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60-635: Hasko is the title of the most successful novel of German pedagogue , bard , theatre maker and writer Martin Luserke . It is published in German, Dutch and French language. The novel is about a Dutch freedom fighter, one of the Watergeuzen who got a letter of marque to board ships of other nations. During the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and The Netherlands the fictional character got involved into

120-497: A balance between delivering knowledge while also taking into account the interests and experiences of the student ( The Child and the Curriculum, Dewey, 1902). Dewey not only re-imagined the way that the learning process should take place but also the role that the teacher should play within that process. He envisioned a divergence from the mastery of a pre-selected set of skills to the cultivation of autonomy and critical-thinking within

180-731: A battle for the East Frisian city of Emden in North Sea and another battle near the West Frisian island Ameland . At that time the image of the Watergeuzen changed from buccaneers to freedom fighters officially acknowledged by William I, Prince of Orange (1533–1584). The novel was created nearly entirely aboard Luserke's ship Krake in Falderndelft harbour of Emden. The book contains historic maps of both sea battles and detailed drawings of

240-530: A child". It is pronounced variously, as / ˈ p ɛ d ə ɡ ɒ dʒ i / , / ˈ p ɛ d ə ɡ oʊ dʒ i / , or / ˈ p ɛ d ə ɡ ɒ ɡ i / . The related word pedagogue has had a negative connotation of pedantry , dating from at least the 1650s; a related expression is educational theorist . The term "pedagogy" is also found in the English discourse, but it is more broadly discussed in other European languages, such as French and German . In

300-405: A differentiated strategy in pedagogy and not the traditional approach for teachers to accomplish goals efficiently. American author and educator Carol Ann Tomlinson defined Differentiated Instruction as "teachers' efforts in responding to inconsistencies among students in the classroom." Differentiation refers to methods of teaching. She explained that Differentiated Instruction gives learners

360-628: A fulfillment of the soul, and by fulfilling the soul the body subsequently benefited. Plato viewed physical education for all as a necessity to a stable society. Aristotle (384–322 BCE) composed a treatise, On Education , which was subsequently lost. However, he renounced Plato's view in subsequent works, advocating for a common education mandated to all citizens by the State. A small minority of people residing within Greek city-states at this time were considered citizens, and thus Aristotle still limited education to

420-552: A minority within Greece. Aristotle advocates physical education should precede intellectual studies. Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (35 – 100 CE) published his pedagogy in Institutio Oratoria (95 CE). He describes education as a gradual affair, and places certain responsibilities on the teacher. He advocates for rhetorical, grammatical, scientific, and philosophical education. Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (155 – 240 CE)

480-505: A pedagogue ( pædagog ) is broadly speaking a practitioner of pedagogy, but the term is primarily reserved for individuals who occupy jobs in pre-school education (such as kindergartens and nurseries ). A pedagogue can occupy various kinds of jobs, within this restrictive definition, e.g. in retirement homes , prisons , orphanages , and human resource management . When working with at-risk families or youths they are referred to as social pedagogues ( socialpædagog ). The pedagogue's job

540-409: A science and more as an art or a craft . This characterization puts more emphasis on the practical aspect of pedagogy, which may involve various forms of " tacit knowledge that is hard to put into words". This approach is often based on the idea that the most central aspects of teaching are only acquired by practice and cannot be easily codified through scientific inquiry. In this regard, pedagogy

600-529: A series of national institutes for social educators located in all major cities. The education is a 3.5-year academic course, giving the student the title of a Bachelor in Social Education (Danish: Professionsbachelor som pædagog ). It is also possible to earn a master's degree in pedagogy/educational science from the University of Copenhagen. This BA and MA program has a more theoretical focus compared to

660-435: A specialization. Epstein argues that many tasks require a variety of skills which tend to be possessed by more well-rounded people, and finding a task which is a better fit to one's personality and interests can overcome the advantage otherwise provided by having more practice earlier in life and attempting peak performance as a younger person. Someone who has demonstrated a high level of knowledge or skill in multiple disciplines

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720-415: A specific task or situation. It involves both understanding and proficiency in such specific activity that involves methods, processes, procedures, or techniques. These skills are easily quantifiable unlike soft skills , which are related to one's personality. These are also skills that can be or have been tested and may entail some professional, technical, or academic qualification. Holistic competencies

780-606: A variety of alternatives for acquiring information. Primary principles comprising the structure of Differentiated Instruction include formative and ongoing assessment, group collaboration, recognition of students' diverse levels of knowledge, problem-solving, and choice in reading and writing experiences. Howard Gardner gained prominence in the education sector for his Multiple Intelligences Theory . He named seven of these intelligences in 1983: Linguistic, Logical and Mathematical, Visual and Spatial, Body and Kinesthetic, Musical and Rhythmic, Intrapersonal, and Interpersonal. Critics say

840-416: A variety of pedagogies, including quiet study, passive or active learning, kinesthetic or physical learning, vocational learning, experiential learning, and others. Learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how knowledge is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning . Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or

900-583: A world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. Distance education or long-distance learning is the education of students who may not always be physically present at a school . Traditionally, this usually involved correspondence courses wherein the student corresponded with the school via post . Today it involves online education. Courses that are conducted (51 percent or more) are either hybrid , blended or 100% distance learning. Massive open online courses (MOOCs), offering large-scale interactive participation and open access through

960-405: Is learning that takes place through dialogue . It is typically the result of egalitarian dialogue ; in other words, the consequence of a dialogue in which different people provide arguments based on validity claims and not on power claims. Student-centered learning, also known as learner-centered education, broadly encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from

1020-854: Is an umbrella term for different types of generic skills (e.g., critical thinking , problem-solving skills, positive values, and attitudes (e.g., resilience , appreciation for others) which are essential for life-long learning and whole-person development. Skilled workers have long had historical import ( see division of labour ) as electricians , masons , carpenters , blacksmiths , bakers , brewers , coopers , printers and other occupations that are economically productive. Skilled workers were often politically active through their craft guilds . An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carry out complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills). According to

1080-806: Is awarded honorarily by some US universities to distinguished teachers (in the US and UK, earned degrees within the instructive field are classified as an Ed.D., Doctor of Education , or a Ph.D., Doctor of Philosophy ). The term is also used to denote an emphasis in education as a specialty in a field (for instance, a Doctor of Music degree in piano pedagogy ). The education of pedagogues, and their role in society, varies greatly from culture to culture. Important pedagogues in Belgium are Jan Masschelein and Maarten Simons (Catholic University of Leuven). According to these scholars, schools nowadays are often dismissed as outdated or ineffective. Deschoolers even argue that schools rest on

1140-403: Is called socialization . Soft skills are a combination of interpersonal people skills, social skills, communication skills, character traits, attitudes, career attributes and emotional intelligence quotient (EQ) among others. Development of a very high level of skill is often desirable for economic, social, or personal reasons. In his 2008 book Outliers , Malcolm Gladwell proposed

1200-455: Is concerned with "observing and refining one's skill as a teacher". A more inclusive definition combines these two characterizations and sees pedagogy both as the practice of teaching and the discourse and study of teaching methods. Some theorists give an even wider definition by including considerations such as "the development of health and bodily fitness, social and moral welfare, ethics and aesthetics ". Due to this variety of meanings, it

1260-460: Is focused on the knowledge, skills and competences to be acquired by students (learning outcomes) through the learning process, rather than on completing a specific stage or on time spent in school." (European Commission, 2012, p.7) This is, according to Masschelein and Simons a plea for learning outcomes and demonstrates a vision of education in which the institution is no longer the point of departure. The main ambition in this discourse of education

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1320-407: Is interested in the forms and methods used to convey this understanding. Pedagogy is closely related to didactics but there are some differences. Usually, didactics is seen as the more limited term that refers mainly to the teacher's role and activities, i.e how their behavior is most beneficial to the process of education. This is one central aspect of pedagogy besides other aspects that consider

1380-535: Is often described as the act of teaching. The pedagogy adopted by teachers shapes their actions, judgments, and teaching strategies by taking into consideration theories of learning , understandings of students and their needs, and the backgrounds and interests of individual students. Its aims may range from furthering liberal education (the general development of human potential) to the narrower specifics of vocational education (the imparting and acquisition of specific skills). Instructive strategies are governed by

1440-432: Is often specifically understood in relation to school education. But in a wider sense, it includes all forms of education, both inside and outside schools. In this wide sense, it is concerned with the process of teaching taking place between two parties: teachers and learners. The teacher's goal is to bring about certain experiences in the learner to foster their understanding of the subject matter to be taught. Pedagogy

1500-483: Is political. Decisions regarding the curriculum , disciplinary practices, student testing , textbook selection, the language used by the teacher, and more can empower or disempower students. It asserts that educational practices favor some students over others and some practices harm all students. It also asserts that educational practices often favor some voices and perspectives while marginalizing or ignoring others. The academic degree Ped. D., Doctor of Pedagogy,

1560-458: Is sometimes suggested that pedagogy is a "catch-all term" associated with various issues of teaching and learning. In this sense, it lacks a precise definition. According to Patricia Murphy, a detailed reflection on the meaning of the term "pedagogy" is important nonetheless since different theorists often use it in very different ways. In some cases, non-trivial assumptions about the nature of learning are even included in its definition. Pedagogy

1620-602: Is the methodology of education . As a methodology, it investigates the ways and practices that can be used to realize the aims of education . The main aim is often identified with the transmission of knowledge . Other aims include fostering skills and character traits . They include helping the student develop their intellectual and social abilities as well as psychomotor and affective learning, which are about developing practical skills and adequate emotional dispositions, respectively. However, not everyone agrees with this characterization of pedagogy and some see it less as

1680-550: Is the book "Looking after school: a critical analysis of personalisation in Education". It takes a critical look at the main discourse of today's education. Education is seen through a socio-economic lens: education is aimed at mobilising talents and competencies (p23). This is seen in multiple texts from governing bodies, in Belgium and Europe. One of the most significant examples is quoted on page 23:   "Education and training can only contribute to growth and job-creation if learning

1740-404: Is the efficient and effective realisation of learning outcomes for all. Things like the place and time of learning, didactic and pedagogic support are means to an end: the acquisition of preplanned learning outcomes. And these outcomes are a direct input for the knowledge economy. Masschelein and Simons' main critique here is that the main concern is not the educational institution (anymore). Rather,

1800-456: Is usually distinguished from a teacher 's by primarily focusing on teaching children life-preparing knowledge such as social or non-curriculum skills, and cultural norms . There is also a very big focus on the care and well-being of the child. Many pedagogical institutions also practice social inclusion . The pedagogue's work also consists of supporting the child in their mental and social development. In Denmark all pedagogues are educated at

1860-672: The Portland Business Journal , people skills are described as: A British definition is "the ability to communicate effectively with people in a friendly way, especially in business." The term is already listed in major US dictionaries. The term people skills is used to include both psychological skills and social skills but is less inclusive than life skills . Social skills are any skills facilitating interaction and communication with others. Social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and nonverbal ways. The process of learning such skills

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1920-609: The Renaissance , the Reformation , and the Age of Enlightenment . Socrates (470 – 399 BCE) employed the Socratic method while engaging with a student or peer. This style does not impart knowledge, but rather tries to strengthen the logic of the student by revealing the conclusions of the statement of the student as erroneous or supported. The instructor in this learning environment recognizes

1980-652: The World Wide Web or other network technologies, are recent developments in distance education. A number of other terms (distributed learning, e-learning, online learning, etc.) are used roughly synonymously with distance education. Adapting the teaching resource should suit appropriate teaching and learning environments , national and local cultural norms, and make it accessible to different types of learners. Key adaptations in teaching resource include: Classroom constraints Cultural familiarity Local relevance Inclusivity for diverse students Dialogic learning

2040-534: The teacher to the student . In original usage, student-centered learning aims to develop learner autonomy and independence by putting responsibility for the learning path in the hands of students. Student-centered instruction focuses on skills and practices that enable lifelong learning and independent problem-solving. Critical pedagogy applies critical theory to pedagogy and asserts that educational practices are contested and shaped by history, that schools are not politically neutral spaces, and that teaching

2100-479: The "10,000 hour rule", that world-class skill could be developed by practicing for 10,000 hours. This principle was disputed by other commentators, pointing out feedback is necessary for improvement, and that practice is no guarantee of success. In his 2019 book Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World , David Epstein argues that a period of sampling different activities (whether musical instruments, sports, or professions) can be helpful before choosing

2160-469: The Curriculum (1902), Democracy and Education (1916), Schools of To-morrow (1915) with Evelyn Dewey , and Experience and Education (1938). In his eyes, the purpose of education should not revolve around the acquisition of a pre-determined set of skills, but rather the realization of one's full potential and the ability to use those skills for the greater good ( My Pedagogic Creed , Dewey, 1897). Dewey advocated for an educational structure that strikes

2220-512: The Western world, pedagogy is associated with the Greek tradition of philosophical dialogue, particularly the Socratic method of inquiry. A more general account of its development holds that it emerged from the active concept of humanity as distinct from a fatalistic one and that history and human destiny are results of human actions. This idea germinated in ancient Greece and was further developed during

2280-517: The approach to teaching , is the theory and practice of learning , and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners. Pedagogy, taken as an academic discipline, is the study of how knowledge and skills are imparted in an educational context, and it considers the interactions that take place during learning. Both the theory and practice of pedagogy vary greatly as they reflect different social, political, and cultural contexts. Pedagogy

2340-613: The arts are also skills, there are many skills that form an art but have no connection to the fine arts . People need a broad range of skills to contribute to the modern economy. A joint ASTD and U.S. Department of Labor study showed that through technology, the workplace is changing, and identified 16 basic skills that employees must have to be able to change with it. Three broad categories of skills are suggested: technical, human, and conceptual. The first two can be substituted with hard and soft skills, respectively. Hard skills, also called technical skills, are any skills relating to

2400-557: The attainment of skilled judgement rather than knowledge of rules. Other relevant practices in the Confucian teaching tradition include the Rite and its notion of body-knowledge as well as Confucian understanding of the self, one that has a broader conceptualization than the Western individual self. A hidden curriculum refers to extra educational activities or side effect of an education, "[lessons] which are learned but not openly intended" such as

2460-434: The authors mean with that, is the following: school is a particular time-space-matter arrangement. This thus includes concretes architectures, technologies, practices and figures. This arrangement "deals in a specific way with the new generation, allows for a particular relation to the world, and for a particular experience of potentiality and of commonality (of making things public)". Masschelein and Simons' most famous work

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2520-497: The body. He only recommends the Bible as reading material, with limited exposure, and cautions against musical instruments. He advocates against letting girls interact with society, and of having "affections for one of her companions than for others." He does recommend teaching the alphabet by ivory blocks instead of memorization so "She will thus learn by playing." He is an advocate of positive reinforcement , stating "Do not chide her for

2580-509: The difficulty she may have in learning. On the contrary, encourage her by commendation..." Jean Charlier de Gerson (13 December 1363 – 12 July 1429), the Chancellor of the University of Paris , wrote in De parvulis ad Christum trahendis "Little children are more easily managed by caresses than fear," supporting a more gentle approach than his Christian predecessors. He also states "Above all else, let

2640-443: The false premise that schools are necessary for learning but that people learn faster or better outside the classroom. Others critique the fact that some teachers stand before a classroom with only six weeks of teacher education. Against this background, Masschelein and Simons propose to look at school from a different point of view. Their educational morphology approaches the school as a particular scholastic 'form of gathering'. What

2700-469: The focus lies on the learning processes and mainly on the learning outcomes of the individual learner.   In Brazil, a pedagogue is a multidisciplinary educator. Undergraduate education in Pedagogy qualifies students to become school administrators or coordinators at all educational levels, and also to become multidisciplinary teachers, such as pre-school, elementary and special teachers. In Scandinavia,

2760-481: The learner's perspective as well. In this wider sense, pedagogy focuses on "any conscious activity by one person designed to enhance learning in another". The word pedagogy is a derivative of the Greek παιδαγωγία ( paidagōgia ), from παιδαγωγός ( paidagōgos ), itself a synthesis of ἄγω ( ágō ), "I lead", and παῖς ( país , genitive παιδός , paidos ) "boy, child": hence, "attendance on boys, to lead

2820-654: The learners' need to think for themselves to facilitate their ability to think about problems and issues. It was first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues . Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BCE) describes a system of education in The Republic (375 BCE) in which individual and family rights are sacrificed to the State. He describes three castes: one to learn a trade; one to learn literary and aesthetic ideas; and one to be trained in literary, aesthetic, scientific, and philosophical ideas. Plato saw education as

2880-583: The more vocational Bachelor in Social Education. In Hungary, the word pedagogue ( pedagógus ) is synonymous with the teacher ( tanár ); therefore, teachers of both primary and secondary schools may be referred to as pedagogues, a word that appears also in the name of their lobbyist organizations and labor unions (e.g. Labor Union of Pedagogues, Democratic Labor Union of Pedagogues ). However, undergraduate education in Pedagogy does not qualify students to become teachers in primary or secondary schools but makes them able to apply to be educational assistants. As of 2013,

2940-402: The pupil's background knowledge and experience, situation and environment, as well as learning goals set by the student and teacher. One example would be the Socratic method . The meaning of the term "pedagogy" is often contested and a great variety of definitions has been suggested. The most common approach is to define it as the study or science of teaching methods . In this sense, it

3000-400: The same materials in the same manner and that a standardized, collective measure is very much impartial towards linguistic approaches in instruction and assessment as well as to some extent logical and quantitative styles ." Skill A skill may be called an art when it represents a body of knowledge or branch of learning, as in the art of medicine or the art of war . Although

3060-604: The ship types involved which the Geuzen had used. The novel was awarded in 1935 with the 1st prize of Literaturpreis der Reichshauptstadt Berlin . The novel was published simultaneously by Franz-Eher-Verlag of Munich and Ludwig-Voggenreiter-Verlag of Potsdam . During World War II a part of the edition by Voggenreiter was published with the remark Einmalige Sonderausgabe der Zentrale der Frontbuchhandlungen Paris (= singular special edition of head office of front libraries in Paris). It

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3120-513: The six-year training period was re-installed in place of the undergraduate and postgraduate division which characterized the previous practice. An article from Kathmandu Post published on 3 June 2018 described the usual first day of school in an academic calendar. Teachers meet their students with distinct traits. The diversity of attributions among children or teens exceeds similarities. Educators have to teach students with different cultural, social, and religious backgrounds. This situation entails

3180-439: The teacher and student alike. Confucius (551–479 BCE) stated that authority has the responsibility to provide oral and written instruction to the people under the rule, and "should do them good in every possible way." One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. His moral teachings emphasized self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and

3240-520: The teacher make an effort to be a father to his pupils." He is considered a precursor of Fenelon . John Amos Comenius (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) is considered the father of modern education. Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi (January 12, 1746 – February 17, 1827), founder of several educational institutions both in German- and French-speaking regions of Switzerland and wrote many works explaining his revolutionary modern principles of education. His motto

3300-517: The teaching process, Herbart suggested five steps as crucial components. Specifically, these five steps include: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application. Herbart suggests that pedagogy relates to having assumptions as an educator and a specific set of abilities with a deliberate end goal in mind. The pedagogy of John Dewey (20 October 1859 – 1 June 1952) is presented in several works, including My Pedagogic Creed (1897), The School and Society (1900), The Child and

3360-415: The theory is based only on Gardner's intuition instead of empirical data. Another criticism is that the intelligence is too identical for types of personalities. The theory of Howard Gardner came from cognitive research and states these intelligences help people to " know the world, understand themselves, and other people ." Said differences dispute an educational system that presumes students can " understand

3420-534: The transmission of norms, values, and beliefs conveyed in the classroom and the social environment. Learning space or learning setting refers to a physical setting for a learning environment , a place in which teaching and learning occur. The term is commonly used as a more definitive alternative to " classroom ", but it may also refer to an indoor or outdoor location, either actual or virtual. Learning spaces are highly diverse in use, learning styles , configuration, location, and educational institution. They support

3480-459: Was "Learning by head, hand and heart". The educational philosophy and pedagogy of Johann Friedrich Herbart (4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) highlighted the correlation between personal development and the resulting benefits to society. In other words, Herbart proposed that humans become fulfilled once they establish themselves as productive citizens. Herbartianism refers to the movement underpinned by Herbart's theoretical perspectives. Referring to

3540-419: Was a Christian scholar who rejected all pagan education, insisting this was "a road to the false and arrogant wisdom of ancient philosophers". Saint Jerome (347 – 30 September 420 CE), or Saint Hieronymus, was a Christian scholar who detailed his pedagogy of girls in numerous letters throughout his life. He did not believe the body in need of training, and thus advocated for fasting and mortification to subdue

3600-550: Was printed by Imprimerie Chaim in Paris, France. These book editions were meant for soldiers of German Wehrmacht and got published in a special format to fit army postal service regulations. The book was lastly reissued in 1989. A predecessor of the novel was named Hasko wird Geusenkapitän (= Hasko becomes Geuzen captain) and was already published in 1925. Pedagogue Pedagogy ( / ˈ p ɛ d ə ɡ ɒ dʒ i , - ɡ oʊ dʒ i , - ɡ ɒ ɡ i / ), most commonly understood as

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