid and stearic acid (together, 7% of total). The hazelnut is used as a literary device by Julian of Norwich (c. 1343 – after 1416) within her mystical Christian treatise Revelations of Divine Love . The hazelnut shell

414-471: A significantly profitable business. Snack foods are typically designed to be portable, quick, and satisfying. Processed snack foods, as one form of convenience food , are designed to be less perishable, more durable, and more portable than prepared foods. They often contain substantial amounts of sweeteners , preservatives , and appealing ingredients such as chocolate , peanuts , and specially designed flavors (such as flavored potato chips ). Aside from

460-419: A smooth shell, while a filbert is more elongated, being about twice as long as its diameter. The nut falls out of the husk when ripe, about seven to eight months after pollination. The seed is edible and consumed raw, roasted or ground into a paste. The seed has a thin, dark brown skin, which is sometimes removed before cooking. In 1995, evidence of large-scale Mesolithic nut processing, some 8,000 years old,

506-427: A spit before thinly slicing it. Government bodies, such as Health Canada , recommend that people make a conscious effort to eat more healthy, natural snacks, such as fruit , vegetables , nuts , and cereal grains while avoiding high-calorie, low-nutrient junk food . A 2010 study showed that children in the United States snacked on average six times per day, approximately twice as often as American children in

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552-428: A tractor, which lifts the material off the ground and separates the nuts from the leaves, empty husks, and twigs. As the harvester drives over the rows, a rotating cylinder with hundreds of tines rakes the material onto a belt. The belt takes the material over a blower and under a powerful vacuum that sucks any lightweight soil, leaves from the nuts, and discharges them into the orchard. The remaining nuts are conveyed into

598-427: A variety of forms including packaged snack foods and other processed foods, as well as items made from fresh ingredients at home. Traditionally, snacks are prepared from a number of ingredients commonly available at home without a great deal of preparation. Often cold cuts , fruits , leftovers , nuts , sandwiches , and sweets are used as snacks. With the spread of convenience stores , packaged snack foods became

644-404: Is a flour-based cracker with brittle of peanuts, anchovies or shrimp bound by a crispy flour cracker. Rengginang or intip ( Javanese ) is a rice cracker made from sun-dried and deep fried leftover rice. Japan has a very wide range of snack foods, some of which are internationally popular, ranging from onigiri to melon pan . In 2010, the average Canadian ate 300 snacks. Canadian identity

690-765: Is a form of dispersal vector that allows plants to spread to habitats that favor their survival and growth. Some species, such as poplars and blackthorn , produce root sprouts that can spread rapidly, and they can form thick mats of roots that can reclaim areas that have been cleared of vegetation by logging, erosion, pasturing. These plants could be considered invasive , but they are cultivated or permitted to grow to stabilize soils and even to then be naturally replaced by non-pioneer species in locations as such those that have been developed for public works and along channels of waterways that may flood and reservoirs . These plants form shaded areas wherein new species may grow and gradually replace them. Stolons are stems that grow on

736-522: Is a strategy of plant propagation . The complex of clonal individuals and the originating plant comprise a single genetic individual, i. e., a genet . The individual root sprouts are clones of the original plant, and each has a genome that is identical to that of the originating plant from which it grew. Many species of plants reproduce through vegetative reproduction, e. g. Canada thistle , cherry , apple , guava , privet , hazel , lilac , tree of heaven , and Asimina triloba . The root sprout

782-542: Is called gianduja . In Austria , hazelnut paste is an ingredient for making tortes , such as Viennese hazelnut torte. In Kyiv cake , hazelnut flour is used to flavor its meringue body, and crushed hazelnuts are sprinkled over its sides. Dacquoise , a French dessert cake, often contains a layer of hazelnut meringue. Hazelnuts are used in Turkish cuisine and Georgian cuisine ; the snack churchkhela and sauce satsivi are used, often with walnuts . Hazelnuts are also

828-541: Is imagined as a chariot for the fairy Queen Mab within English playwright and poet William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet . The hazel fruit is also used as a metaphorical device in the poem To Autumn by the English Romantic poet John Keats . Snack A snack is a small portion of food generally eaten between meals . A snack is often less than 200 calories, but this can vary. Snacks come in

874-547: Is often associated with snack foods that are sold in Canada due to economic nationalism . Some Canadian snacks include ketchup chips , Smarties , Coffee Crisp , Kinder Surprise , Jos Louis , Big Turk , and Nanaimo bars . In the United States, a popular snack food is the peanut . Peanuts first arrived from South America via slave ships and became incorporated into African-inspired cooking on southern plantations . After

920-464: Is one of the top-selling and famous Indian snack brands around the world. Indonesia has a rich collection of snacks called kue (cakes and pastry), both savoury and sweet. Traditional kue is usually made from rice flour , coconut milk, and coconut sugar , and is mostly steamed or fried rather than baked. Traditional kue are popularly known as kue basah ("wet kue") that has a moist, soft texture because of rich coconut milk. Kue kering (dried kue)

966-408: Is performed either by hand or by manual or mechanical raking of fallen nuts. Four primary pieces of equipment are used in commercial harvesting: the sweeper, the harvester, the nut cart, and the forklift. The sweeper moves the nuts into the center of the rows, the harvester lifts and separates the nuts from any debris (i.e., twigs and leaves), the nut cart holds the nuts picked up by the harvester, and

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1012-443: Is strongly flavored and high in monounsaturated fat . It is used as a cooking oil and as a salad or vegetable dressing. Turkey is the world's largest producer of hazelnuts, accounting for 64% of total production in 2021. A hazelnut cob is roughly spherical to oval, about 15–25 millimetres ( 5 ⁄ 8 –1 inch) long and 10–15 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 – 5 ⁄ 8  in) in diameter, with an outer fibrous husk surrounding

1058-976: Is the local name for cookies. Indonesia has several variations of kue, both native and foreign-influenced. Traditional crackers are called krupuk , made from bits of shrimp, fish, vegetables or nuts, which are usually consumed as a crunchy snack or an accompaniment to meals. These crispy snacks are sometimes added to main dishes for their crunchy texture; several Indonesian dishes such as gado-gado , karedok, ketoprak, lontong sayur, nasi uduk, asinan and bubur ayam are known to require specific types of krupuk as toppings. There are wide variations of krupuk available across Indonesia. The most popular ones would be krupuk udang ( prawn crackers ) and krupuk kampung or krupuk putih (cassava crackers). Other popular types include krupuk kulit (dried buffalo-skin crackers), emping melinjo ( gnetum gnemon crackers), and kripik (chips/crisps), such as kripik pisang ( banana chips ) and keripik singkong ( Cassava chips). Rempeyek

1104-572: Is the main variety cultivated in fields known as plats, hand-picked, and eaten green. According to the BBC, a national collection of cobnut varieties exists at Roughway Farm, near Plaxtol in Kent. They are called cobnuts because cob was a word used to refer to the head or "noggin,” and children had a game in which they would tie a string to a hazelnut and use it to try to hit an opponent on the head. In Europe hazelnuts are traditionally grown as multi-trunk trees where

1150-588: The Civil War , the taste for peanuts spread north, where they were incorporated into the culture of such popular events as baseball games and vaudeville theaters . Along with popcorn (also of South American origin), snacks bore the stigma of being sold by unhygienic street vendors . The middle-class etiquette of the Victorian era (1837–1901) categorized any food that did not require proper usage of utensils as lower-class. Pretzels were introduced to North America by

1196-530: The Dutch , via New Amsterdam in the 17th century. In the 1860s, the snack was still associated with immigrants, unhygienic street vendors, and saloons. Due to loss of business during the Prohibition era (1920–1933), pretzels underwent rebranding to make them more appealing to the public. As packaging revolutionized snack foods, allowing sellers to reduce contamination risk, while making it easy to advertise brands with

1242-464: The Isle of Man . This discovery gives an insight into communal activity and planning in the period. The nuts were harvested in a single year, and pollen analysis suggests that all of the hazel trees were cut down at the same time. The scale of the activity and the lack of large game on the island suggest that Colonsay may have contained a community with a largely vegetarian diet for the time they spent on

1288-407: The 1970s. This represents consumption of roughly 570 calories more per day than U.S. children consumed in the 1970s. Suckering Basal shoots , root sprouts , adventitious shoots , and suckers are words for various kinds of shoots that grow from adventitious buds on the base of a tree or shrub , or from adventitious buds on its roots . Shoots that grow from buds on the base of

1334-685: The Middle Eastern diet for centuries with ancient civilizations taking advantage of them for their health benefits. The health benefits of nuts comes from them being good sources of protein, healthy fats, fibers, vitamins and minerals. Nuts have now become a regular snack with a 119 billion dollar market as of 2022 that is projected to continue growing into 2023. Nuts can be prepared in a variety of ways, such as by roasting them with spices and lemon juice or incorporating them into food and desserts such as baklava , knafeh , and kibbeh . Spreads and dips are eaten with pita bread . The most popular dip in

1380-593: The Syrian city of Aleppo . Baba ganoush is a spread made from roasted eggplants, olive oil, and other vegetables. The origins of baba ganoush are not clear with many conflicting pieces of evidence pointing to multiple countries of origin. A sweet dip is Ashta, a cream made from milk, rose or orange blossom water, and ghee, which is usually accompanied with honey. Many popular snacks in the Middle East are obtained from street vendors due to low cost and convenience of eating on

1426-429: The center row. It is best to sweep only a few rows ahead of the harvesters at any given time, to prevent the tractor that drives the harvester from crushing the nuts that may still be falling from the trees. Hazelnut orchards may be harvested up to three times during the harvest season, depending on the number of nuts in the trees and the rate of nut drop due to the weather. The harvester is a slow-moving machine pushed by

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1472-399: The forklift brings a tote to offload the nuts from the nut cart and then stacks the totes to be shipped to the processor (nut dryer). The sweeper is a low-to-the-ground machine that makes two passes in each tree row. It has a 2 m (6 ft 7 in) belt attached to the front that rotates to sweep leaves, nuts, and small twigs from left to right, depositing the material in the center of

1518-469: The go. Many of these snacks consist of a protein with bread. Falafel consists of many little fried balls of ground chickpeas or fava beans with herbs, spices served in pita bread with tahini sauce and a choice of vegetables. Falafel is believed to originate from Egypt around 1000 years ago by Egyptian Copts . Shawarma is served in a similar fashion to falafel, pita bread with sauce and vegetables, but instead prepared by slowly cooking layers of meat on

1564-466: The island. Originally, the pit was on a beach close to the shore and was associated with two smaller, stone-lined pits whose function remains obscure, a hearth and a second cluster of pits. The traditional method to increase nut production is called brutting , which involves prompting more of the tree's energy to go into flower bud production by snapping, but not breaking off, the tips of the new year shoots six or seven leaf groups from where they join with

1610-407: The middle east is hummus . Hummus is a blend of chickpeas , tahini , lemon, and garlic usually served with olive oil and paprika on top. Hummus's origins can be traced back to a Syrian cookbook from the 13th century. Other dips are also popularly served such as mouhammara and baba ganoush . Mouhammara is a walnut, tahini, and roasted red pepper dip served with olive oil on top originating from

1656-462: The nut, including large nut size or early or late fruiting, whereas others are grown as pollinators. The majority of commercial hazelnuts are propagated from root sprouts. Some cultivars are of hybrid origin between common hazel and filbert . In Ireland and the United Kingdom, hazelnuts are sometimes referred to as cobnuts, for which a specific cultivated variety – Kentish cobnuts –

1702-427: The plant protection measures, potentially impacting the yield quality and level. There are very few studies on these systems, leading to a higher uncertainty for the producer. Hazelnuts are harvested annually in mid-autumn. As autumn comes to a close, the trees drop their nuts and leaves. Most commercial growers wait for the nuts to drop rather than using equipment to shake them from the tree. The harvesting of hazelnuts

1748-420: The roots some distance from the base of a tree or shrub. In botany , a root sprout or sucker is a severable plant that grows not from a seed but from the meristem of a root at the base of or a certain distance from the original tree or shrub . Root sprouts may emerge a substantial distance from the base of the originating plant, are a form of vegetative dispersal , and may form a patch that constitutes

1794-469: The rootstock is formed by the variety itself. To enhance the possibility for mechanization and to prevent suckering , a single-trunk tree can be formed by grafting a scion of the desired variety on a Corylus colurna rootstock. There are different approaches in orchard floor management. Strong infestations of certain weeds can lower the yield. Therefore, to prevent yield loss by competition, herbicides are used to create bare soil. Using cover crops protects

1840-449: The row as it drives forward. On the rear of the sweeper is a powerful blower to blow material left into the adjacent row with air speeds up to 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Careful grooming during the year and patient blowing at harvest may eliminate the need for hand raking around the tree trunk, where nuts may accumulate. The sweeper prepares a single center row of nuts, narrow enough for the harvesting tractor to drive over without driving on

1886-413: The soil and suppresses weed establishment without a yield reduction. Silvopastoral systems where animals like pigs are kept in the orchard or silvoarable systems where crops are grown between the rows could introduce new sources of revenue into the hazelnut production and may have beneficial effects on hazelnut yield by fertilizing the soil through nitrogen fixation or animal dung. These systems limit

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1932-407: The surface of the soil or immediately below it and form adventitious roots at their nodes , and new clonal plants from the buds . Not all horizontal plant stems are stolons. Plants with stolons are described as "stoloniferous". Stolons, especially those above the surface of the soil are often denominated "runners". Rhizomes , in contrast, are root-like stems that may either grow horizontally on

1978-468: The surface of the soil or in other orientations underground. Root sprouts and basal shoots can be used to propagate woody plants. Root sprouts can be dug or severed with some of the roots still attached. As for basal shoots, stool beds involve cutting a juvenile plant proximate to the surface of the soil and heaping soil over the cut so that basal shoots will form adventitious roots and later can be severed to form multiple, rooted, new plants. The technique

2024-478: The trunk or branch, at the end of the growing season. The traditional term for an area of cultivated hazelnuts is a plat . The many cultivars of the hazel include 'Atababa', 'Barcelona', 'Butler', 'Casina', 'Clark', 'Cosford', 'Daviana', 'Delle Langhe', 'England', 'Ennis', 'Halls Giant', 'Jemtegaard', 'Kent Cob', 'Lewis', 'Tokolyi', 'Tonda Gentile', 'Tonda di Giffoni', 'Tonda Romana', 'Wanliss Pride', and 'Willamette'. Some of these are grown for specific qualities of

2070-503: The use of additives , the viability of packaging so that food quality can be preserved without degradation is also important for commercialization. A snack eaten shortly before going to bed or during the night may be called a "bedtime snack", "late night snack", or "midnight snack". Indian snack foods are typically called chaats . Snacks like pani puri and samosas have become popular outside of India. Most traditional snacks are home-made or sold by street vendors. Haldiram's

2116-632: Was found in a midden pit on the island of Colonsay in Scotland. The evidence consists of a large, shallow pit full of the remains of hundreds of thousands of burned hazelnut shells. Hazelnuts have been found on other Mesolithic sites, but rarely in such quantities or concentrated in one pit. The nuts were radiocarbon dated to 7720±110 BP, which calibrates to c.  6000 BCE . Similar sites in Britain are known only at Farnham in Surrey and Cass ny Hawin on

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