Misplaced Pages

#60939

33-616: Sir Henry Roy Forbes Harrod (13 February 1900 – 8 March 1978) was an English economist . He is best known for writing The Life of John Maynard Keynes (1951) and for the development of the Harrod–Domar model , which he and Evsey Domar developed independently. He is also known for his International Economics , a former standard textbook of international economics , the first edition of which contained some observations and ruminations (wanting in subsequent editions) that would foreshadow theories developed independently by later scholars (such as

66-635: A Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and then worked as a consultant surgeon, becoming an expert in blood transfusion . His experience in the First World War led him to publish Blood Transfusion , the first book on the subject written by a British author. Keynes also founded the London Blood Transfusion Service with P. L. Oliver. Alexander Bogdanov acquired a copy of this book whilst visiting London to negotiate

99-427: A variety of major national and international firms in the financial and commercial sectors, and in manufacturing, retailing and IT, as well as in the public sector – for example, in the health and education sectors, or in government and politics . Some graduates go on to undertake postgraduate studies , either in economics, research, teacher training or further qualifications in specialist areas. Unlike most nations,

132-524: Is a formalized role. Professionals here are employed (or engaged as consultants ) to conduct research, prepare reports, or formulate plans and strategies to address economic problems. Here, as outlined, the analyst provides forecasts, analysis and advice, based upon observed trends and economic principles; this entails also collecting and processing economic and statistical data using econometric methods and statistical techniques. In contrast to regulated professions such as engineering, law or medicine, there

165-552: Is not a legally required educational requirement or license for economists. In academia, most economists have a Ph.D. degree in Economics . In the U.S. Government, on the other hand, a person can be hired as an economist provided that they have a degree that included or was supplemented by 21 semester hours in economics and three hours in statistics, accounting, or calculus. In fact, a professional working inside of one of many fields of economics or having an academic degree in this subject

198-401: Is often considered to be an economist; see Bachelor of Economics and Master of Economics . Economics graduates are employed in varying degrees depending on the regional economic scenario and labour market conditions at the time for a given country. Apart from the specific understanding of the subject, employers value the skills of numeracy and analysis, the ability to communicate and

231-644: The Anglo-Soviet Trade Agreement in 1922. Bogdanov went on to found the Institute for Haematology and Blood Transfusions in Moscow. Keynes was deeply affected by the brutality and gore that he witnessed in the field, which may have influenced his dislike for radical surgery later in his career. Keynes enlisted to be a consulting surgeon to the Royal Air Force at the outbreak of World War II . In 1944 he

264-686: The Balassa–Samuelson effect ). Harrod was born in London to businessman Henry Dawes Harrod and novelist Frances Forbes-Robertson . He attended St Paul's School and then Westminster School . Harrod attended New College in Oxford on a history scholarship. After a brief period in the Artillery, he gained a first in literae humaniores in 1921, and a first in modern history the following year. Afterwards he spent some time in 1922 at King's College, Cambridge . It

297-981: The UK are the more than 3500 members of the Government Economic Service . Analysis of destination surveys for economics graduates from a number of selected top schools of economics in the United Kingdom (ranging from Newcastle University to the London School of Economics ), shows nearly 80 percent in employment six months after graduation – with a wide range of roles and employers, including regional, national and international organisations, across many sectors. Some current well-known economists include: [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of economist at Wiktionary Geoffrey Keynes Sir Geoffrey Langdon Keynes ( / ˈ k eɪ n z / KAYNZ ; 25 March 1887, Cambridge – 5 July 1982, Cambridge )

330-401: The "extension of [an] operation beyond a local removal might sometimes be unnecessary." Keynes' outlook was considered a radical break from the medical consensus at the time. Keynes wrote in his autobiography that his work with radium "was regarded with some interest by American surgeons," but that the concept of a limited mastectomy failed to gain significant traction in the medical community at

363-691: The Keynes depicted by Harrod, and Skidelsky in particular has contrasted his account of Keynes with what he has depicted as Harrod's hagiography. Harrod was knighted in the 1959 New Year Honours . The Harrod Papers are housed at the British Library . The papers can be accessed through the British Library catalogue. Economist The individual may also study, develop, and apply theories and concepts from economics and write about economic policy . Within this field there are many sub-fields, ranging from

SECTION 10

#1732851591061

396-591: The Second World War, he was briefly in Winston Churchill 's " S-branch " – a statistical section within the Admiralty. At the 1945 General Election , he stood as Liberal candidate for Huddersfield and finished third of three candidates, with 16.2% of the vote. In 1966, Harrod, was the 2nd winner of the prestigious Bernhard-Harms-Preis . After retiring in 1967, he moved to Holt, Norfolk . Interviewed for

429-672: The book Authors take Sides on Vietnam , Harrod declared himself a supporter of the American military campaign in Indochina. Assar Lindbeck , the former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee , wrote that Harrod would have been awarded a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences if he had lived longer. Harrod married Wilhelmine "Billa" Cresswell (1911–2005), step-daughter of General Sir Peter Strickland , in 1938. One of their sons

462-447: The broad philosophical theories to the focused study of minutiae within specific markets , macroeconomic analysis, microeconomic analysis or financial statement analysis , involving analytical methods and tools such as econometrics , statistics , economics computational models , financial economics , regulatory impact analysis and mathematical economics . Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in

495-418: The capacity to grasp broad issues which the graduates acquire at the university or college . Whilst only a few economics graduates may be expected to become professional economists, many find it a base for entry into a career in finance – including accounting, insurance, tax and banking, or management . A number of economics graduates from around the world have been successful in obtaining employment in

528-481: The daughter of Sir George Howard Darwin and granddaughter of Charles Darwin . They had one daughter, who died in infancy, and four sons: Keynes dedicated his life to his work and was also sociable with many friends. He took pride in never having been drunk, and was known by most as an affable, well-mannered man. Keynes' contributions profoundly influenced the fields of surgery and English literature. He pioneered limited breast cancer surgery accompanied by radiation,

561-655: The economist profession in Brazil is regulated by law; specifically, Law № 1,411, of August 13, 1951. The professional designation of an economist, according to said law, is exclusive to those who graduated with a Bachelor of Economics degree in Brazil. According to the United States Department of Labor , there were about 15,000 non-academic economists in the United States in 2008, with a median salary of roughly $ 83,000, and

594-450: The medical community knew little about how to treat the disease at the time. Keynes pioneered the removal of the thymus gland , which is now the standard treatment for myasthenia gravis. In 1955 Keynes received a knighthood for services to medicine. Keynes maintained a passionate interest in English literature all his life and devoted a large amount of his time to literary scholarship and

627-665: The private sector, where they may also "study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes. They assess this information using advanced methods in statistical analysis, mathematics, computer programming [and] they make recommendations about ways to improve the efficiency of a system or take advantage of trends as they begin." In addition to government and academia, economists are also employed in banking , finance , accountancy , commerce , marketing , business administration , lobbying and non- or not-for profit organizations. In many organizations, an " Economic Analyst "

660-523: The radical mastectomy, Keynes experimented by inserting 50 milligrams of radium in a patient's tumour. He later observed that, "The ulcer rapidly healed ... and the whole mass became smaller, softer and less fixed." Keynes pursued his new idea through a number of trials, observing the effectiveness of injecting radium chloride into breast cancer tumours compared with the effectiveness of the radical mastectomy . The promising results of these trials led Keynes to be cautiously optimistic, writing in 1927 that

693-539: The science of bibliography . He was a leading authority on the literary and artistic work of William Blake . He also produced biographies and bibliographies of English writers such as Sir Thomas Browne , John Evelyn , Siegfried Sassoon , John Donne and Jane Austen . Keynes held the Sandars Readership in Bibliography at Cambridge University in 1933 speaking on "John Evelyn: a study in bibliography" which

SECTION 20

#1732851591061

726-426: The time. His doubts regarding the radical mastectomy were vindicated some 50 years later, when innovators like Bernard Fisher and others revisited his data and pursued what became known as a lumpectomy . Limited surgeries, like the lumpectomy, accompanied by radiation are now the standard treatment for breast cancer. Keynes was also a pioneer in the treatment of myasthenia gravis . Much like with breast cancer,

759-665: The top ten percent earning more than $ 147,040 annually. Nearly 135 colleges and universities grant around 900 new Ph.D.s every year. Incomes are highest for those in the private sector, followed by the federal government, with academia paying the lowest incomes. As of January 2013, PayScale.com showed Ph.D. economists' salary ranges as follows: all Ph.D. economists, $ 61,000 to $ 160,000; Ph.D. corporate economists, $ 71,000 to $ 207,000; economics full professors, $ 89,000 to $ 137,000; economics associate professors, $ 59,000 to $ 156,000, and economics assistant professors, $ 72,000 to $ 100,000. The largest single professional grouping of economists in

792-502: Was Dominick Harrod , an economics correspondent for the BBC. After the death of his Cambridge friend and colleague, the economist John Maynard Keynes , in 1946, Harrod and Austin Robinson wrote a lengthy obituary of Keynes for The Economic Journal . At the encouragement of Geoffrey Keynes , Harrod then undertook the task of writing a major biography of Keynes. The Life of John Maynard Keynes

825-535: Was a British surgeon and author. He began his career as a physician in World War I , before becoming a doctor at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London , where he made notable innovations in the fields of blood transfusion and breast cancer surgery. Keynes was also a publishing scholar and bibliographer of English literature and English medical history, focusing primarily on William Blake and William Harvey . Geoffrey Keynes

858-561: Was appointed literary executor for Brooke's estate. He graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge , where he earned a first-class degree in the Natural Sciences Tripos . He was later made an honorary fellow of Pembroke College. Keynes then qualified for a scholarship to become a surgeon with the Royal College of Surgeons in London. Keynes delayed his medical education in order to serve in World War I , where he served as

891-699: Was born on 25 March 1887 in Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes , an economics lecturer at the University of Cambridge and his mother was Florence Ada Brown , a successful author and a social reformer . Geoffrey Keynes was the third child, after his older brother, the prominent economist John Maynard Keynes , and his sister Margaret , who married the Nobel Prize–winning physiologist Archibald Hill . He attended Rugby School , where he became friends with English poet Rupert Brooke . In 1915 he

924-547: Was included in John Evelyn: A Study in Bibliophily with a Bibliography of His Writings. He was also a pioneer in the history of science , with studies of John Ray , William Harvey and Robert Hooke . His biography The Life of William Harvey was awarded the 1966 James Tait Black Memorial Prize . Keynes also collected books, with a personal library with around four thousand works. His autobiography The Gates of Memory

957-478: Was part of the Railway Club, which included: Henry Yorke , Roy Harrod, Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath , David Plunket Greene , Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester , Brian Howard , Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse , John Sutro , Hugh Lygon , Harold Acton , Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne , Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross , Mark Ogilvie-Grant , John Drury-Lowe . During

990-410: Was promoted to the rank of acting air vice-marshal . Keynes began working full-time at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London, where he worked under George Gask and Sir Thomas Dunhill , after returning from World War I . Keynes used his influence as an assistant surgeon to advocate for limited surgery instead of the invasive radical mastectomy . Frustrated with the mortality rate and gruesomeness of

1023-450: Was published in 1981, and he died the following year, aged 95. The Gates of Memory includes anecdotes of Keynes' numerous run-ins and friendships with other famous public figures. For example, Keynes often went climbing with George Mallory , the renowned British mountaineer; he also once performed life-saving treatment on Virginia Woolf after the budding author overdosed on pills. On 12 May 1917 Keynes married Margaret Elizabeth Darwin,

Roy Harrod - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-681: Was published to widespread acclaim in 1951, at a time when most of Keynes's family and friends were still alive. With the post-war influence of so-called Keynesian economics and then challenges to it, cultural interest in the Bloomsbury Group , and the publication of thirty volumes of The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes in the 1970s and 1980s, high interest in Keynes's life led to further biographies, most prominently by Robert Skidelsky and Donald Moggridge, and to detailed studies such as by Donald Markwell on Keynes and international relations. These works have corrected and added details to

1089-450: Was there that he met and befriended John Maynard Keynes . After moving back to Oxford, he became a Student (i.e., Fellow ) and Tutor in economics at Christ Church . He held the fellowship in modern history and economics until 1967. He remained in contact with Keynes until Keynes's death in 1946, and was later his biographer (1951). Harrod was additionally a Fellow at Nuffield College 1938 to 1947 and from 1954 to 1958. At Oxford Harrod

#60939