Misplaced Pages

#57942

20-632: Alfred Herbert Harold Gilligan AFC (29 June 1896 – 5 May 1978) was an English first-class cricketer who played for Sussex and England . Gilligan captained England on their four- Test tour of New Zealand in 1929–30 , which England won 1–0. After attending Dulwich College , Gilligan served in the First World War , and was awarded the Air Force Cross . He played regularly for Sussex from 1919 to 1930. A right-handed batsman of style but limited ability, and an occasional leg-spin bowler, Gilligan set

40-443: A "beautiful stylist" who typically got out to an impetuous stroke just when a substantial innings looked possible. He toured South Africa with S. B. Joel's XI in 1924–25, virtually an England second team, but was not successful and did not play in any of the five matches against South Africa . Gilligan's brother Arthur captained England in 1924–25, making them the first, and to date only, brothers to have captained England. Arthur

60-579: A general region or time frame. Bars would be awarded to denote the particular campaign or war the recipient fought in. The 1854 India General Service Medal was awarded to soldiers over a 41-year period. Twenty-three clasps were created for this award, becoming one of the more extreme uses of this system. The British Naval General Service Medal , was authorised in 1847 with some 231 clasps (of which about 10 were never issued) for actions ranging from relatively minor skirmishes to certain campaigns and all full-fledged battles between 1793 and 1840. The Crimea Medal

80-523: A medal to all soldiers and officers involved in a campaign. These medals were often engraved with the names of the major battles the recipient had fought in during the campaign. The main disadvantages of this system were that new medals had to be created for each campaign or war, and that it was impossible to tell at a glance if the recipient was only a participant in the campaign overall, or if he had been involved in one or several major actions. (The first gallantry medal to be awarded to ordinary British soldiers

100-428: A record in 1923 that is unlikely to be equalled when, in batting 70 times during the season, he scored 1,186 runs at an average of 17.70 runs per innings: the average is the lowest by any cricketer who has made 1,000 runs in a season. He had his most successful season in 1929, scoring 1,161 runs at an average of 23.69, including his only first-class century, 143 against Derbyshire . His Wisden obituary described him as

120-790: The England Test captain Peter May in 1959; they had four daughters. After the Second World War, Gilligan became active in the administration of the Surrey County Cricket Club and the Marylebone Cricket Club . Air Force Cross (United Kingdom) The Air Force Cross ( AFC ) is a military decoration awarded to officers, and since 1993 other ranks, of the British Armed Forces , and formerly also to officers of

140-560: The criteria were narrowed to "exemplary gallantry while flying". A bar is added to the ribbon of holders of the AFC for each further award, with a silver rosette worn on the ribbon when worn alone to denote the award of each bar. Recipients of the Air Force Cross are entitled to use the post-nominal letters "AFC". Between 1919 and 1932 the AFC was also awarded to civilians, on the same basis as for RAF personnel. In March 1941 eligibility

160-603: The last award made in 1983. A number of awards were made to New Zealanders until the AFC was replaced by the New Zealand Gallantry Decoration in 1999. A total of 87 honorary awards have been made to members of allied foreign forces, including 26 for World War I, 58 for World War II and three post-war, the latter all to members of the US Air Force . Medal bar When used in conjunction with decorations for exceptional service, such as gallantry medals,

180-490: The length of service rendered. The two terms are used because terms "bar" and "clasp" both refer to two parts of the medal; the indicator discussed in this article, and the part of the medal connected to the ribbon. Prior to the early 19th century, medals and decorations were only awarded to ranking officers ; occasions existed where medals were presented to soldiers ( other ranks or enlisted men ) or seamen ( naval ratings ), but these were often private efforts. One exception

200-630: The name of each additional battle were attached to the medal's ribbon. This method of notation evolved again on the Punjab Campaign medal , where the standard medal was awarded to all that had served during the campaign, with bars produced for the three major battles; the Battle of Chillianwala , the Siege of Multan , and the Battle of Gujarat . The creation of bars led to the development of 'General Service' medals, which would be presented to any soldier serving in

220-479: The other Commonwealth countries. It is granted for "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry while flying, though not in active operations against the enemy". A bar is added to the ribbon for holders who are awarded a further AFC. The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF). It was originally awarded to RAF commissioned officers and Warrant Officers , but

SECTION 10

#1733105680058

240-601: The relevant entries in the London Gazette: In addition, between 1980 and 2017 approximately 279 AFCs and eight second-award bars have been awarded. The above figures include awards to the Dominions : In all, 560 AFCs have gone to Canadians, including those serving in the RAF, including 70 for World War I, 462 and one bar for World War II and 28 post–war awards. A total of 444 AFCs and two bars have been awarded to Australians,

260-554: The term "and bar" means that the award has been bestowed multiple times. In the example, "Group Captain Leonard Cheshire , VC , OM , DSO and two bars, DFC ", "DSO and two bars" means that the Distinguished Service Order was awarded on three occasions. A British convention is to indicate bars by the use of asterisks; thus, DSO** would denote a DSO and two bars. Bars are also used on long-service medals to indicate

280-401: Was discontinued. The AFC had also been awarded by Commonwealth countries but by the 1990s most, including Canada , Australia and New Zealand , had established their own honours systems and no longer recommended British honours. From 1918 to 2017 approximately 5,360 Air Force Crosses and 193 bars have been awarded. The figures to 1979 are laid out in the table below, the dates reflecting

300-617: Was extended to Naval officers of the Fleet Air Arm , and in November 1942 to Army officers, with posthumous awards permitted from 1979. Since the 1993 review of the honours system as part of the drive to remove distinctions of rank in bravery awards, all ranks of all arms of the Armed Forces have been eligible, and the Air Force Medal , which had until then been awarded to other ranks ,

320-419: Was later expanded to include Royal Navy and army aviation officers. While consistently awarded for service while "flying though not in active operations against the enemy", the AFC was originally awarded for "valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying" with many awards made for meritorious service over a period of time, rather than a specific act of bravery. These awards were discontinued in 1993, when

340-554: Was originally selected to be captain-manager of the tour of New Zealand in 1929–30, but illness prevented him from going, and the selectors asked Harold instead. Maurice Allom , a member of the touring team to New Zealand, wrote in 1978 of Gilligan's captaincy on that tour: "He proved himself not only an astute captain but also a diplomat of considerable ability. His charming and likeable personality was, in large measure, responsible for this tour being remembered to this day with affection by many New Zealanders." The Test tour of New Zealand

360-534: Was played at the same time as an England Test tour to the West Indies , where England were captained by the Honourable Freddie Calthorpe . Harold Gilligan frequently deputised as Sussex captain when Arthur was absent, and in 1930 he captained the team for the whole season. Both brothers attended Dulwich College, as did their brother Frank , who played for Essex . Harold's daughter, Virginia, married

380-612: Was the Army Gold Medal issued to higher ranking participants in the Peninsular War . A medal was given for service, with a clasp for each battle fought. After four clasps were earned the medal was turned in for a cross with the battle names on the arms, and additional clasps were then added. The maximum was achieved by the Duke of Wellington , with a cross and nine clasps. Over the next 40 years, it became customary for governments to present

400-521: Was the Victoria Cross in 1856.) The Sutlej Medal was the earliest medal to use such bars. It was awarded to British Army and Honourable East India Company soldiers who fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War between 1845 and 1846. The first battle the recipient participated in would be engraved on the medal itself. If the recipient had participated in multiple engagements, silver bars bearing

#57942