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39-739: The strait is a critical part of the international boundary between Canada and the United States. It stretches from the western terminus of the 49th parallel segment of that boundary, and was chosen by the arbitrator in the San Juan Islands dispute ( Pig War ) over the Rosario Strait . According to the USGS , Haro Strait's southern boundary with the Strait of Juan de Fuca is formed by a line between Discovery Island , just east of Victoria , to Cattle Point at

78-578: A second generation forest for approximately 1 km (0.6 mi) following the seasonal and one of few salmon bearing creeks on the Southern Gulf Islands leading hikers to Narvaez Bay Road. Mount Warburton Pike viewpoint, which is the tallest mountain in the Outer Gulf Islands. On its peak, there is a communication tower used by a variety of radio and television services. At the most westerly point of Winter Cove Day Use Area which has

117-452: A tiny museum in the former fog alarm building at East Point where visitors can learn about the sad story of Moby Doll and some of Saturna's history. The southern resident J, K and L orca pods pass by in the summer months, with Bigg's also known as transient orca visiting year round. Saturna has many species of terrestrial, aerial and aquatic animals. Saturna is a popular destination for geocachers , with approximately 60 caches available on

156-754: A variety of ecosystems including wetlands and marshes, strong tidal currents rush through Boat Pass, providing a shortcut for small boat operators. Apart the lands of the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, the local Saturna Island Parks & Recreation Commission mark over a dozen prescribed beach access points from public thoroughfares around the island and oversee the Thomson Community Park with its pebble beach, picnic shelter, and nine hole disc golf course. Gulf Islands National Park Reserve offers 7 walk-in (or kayak-in) backcountry campsites at Narvaez Bay. The trailhead to Narvaez Bay

195-524: Is about 15 km (9 mi) south of the 49th parallel and is the largest city between the 48th and 49th parallels. Its main airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport , lies on the parallel. Roughly 2,030 kilometres (1,260 mi) of the Canada–United States border was designated to follow the 49th parallel from British Columbia to Manitoba on the Canada side, and from Washington to Minnesota on

234-505: Is above the horizon for 16 hours, 12 minutes during the summer solstice and 8 hours, 14 minutes during the winter solstice . This latitude also roughly corresponds to the minimum latitude in which astronomical twilight can last all night near the summer solstice. All-night astronomical twilight lasts from about June 9th to July 2nd . "49°00'N, 45°00'E — Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength, June 2024" . "49°00'N, 45°00'E — Sunrise, Sunset, and Daylength, July 2024" . At midnight on

273-463: Is accessible via BC Ferries , which offers daily sailings to Lyall Harbour on Saturna from Swartz Bay on Vancouver Island or Tsawwassen on the Mainland. Daily floatplane service from Vancouver International Airport and downtown Victoria to Lyall Harbour is available. There are a number of excellent anchorages and moorages for private vessels, including Lyall Harbour Government Wharf which is operated by

312-569: Is located at the parking lot at the end of Narvaez Bay Road. There is also a bike rack available for cyclists to lock up their bikes. From the parking lot, there is a 1 km (0.6 mi) trail down to two beaches, Narvaez Bay and Echo Bay, and a side trail off to Monarch Head, which looks out to Boundary Pass and the San Juan Islands . There is no potable water at Narvaez Bay, and no campfires are permitted, regardless of season. Two private campgrounds offer year-round camping: Neither permits fires, however both offer access to potable water. Saturna

351-536: Is the most easterly of the Gulf Islands. It is surrounded on three sides by the Canada–United States border . To the north is Point Roberts, Washington , and to the east and south are the San Juan Islands . There is a First Nations reserve on the island for the Tsayout and Tseycum Nations. The island has a permanent population of around 350; however, this number increases during the summer season. Approximately half of

390-556: The Missouri River and Mississippi River basins on one side and the Hudson Bay basin on the other. However, it is often difficult to precisely determine the location of a watershed in a region of level plains, such as in central North America . The British and American committees that met after the War of 1812 to resolve boundary disputes recognized there would be much animosity in surveying

429-575: The Métis , Assiniboine , Lakota , and Blackfoot . Their power was gradually ceded by conquest and treaty during the several decades that followed. Among these peoples, the 49th parallel was nicknamed the Medicine Line because of its seemingly magical ability to prevent U.S. soldiers from crossing it. In the 1844 U.S. presidential election , the Democratic Party asserted that the northern border of

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468-683: The Oregon Territory should be 54°40′, later reflected in the 1846 slogan " Fifty-Four Forty or Fight !" However, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled diplomatically in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. This agreement divided the Oregon Country between British North America and the United States by extending the 49th parallel boundary to the west coast, ending in the Strait of Georgia ; it then circumvents Vancouver Island through Boundary Pass , Haro Strait , and

507-441: The Strait of Juan de Fuca . This had the side effect of isolating Point Roberts, Washington . Although parts of Vancouver Island and parts of Eastern Canada are south of the 49th parallel, and parts of the United States ( Alaska , Northwest Angle ) are north of it, the term 49th parallel is sometimes used metonymically to refer to the entire Canada–U.S. border. Actually, many of Canada's most populated regions (and about 72% of

546-618: The U.S. side, more specifically from the Strait of Georgia to the Lake of the Woods . This international border was specified in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 and the Oregon Treaty of 1846, though survey markers placed in the 19th century cause the border to deviate from the 49th parallel by up to 810 metres (2,660 ft). From a point on the ground at this latitude, the sun

585-498: The Northwest Coast. Haro Strait was named in 1790 by Manuel Quimper , commander of Princesa Real , in honor of his pilot, Gonzalo López de Haro . In 1791 Francisco de Eliza sent José María Narváez far into the Strait of Georgia via Haro and Rosario Straits. In 1792 Haro Strait was explored and mapped by George Vancouver . An alternate theory about the naming was proposed by Edmond S. Meany , who suggested that Haro Strait

624-587: The San Juans because of the density and variety of its marine life, including orcas (killer whales), sea lions , seals and a large range of different species of sea birds. 49th parallel north The 49th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 49 ° north of Earth 's equator . It crosses Europe , Asia , the Pacific Ocean , North America , and the Atlantic Ocean . The city of Paris

663-617: The San Juans, which was preferred by the British and would have made the San Juans part of British Columbia, as they were originally viewed to be by the British after the Oregon Treaty of 1846. Haro Strait is also an important location for the regional commercial fishery, as the bulk of the Fraser River salmon run uses the Haro Strait to enter that river. D'Arcy Island on the Canadian side of

702-465: The Spanish naval schooner Santa Saturnina (" St. Saturnina ") captained by pilot ( piloto ) José María Narváez , which along with a longboat of the Spanish naval packet ship San Carlos , explored the island's coast in an excursion under the overall command of Pilot Juan Pantoja y Arriaga in 1791. The name was initially applied only to East Point. The contraction to "Saturna" applied to the whole island

741-516: The Strait of Georgia. The main channel and international boundary runs from Haro Strait north through Boundary Pass to reach the Strait of Georgia. Haro Strait and other waters flanking the Gulf Islands and San Juans were the home of Straits Salish peoples including the Lummi , Saanich , and Klallam , but the route's natural importance as a regional waterway made it also an important sea-route for raiding and also for regular trade for all marine peoples of

780-518: The Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Strait of Georgia. Haro Strait joins Boundary Pass at Turn Point on Stuart Island, where a major navigation beacon, Turn Point Light , is located. Heavy, dangerous rip tides occurs near Turn Point, as well as near the northern end of Boundary Pass, between Patos Island Light on Patos Island and East Point on Saturna Island . Much shorter than the Rosario Strait, though more difficult to navigate and less sheltered,

819-470: The United States cede the territory to Great Britain, but no action was ever taken. In 1909 the United States, United Kingdom , and Canada signed and ratified a treaty confirming the original survey lines as the official and permanent international border. Nevertheless, in 2002 the difference of the survey from the geographical 49th parallel was argued in front of the Washington Supreme Court in

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858-489: The Woods, and this was retained even after an 1818 treaty set the boundary west of that point to follow the 49th parallel. At the time that the United States and Great Britain agreed on the 49th parallel as the boundary, much of the North American continent had not yet been mapped. After the boundary was established, British surveyors discovered that Point Roberts lay south of the 49th parallel. The British requested that

897-498: The average. In any case, the Earth's North Pole moves around slightly, notionally moving the 49th and other parallels with it; see polar motion . The Northwest Angle is the only part of the contiguous 48 states that goes north of the 49th parallel as surveyed. The Treaty of Paris called for the boundary between the US and British territory to pass through the most northwesterly point of Lake of

936-422: The case of State of Washington v. Norman , under the premise that Washington did not properly incorporate the portions of land north of the geographical 49th parallel, as laid out by detailed GPS surveying. The court decided against the premise, ruling that the internationally surveyed boundary also served as the state boundary, regardless of its actual position. The British national grid reference system uses

975-737: The east, and the Rocky Mountains , on the west. West of the Rockies, the treaty established joint occupation of the Oregon Country by both parties; east of Lake of the Woods, the boundary established in the Treaty of Paris would be retained. Although the Convention of 1818 settled the boundary, neither country was immediately able to take control over the territories on its side of the line; effective control still rested with local First Nations peoples, mainly

1014-429: The island is in the Gulf Islands National Park Reserve (GINPR) that was formed in 2003 from a gift of ecologically sensitive land by Ulla Ressner and John Fry, existing provincial parks, an Ecological Reserve, and other Crown land. The island was first used by indigenous people who called the island "Long Nose," due to the island's long north-eastern tapering shoreline that ends at East Point. The name Saturna comes from

1053-668: The island. Caches are built and maintained by Parks Canada and the Saturna Ecological Education Centre . Every year on Canada day (July 1st) since 1950, there has been the Saturna Island Lamb Barbeque with a portion of the proceeds going to the Saturna Community Club. East Point Day Use Area, with a museum inside the old Fog Alarm Building, an Environment Canada monitoring station, and sandstone shoreline. Lyall Creek trail runs through

1092-443: The parallel, but the vast majority of Canadian territory lies north of it. Parts of the 49th parallel were originally surveyed using astronomical techniques that did not take into account slight departures of the Earth's shape from a simple ellipsoid , or the deflection of the plumb-bob by differences in terrestrial mass. The surveys were subject to the limitations of early to mid-19th century technology; consequently, in some places

1131-569: The point 49° N, 2° W as its true origin. 49°00′00″N 2°00′00″W  /  49.0000°N 2.0000°W  / 49.0000; -2.0000 Saturna Island Saturna Island is a mountainous island, about 31 square kilometres (12 sq mi) in size, in the Southern Gulf Islands chain of British Columbia , Canada. It is situated approximately midway between the Lower Mainland of B.C. and Vancouver Island , and

1170-474: The population) are south of the 49th parallel, including the two largest cities Toronto (43°42′ north) and Montreal (45°30′ north). The federal capital Ottawa (45°25′ north), and the provincial capital of seven provinces (Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Labrador, and British Columbia) are south of the 49th parallel. Three provinces, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, are each entirely south of

1209-544: The southern tip of San Juan Island . Haro Strait's northern boundary is defined by a line running from the north tip of the Saanich Peninsula through Piers Island , Portland Island, and Moresby Island , then from Point Fairfax on Moresby Island to Turn Point on Stuart Island , then from the southern end of Stuart Island to McCracken Point at the north end of Henry Island , then to Mitchell Bay on San Juan Island . By this definition Haro Strait does not directly join with

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1248-651: The strait is the main shipping channel to the Port of Vancouver and other ports around the Gulf of Georgia from the open sea. Navigation through American waters in this stretch by Canadian vessels is sanctioned by the Oregon Treaty, which stipulated that commercial shipping south of the 49th Parallel in these waters would be unmolested. The strait is a favourite locale for whale-watching tours based in Greater Victoria and also in

1287-460: The strait was a leper colony for Chinese immigrants in the 19th century. Older USGS maps, such as the 1976 edition of the Victoria quadrangle (1:250,000 scale), show Haro Strait as encompassing Boundary Pass, passing south of Saturna Island. Haro Strait is a major shipping channel. Haro Strait, along with Boundary Pass, is the westernmost and most heavily used of the three main channels connecting

1326-560: The summer solstice, the altitude of the sun is about −17.56°. "Planets Visible in the Night Sky in 49°00'N, 45°00'E" . Slightly less than one-eighth of the Earth's surface is north of the 49th parallel. Download coordinates as: Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 49° north passes through: In 1714, the Hudson's Bay Company proposed the 49th parallel as

1365-693: The surveyed border is several hundred feet from the geographical 49th parallel for the currently adopted datum , the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). The Digital Chart of the World (DCW), which uses the Clarke 1866 ellipsoid, reports the border on average at latitude 48° 59′ 51″ north, roughly 270 metres (886 ft) south of the modern 49th parallel. It ranges between 48° 59′ 25″ and 49° 0′ 10″ north, 810 metres (2,657 ft) and 590 metres (1,936 ft) on either side of

1404-506: The watershed boundary, and agreed on a simpler border solution in the Treaty of 1818 : the 49th parallel. Both sides gained and lost some territory by this convention, but the United States gained more than it lost, in particular securing title to the Red River Basin . This treaty established the boundary only between the line of longitude of the northwesternmost point of Lake of the Woods , on

1443-521: The western portion of the boundary between the company's land and French territory. At the time, Britain and France had agreed, in the Peace of Utrecht , to negotiate a boundary, but negotiations ultimately failed. Following the Louisiana Purchase by the United States in 1803, it was generally agreed that the boundary between the new territory and British North America was along the watershed between

1482-448: Was first made by Dionisio Alcalá Galiano in 1792. The first European settlers came in the 1800s, but the island was slower to develop than the neighbouring Southern Gulf Islands due to its relative isolation and mountainous topography. East Point is a place famous for onshore whale watching . It is also the site where Moby Doll , the second orca to be held in captivity, was harpooned in 1964. The Saturna Island Heritage Committee runs

1521-413: Was named for Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta , Archbishop of Mexico from 1772 to 1800, and, for several months during 1787, Viceroy of New Spain . Haro Strait's status as the location of the international boundary was not established until the resolution of the San Juan Islands dispute in 1870, when it was selected by an arbitrator, German Kaiser Wilhelm I , over Rosario Strait, on the eastern side of

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