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52-605: The Gitga'at Nation currently has a tourism-centric economy. Some of the past economies for Hartley Bay were centered around fishing (selling fish, fishing lodges). These methods still generate income in the present. Tourism surrounding fishing lodges emerged in 2009 and became the most prominent source of income. It is still the most prominent. There are also camps that are for recreational and educational activities such as radio and industrial construction.  These camps are usually executed as "boot camps" and are advertised to give job opportunities. There are also constant job postings on

104-543: A deal with British Columbia to settle a land dispute in for the right to tree cutting licenses and a cash payment. The Gitga'at First Nation first encountered Europeans in the early 1800s. Katherine Turner has made several dissertations that include the Hartley Bay Band. Indian reserves under the administration of the Hartley Bay First Nation are: Download coordinates as: Kitimat Kitimat

156-413: A detailed investigation of the area. Alcan was searching for a site for a large aluminum smelter , an activity requiring vast amounts of electricity. Alcan concluded that the area was more than adequate to generate the required electricity, and decided to build a smelter there. The timing was right because the post- World War II boom saw a rising demand for aluminum. Between 1951 and 1954, after signing

208-429: A healthy and enjoyable place to live. He designed more natural green space with much light, resulting in a serene living environment. In between all the apartment buildings there was a central public open space, such as a play ground or mini park. The park was then surrounded by individual private gardens that went to the ground level of the apartments. Gardens were also placed on the front of the apartment buildings between

260-459: A joint venture between Shell and affiliates of Petronas , Mitsubishi Corporation , Korea Gas Corporation and PetroChina would, if permitted, begin construction in 2015 of a gas pipeline from northeastern BC and a LNG export terminal with an expected lifespan of 30 years. The terminal, located on the Douglas Channel near the aluminum refinery, would be able to accommodate two LNG vessels at

312-521: A population density of 34.4/km (89.1/sq mi) in 2021. According to the 2021 census , religious groups in Kitimat included: The Alcan project was not free from controversy. Politicians, aboriginal groups, farmers and residents of the Nechako Lakes District opposed the contractual release of provincial resources with the profits going to a private firm. Many individuals and groups protested

364-415: A second tunnel through the mountain and extended the generating station within the mountain, the provincial government of the day called a halt to the project for a variety of reasons. Having invested over $ 500 million into the project, Alcan took the provincial government to court. This controversy was settled when Alcan and the provincial government signed the 1997 KCP agreement. Most of the first decade of

416-667: A time. Annual volume would be 24 million tonnes. In July 2014 the Financial Post reported that Apache Corp. will "completely exit" the Kitimat LNG mega-project planned for B.C.'s West Coast. The U.S. hedge fund Jana Partners LLC has pressured Houston-based Apache to sell its 50% stake in the BC shale gas plays. Pending energy projects that have identified Kitimat as a strategic gateway include Pacific Northern Gas' Pacific Trail Pipeline (federal and provincial environmental assessments issued) and

468-446: Is 629 km (391 mi) to the east. Kitimat has a warm-summer humid continental ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with mild summers and cold, snowy winters (much warmer than inland) with significant snowfall averaging 128 inches (325 cm) each year. The rainiest season is fall, with the wettest month, October, having 320 mm of rainfall. There is also a significant drying trend (Mediterranean pattern) in summer, but it

520-659: Is a district municipality in the North Coast region of British Columbia , Canada. It is a member municipality of the Regional District of Kitimat–Stikine regional government. The Kitimat Valley is part of the most populous urban district in northwest British Columbia, which includes Terrace to the north along the Skeena River Valley. The city was planned and built by the Aluminum Company of Canada ( Alcan ) during

572-453: Is also renewed interest in mineral development potential in the Kitimat area. The neighbouring community of Terrace is also in advanced stages of approval for a number of clean energy projects along with the associated infrastructure for linking those projects to the provincial electrical grid. Air services for the community are provided through Northwest Regional Airport , with connections to Prince George , Smithers , and Vancouver . In

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624-526: Is estimated to be in 2025. The LNG Canada terminal project will see large LNG carrier ships loading liquefied natural gas at the future Kitimat LNG terminal, and sailing along the Douglas Channel to carry it to export destinations, mainly in Asia. Kitimat is located 63 km (39 mi) south of Terrace and Thornhill on Highway 37. Prince Rupert is 207 km (129 mi) northwest, and Prince George

676-420: Is the main employer in the municipality. Local government, schools, small manufacturing and service/retail are secondary contributors. Secondary core activities include engineering, import of petrochemical products (methanol and condensate), and metal fabrication. Approximately $ 5 billion in manufacturing investment is anticipated in the 2010–2015 period with a further $ 5 billion-plus in the investigative stage over

728-431: Is too cold and rainy to classify as such. Cloud cover is significant, especially in winter, and less than 30% of possible sunshine occurs each year. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Kitimat had a population of 8,236 living in 3,604 of its 4,381 total private dwellings, a change of 1.3% from its 2016 population of 8,131. With a land area of 239.28 km (92.39 sq mi), it had

780-478: Is transported 80 km (50 mi) across mountains via a custom built twin circuit transmission line. After avalanches tore away transmission towers, a catenary system was built. In three years, 6,000 construction workers built the dam, tunnel, powerhouse, transmission line, smelter, and town. The town of Kitimat was carved out of old-growth forest . The company invested over CA$ 500 million (equivalent to CA$ 3.3 billion) and employed over 35,000 workers over

832-593: The Enbridge Northern Gateway Pipelines (currently being reviewed by the National Energy Board ). Additional investigations into clean energy developments include a Kitimat port development project featuring break-bulk port facilities and consideration of the best uses for the former Eurocan Wharf. In addition, the decommissioning of the former Eurocan pulp and paper facilities or a slimmed down operation are still under consideration. There

884-773: The Panama–California Exposition in San Diego, California, the company town of Tyrone, New Mexico , and the master plan and individual buildings for the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. While working on these extraordinary planning schemes he participated in the birth of modern urban design in the United States. While marginally influenced by Ebenezer Howard, the English Garden City advocate, Stein

936-607: The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) to address large-scale planning issues such as affordable housing, the impact of sprawl, and wilderness preservation. Other founding members included Lewis Mumford and Benton MacKaye ; the RPAA helped MacKaye develop his vision for what would become the Appalachian Trail . The RPAA has remained a formative and influential organization in regional planning, especially in

988-532: The garden city movement in the United States. Stein was born in Rochester, New York , into an upwardly-mobile Jewish family. While a youth, his family decamped to New York City, where he was immersed in the milieu surrounding the Ethical Culture Society , attending its Workshop School and developing his sensibilities within the context of Progressive thought: the integration of physical and mental labor,

1040-595: The 1920s, the provincial government of British Columbia extensively evaluated the province's hydroelectric generating potential. In the late 1940s, the Canadian Government sought to tap the untapped resources of northwest British Columbia. All this led to the identification of the Eutsuk / Ootsa / Nechako River drainage basin as a potential site for a sizable reservoir. The potential of this vast system of rivers and lakes prompted British Columbia to invite Alcan to conduct

1092-479: The 1950s. Its post office was approved on 6 June 1952. Kitimat's municipal area is 242.63 km (93.68 sq mi). It is located on tidewater in one of the few wide, flat valleys on the coast of British Columbia. The 2016 census recorded 8,131 citizens. The District of Kitimat Development Services situates the port of Kitimat as an integral part of the Northwest Corridor connecting North America to

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1144-526: The District appear to have become more cordial, with the two parties working to achieve modernization of the aluminum facilities. In December 2011, Rio Tinto Alcan announced its investment of $ 2.7 billion to complete the modernization of the smelter. Clarence Stein Clarence Samuel Stein (June 19, 1882 – February 7, 1975) was an American urban planner , architect, and writer, a major proponent of

1196-631: The Gitga'at First Nation social media pages. The area of Hartley Bay is large and for the most part undeveloped and forest. It is bordered by Prince Rupert, Kitimat , and several islands off the west coast of British Columbia. The current counsel is made up by Arnold Clifton (Chief Councilor), Cam Hill, Marven Robinson, Bruce Reece, and Simone Reece (councilors). There are representatives known as "Guardians" that work towards preserving and protecting their territory from others that may use harmful ways of getting resources on their territory. In addition to Guardians,

1248-650: The New York Metropolitan area. Stein served as a president of the RPAA from 1925 to 1948. From 1923 to 1926, Stein served as chairman for the New York State Housing and Regional Planning Commission. Stein travelled extensively to other countries and established friendships with among others Swedish statesman-planner Yngve Larsson . From 1928 to his death in 1975, Stein was married to stage and film actress Aline MacMahon . They had no children. Beginning in 1923 Stein and Henry Wright collaborated on

1300-853: The Pacific Ocean and the Pacific Rim. "Kitimat" in the Tsimshian language refers to the Haisla First Nation as the "People of the Snow". Before 1950 the Kitimat township was a small fishing village at the head of the Kitimat Arm of the Douglas Channel , a deepwater fjord . The municipal town of Kitimat came into existence in 1951 after the Provincial Government of British Columbia invited Alcan to develop hydroelectric facilities to support one of

1352-531: The Progressive settlement house movement. In concert with his brothers and a small cohort of like-minded young men, many of whom would be influential partners for the rest of his career, Stein started the Young Men's Municipal Club, an organization modeled on many other such burgeoning social amelioration movements (Jane Adams's, Hull House is an example) and dedicated to studying and then agitating for improvements to

1404-648: The US, either existing or planned on the West ( Alaska , Washington , Oregon ), Gulf ( Louisiana , Texas ) and Atlantic coasts ( Maryland , Virginia ). This new terminal being built in the port of Kitimat will be connected to the Pacific Ocean via the existing Douglas Channel . This development will add new sensitive ship traffic when the LNG Canada natural gas storage and liquefaction terminal will be completed and operational, which

1456-769: The agreement with the British Columbia government for land and water rights, Alcan undertook the Kitimat– Kemano Project , one of the most ambitious Canadian engineering projects of the 20th century. The project required not only building the Kenney Dam to reverse the Nechako River, but also boring a 16 km (10 mi) tunnel under Mt. Dubose, within the Coast Range , to the large hydroelectric Kemano Generating Station built under Mt. Dubose. Electricity from Kemano

1508-426: The area of Sunnyside. The vision for Radburn was of an integrated self-sustaining community, surrounded by greenbelts, specialized automotive thoroughfares (main linking roads, serviced lanes for direct access to buildings, and express highways), and a complete separation of auto and pedestrian traffic. These thoroughfares were called superblocks. This was because the block is very large with a very large road surrounding

1560-404: The chaotic life of the modern city. While at work on that mission, Stein began to take classes at Columbia University, but they were not the traditional liberal-arts courses common at an Ivy League academy. Instead, he focused on a progressive curriculum newly installed at Columbia under the influence of Dewey: cabinet making, furniture design, and the useful arts. Having been deeply impressed by

1612-468: The combination of physical and mental labor matched the philosophy in which he had been educated, much in keeping with his contemporary John Dewey . After a year or so, he prepared to attend college, embarking on an American version of the Grand Tour : travel to the artistic and cultural centers of Europe, in this case in the company of his father. Returning to the United States, he immersed himself in work in

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1664-582: The community values its environment and land, so typically the Guardians are focused on any potential threats to the territory. The Guardians do many tasks including protecting the ocean from fisheries riding the line of the territory and conducting research to protect coastal habitats and endangered species. The Gitga'at First Nation has participated in the All Native Basketball Tournament . There are requirements for visiting Hartley Bay due to

1716-456: The community. The substantial greenspace areas and future expansion concepts designed by Stein have been upheld to this day by the city planners, thereby resulting in a low-density settlement pattern interspersed with forested patches. Also, the Alcan-based city origin and land provenance remain documented in the form of restrictive covenants registered on title. Aluminum producer Rio Tinto

1768-540: The construction of a new liquified natural gas port terminal project named LNG Canada , coupled with the construction by a subsidiary of TransCanada of a gas pipeline, known as the Coastal GasLink Pipeline , linking this terminal to the Montney , British Columbia, natural gas field. When completed, LNG Canada will become the first Canadian LNG export ocean terminal, which will compete with other LNG terminals in

1820-454: The experiment was never completed because of the economic pressures of the Depression. Due to the Depression and different land issues, Radburn was not able to become a Garden City, but it was still impressionable because the superblock was a very successful idea that has been repeated numerous times. In the 1930s, Stein and the other members of the RPAA saw their social housing cause adopted by

1872-573: The five years required to build the Kenney Dam, the hydropower plant under Mt. Dubose at Kemano , a 250,000 tpy aluminum smelter, a year-round deepwater port, a townsite designed for a population of 50,000, and a paved highway to the outside world. As a result of this project other companies saw the potential of the area, resulting in further industrial development in the Kitimat valley. On 1 October 2018, Royal Dutch Shell and its Asia partners gave formal approval to an estimated $ 40 billion investment into

1924-846: The five-city-block Hillside Homes in Williamsbridge, the Bronx, as a Public Works Administration project in 1935; part of the massive wartime labor-force housing at the Walt Whitman Houses in Fort Greene, Brooklyn; Baldwin Hills Village (now the Village Green) in Los Angeles, California in 1941; and his only postwar commission, the re-planning of Kitimat, British Columbia , in 1951. Stein wrote Toward New Towns for America in 1951, and received

1976-573: The flooding caused by the creation of the new reservoir, with the destruction of homesteads, villages, burial grounds, millions of board feet of prime timber, and the disruption of prime fish habitat on the Nechako River . In the late 1980s, the company began work on the Kemano Completion Project which would have doubled the generating capacity of the Kemano plant. After Alcan had already bored

2028-525: The government, at least for a while. They lobbied for the creation of government-sponsored planned communities, under the short-lived Resettlement Administration , and planned for 22 green-belt resettlement towns across the country. Three were built: Greenbelt, Maryland , Greendale, Wisconsin , and Greenhills, Ohio . The others were halted when the Resettlement Administration was dissolved in 1936. Among Stein's other urban-planning credits are

2080-502: The grand tradition that began with the Greeks, passed through Rome and then the Renaissance, and emerged as the modern equivalent of humanistic philosophies. Upon returning to America, Stein joined the office of the progressive, eclectic architect Bertram Goodhue and his more eccentric partner Ralph Adams Cram in 1911 and contributed to three of Goodhue's large-scale projects of that time:

2132-468: The houses within. Stein knew that the community could not survive without a road system but he also didn't want the roads dominating the land. Instead, the superblocks make the main focus on the yards and the gardens surrounding the buildings. This grand vision was informed by the lessons of Sunnyside, and by the comparable city-planning work of Ernst May in Germany (researched by a young Catherine Bauer ), but

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2184-418: The importance of a universal humanistic philosophy, the concept of a nurtured individualistic sensibility. Intense and self-absorbed, the young Stein had a nervous collapse shortly before he was scheduled to leave for college, experiencing a bout of what was then called neurasthenia for which he was sent to Florida to endure a rest cure. He returned to New York and worked in his family's casket business, where

2236-452: The most power-intensive of all industries—the aluminum smelting industry. The company built a dam, 16 km (10 mi) tunnel, powerhouse, 82 km (51 mi) transmission line , a deep-sea terminal and smelter . The company also designed, laid out and assisted with the initial construction of the city. At the time, the combined development was considered "the most expensive project ever attempted by private industry." Alcan employed

2288-611: The next decade. Anticipated investment includes an approximately $ 2 billion modernization to the Rio Tinto Alcan facilities and $ 3 billion in the Kitimat liquefied natural gas export development on Haisla Industrial Land at Bish Creek. The export facility would see natural gas piped in from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (particularly from shale gas developments such as the Montney and Horn River ) and shipped to Asian markets. The LNG Canada project,

2340-410: The pandemic. Such requirements include vaccination status and British Columbian passport. Hartley Bay Indian Band entered a treaty with Canada and British Columbia known as The Gitga'at Treaty. The treaty is still in progress but is gearing towards ownership of certain areas of land and the right to use it as they please (hunt, fish, develop, reserve, etc.)  In 2003, The Hartley Bay Indian Band made

2392-629: The plan for Sunnyside Gardens , a neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens . The 77-acre (310,000 m ) low-rise pedestrian-oriented development was constructed between 1924 and 1929. It was funded by fellow RPAA officer Alexander Bing and took the garden city ideas of Sir Ebenezer Howard as a model. This neighborhood has retained its special character and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Construction for Sunnyside started April 1, 1924, two months after it

2444-561: The road and the building. This helped break up the long lines of houses and also created an appealing mood. Stein needed as much space as possible to incorporate gardens and open areas. Because of this, he had to place the garages by themselves separate from the apartment buildings. The ending outcome of Sunnyside was very successful. In 1929, Stein and Wright collaborated on the plan for the Radburn community in Fair Lawn, New Jersey , roughly double

2496-608: The services of city planner Clarence Stein in order to ensure the community design facilitated an environment that would attract and retain workers, although Alcan intended it to not be a company town . Today, Kitimat benefits from the quality of planning resulting from the Garden City design concept . Stein's design kept industry well separated from the community with large areas for expansion. He also created looped streets surrounding an urban city centre mall and linked by over 45 km (28 mi) of walkways connecting to all areas of

2548-459: The twenty-first century saw the District of Kitimat in court with the Provincial Government over the electricity rights granted to Alcan and its obligations to the Province and to the District. Rio Tinto Alcan plans to increase the output of its Kitimat smelter from 250,000 MT/Yr to 400,000 MT/Yr and initially committed $ 300 million to this effort. Since late 2008, relations between Rio Tinto Alcan and

2600-473: The vision of modern Paris while on his European tour, Stein decided to attend the prestigious, École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where many outstanding American architects were seeking training in design according to classical principles. Training at the École as an architect-designer required immersion in what is today known as Beaux-Arts Classicism , a rigorous pedagogy that sought to train architects and artists in

2652-537: Was more attuned to the planning innovations of his American contemporaries: Edward Bennett, John Nolen, and John Charles Olmsted. In 1919, Stein started his own practice in New York, and in 1921, he began his long association with fellow architect Henry Wright . The two were influential in the 1930s, designing New Town projects, sponsored by New Deal visionaries: Radburn, New Jersey, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens , and Chatham Village, Pittsburgh. In 1923, Stein also cofounded

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2704-434: Was purchased from Pennsylvania Railroad . Because of the high costs of urban land, many neighborhoods were congested and run down, making it unhealthy and an unenjoyable place to live in. Sunnyside was different; the land was not being used by the railroad company so it was cheap. Stein had a very important job with Sunnyside. He was responsible not only for developing a more generally affordable neighborhood, but also making it

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