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58-561: The original Sportster line was discontinued in Europe in 2020 because the engine failed to meet the stricter Euro 5 emissions standards. An all-new model, called the Sportster S and equipped with the Revolution Max engine, was introduced in 2021. It was the first motorcycle under the Sportster nameplate to receive a new engine since 1986, and the first Sportster to have an engine not derived from

116-534: A general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends, among others, on the specific vehicle. The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all new registrations are in most cases one year later. ECE R49 ESC & ELR The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM)

174-459: A measured HP of 57.2 hp (42.7 kW) (rear wheel) and 64.4 lb⋅ft (87.3 N⋅m) (rear wheel) and a top speed of 107 mph (172 km/h) and a wet weight of 564 lb (256 kg). The Harley "Iron" was introduced in 2009 as a smaller-displacement version of the Nightster. The major differences are blacked-out engine, cast wheels instead of laced; narrower handlebars; and of course

232-413: A significantly better-performing machine, both in a straight line and around corners, than the old V-Rod." The Sportster S was soon followed by the Nightster and Nightster Special, both powered by the new and smaller Revolution™ Max 975T engine (90 HP at 7,500 RPM and 70 LB-FT at 5,000 RPM) with 2-into-1 exhaust at a lower price point. Buell started with water-cooled two-stroke square-fours and ended with

290-501: A specific cycle in the laboratory duly representing a real driving environment and gives a global notation independent from the type of engine used (petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG, hybrid, etc.). To get the maximum 50/50 note on this cycle, the car shall emit less than the minimum limit applicable to either petrol or diesel car, that is to say 100 mg HC, 500 mg CO, 60 mg NO x , 3 mg PM and 6 × 10 PN. Unlike ambient discourse dirty diesel versus clean petrol cars,

348-479: A top speed of 108 mph (174 km/h) with a wet weight of 559.5 lb (253.8 kg). In the 2016 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200CX "Roadster" model. This was the sporty Sportster with café bike styling and stance. With mid-position pegs and a slammed drag bar give a slight lean-forward riding position. A 43mm inverted cartridge fork and in the back preload-adjustable emulsion-type shocks help

406-400: A water cooled four-stroke V-Twin, but the vast majority of their bikes used reworked 883 and 1200 Sportster engines. With Buell-designed heads, barrels, and in 1999 fuel injection, these all led to an increase in horsepower. They also had rubber mounting and a fan to cool the rear cylinder. Euro 5 The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from

464-532: Is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition includes off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles . European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonise with the US EPA standards , and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I–V standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It

522-552: Is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle . Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines. Along with Emissions standards,

580-502: Is expected that technologies such as direct injection, combined with petrol particulate filters, could be needed for these motorcycle engine types to meet the Euro V demands. The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/ kWh ; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km —

638-535: Is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice. In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in

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696-524: Is used for diesel engines only, while transient testing applies to both diesel and petrol engines. For the emission standards to deliver actual emission reductions, it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving conditions. It was discovered that vehicle manufacturers would optimise emissions performance only for the test cycle, whilst emissions from typical driving conditions proved to be much higher than when tested. Some manufacturers were also found to use so-called defeat devices where

754-677: The AMA Flat Track Rookie of the year in 1994. He won the 1997 AMA 600cc National Hotshoe title. He repeated as the 1998 AMA 600cc National Hotshoe champion. His 2001 season was his first in the Top 5 in the final points in the Grand National Flat Track championship. He had six podium (Top 3) finishes in the season, and finished fourth in the final points standings. He had five wins in the Supertracker series, and finished second in

812-406: The 'Big Twin' side-valve motors, which were: the flathead 74.0 cu in (1,213 cc) Models V, VL etc. (1930–1936), Models U and UL (1937–1948), and the 80.0 cu in (1,311 cc) models VH and VLH (1935–1936), models UH and ULH (1937–1941), have four separate cams, sporting one lobe per cam. The cam followers used in Sportster engines, K models, big twin side-valve models, and

870-676: The AMA National Hot Shoe 505 Expert and the 750/1000 Expert races at DeLeon Springs, Florida . He had 9 podium finishes in 2004, including a win at Davenport, Iowa . He finished third in the final points standings. He also won the AMA National Hot Shoe 750/1000 race at Savannah, Georgia . He raced for the Jones Powersport team. He finished second for the 2005 season title. He won the races at Lake Odessa, Michigan and Farley, Iowa , plus had four additional podium finishes. He won two AMA Nat'l Hot Shoe 505 Expert races. He raced for

928-582: The Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place. Just as important as the regulations are the tests needed to ensure adherence to regulations. These are laid out in standardised emission test cycles used to measure emissions performance against

986-586: The EU's road and stay there for decades to come." Within the European Union , transport is the biggest emitter of CO 2 , with road transport contributing about 20%. The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO 2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars

1044-425: The Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and, in 2014, with Euro 6 for petrol engines. From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten

1102-665: The Euro 6 limit for NO x , although they conform to official standards. After the postponement in publishing the Euro 7 proposal details by the European Commission, some civil society groups (such as the European Respiratory Society and the European Public Health Alliance ) said in mid-2022: "Every month that the implementation of Euro 7 is delayed due to the late publication of the proposal, 1 million more polluting cars will be placed on

1160-713: The Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NO x emission control is possible. In one particular instance, research in diesel car emissions by two German technology institutes found that zero "real" NO x reductions in public health risk had been achieved despite 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report). In 2015, the Volkswagen emissions scandal involved revelations that Volkswagen AG had deliberately falsified emission reports by programming engine management unit firmware to detect test conditions, and change emissions controls when under test. The cars thus passed

1218-532: The European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards. During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates. Euro 7

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1276-418: The European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types , including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges , but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance

1334-778: The KTM/Mid-America Harley-Davidson team. Coolbeth was AMA Grand National Twins Champion in 2006, 2007, and 2008. He also won the Singles Championship in 2007. In 2015, Coolbeth competed in the inaugural X Games Harley-Davidson Flat-Track , placing ninth in the Flat-Track Final. He also raced in the inaugural Superprestigio of the Americas placing third in the Flat Track Final and the Superprestigio of

1392-552: The Model K. Sportster motorcycles are powered by a four-stroke , 45° V-twin engine in which both connecting rods, of the "fork and blade" or "knife & fork" design, share a common crank pin . The original Sportster engine was the Ironhead engine , which was replaced with the Evolution engine in 1986. Sportster engines, the 45-cubic-inch R, D, G & W Models 1929 side-valve motors, and

1450-421: The Sportster engine have used a rubber mount system since 1987. The Model K, from which the Sportster evolved, was the first civilian motorcycle produced by Harley-Davidson with hydraulic shock absorbers on both wheels. Common usage calls this a K Model. This was developed from the earlier 45 W model, but with the revised flat head engine and new 4-speed transmission contained in the same castings as would become

1508-710: The Sportster. The connecting rods would be inherited by the Sportster along with many other design elements and dimensions. Introduced in 2007, the XL1200N Nightster included (then) unique elements such as a bobbed rear fender, front fork gaiters, and a side mount license plate. The riding position and 25.3-inch (640 mm) seat height of the Nightster are the same as those of the XL883L Sportster Low - UK version (along with Iron 883 and Forty-Eight) has central number plate, 13.5-inch rear shocks, tapered silencers, and combined LED indicator/tail/brake lights. The bike has

1566-460: The United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more "consumer-friendly", colour-coded label displaying CO 2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO 2 g/km) to F (186+ CO 2 g/km). The goal of the new "green label" is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. Other EU member countries are also in

1624-579: The United States Market after 2012. For 2012, the XR1200X model had upgraded suspension front and rear. The bike has a measured HP of 79.26 hp (59.10 kW) (rear wheel) and 67.53 lb⋅ft (91.56 N⋅m) (rear wheel) and a top speed of 120.7 mph (194.2 km/h)and a wet weight of 580 lb (260 kg). In the 2010 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200X "Forty-Eight" model. It

1682-577: The XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue, and was generally positive about it in their "First Ride" story, in which Harley-Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States. One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was the fact that Harley-Davidson had to obtain the "XR1200" naming rights from Storz Performance, a Harley customizing shop in Ventura, California. The XR1200

1740-554: The amount of g/km of exceeded. The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, set a 2021 target of average CO 2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km by 2021, and for light-commercial vehicles to 147 g/km by 2020. In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631

1798-485: The cars were first regulated. In further difference to passenger cars (where three-way catalytic converters were de facto required from Euro I), it was first with the introduction of the Euro III emissions standard in 2006 that motorcycles were de facto required to use three-way catalytic converters. With the introduction of Euro V, standard two-stroke engine motorcycles are challenged by the strict HC and PM emissions limits. It

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1856-571: The definition of the standard. These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC. The classifications for vehicle category are defined by: Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO x emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to

1914-500: The direct responsibility of the companies involved, the authors blamed the violations on a number of factors, including "unrealistic test conditions, a lack of transparency and a number of loopholes in testing protocols". In 2017, the European Union introduced testing in real-world conditions called Real Driving Emissions (RDE), using portable emissions measurement systems in addition to laboratory tests. The actual limits will use 110% (CF=2.1) "conformity factor" (the difference between

1972-463: The dynomometer tests. RDE not to exceed limits have then been updated to take into account different test conditions such as PEMS weight (305–533 kg in various ICCT testing ), driving in the middle of the traffic, road gradient, etc. ADAC also performed NO x emission tests with a cycle representative of the real driving environment in the laboratory. Among the 69 cars tested: Since 2012, ADAC performs regular pollutant emission tests on

2030-457: The early '70s chopper/bobbers that were prevalent during this time. It has the peanut gas tank, wire wheels, white-wall tires, forward-controls, a bit of extra rake and slightly longer front forks, a chopped (bobbed) rear fender, side-mounted license plate, low solo single seat, mini-ape hanger handlebars, and low suspension. The bike has a measured HP of 54.67 hp (40.77 kW) (rear wheel) and 59.81 lb⋅ft (81.09 N⋅m) (rear wheel) and

2088-499: The engine control system would recognise that the vehicle was being tested, and would automatically switch to a mode optimised for emissions performance. The use of a defeat device is expressly forbidden in EU law. An independent study in 2014 used portable emissions measurement systems to measure NO x emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NO x emissions were on average about seven times higher than

2146-536: The laboratory test and real-world conditions) in 2017, and 50% (CF=1.5) in 2021 for NO x , conformity factor for particles number P being left for further study. Environment organisations criticized the decision as insufficient, while ACEA mentions it will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach such a limit in such short period of time. In 2015, an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT ) of 32 Euro 6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT/ NOx adsorber cars (with about half

2204-405: The last Evolution Sportster, a Gunship Gray 883, on November 18, 2022. In 2021, Harley-Davidson launched the completely redesigned Sportster S with the new Revolution Max 1250T stressed member engine and described it as a "sports custom motorcycle". In an independent review, UK publisher Bennetts commented that: "Despite the Sportster moniker, the new bike’s specs mean it’s got more in common with

2262-464: The market) had the highest emissions. At the end of this study, ICCT was expecting a 100% conformity factor. NEDC Euro 6b not to exceed limit of 80 mg/km NO x will then continue to apply for the WLTC Euro 6c tests performed on a dynomometer while WLTC-RDE will be performed in the middle of the traffic with a PEMS attached at the rear of the car. RDE testing is then far more difficult than

2320-405: The new targets are a 15% reduction for 2025 and a 31% reduction for 2030. Kenny Coolbeth Kenny Coolbeth Jr. (born March 30, 1977) is a flat track motorcycle racer from Warren Connecticut , United States . He won the 2006, 2007, and 2008 AMA Grand National Championship . He races the #2 Indian motorcycle. He attended Wamogo Regional High School . He began his national career as

2378-460: The old V-Rod than its namesakes. By the end of its life, the V-Rod had a 1247cc, water-cooled, DOHC V-twin making 125hp, putting it within spitting distance of the new Sportster’s 1252cc and 121hp. But the old bike was a much heftier machine, coming in at around 300kg depending on which version you picked, where the Sportster S is a relatively lithe 228kg ready-to-ride. The result means the Sportster will be

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2436-518: The process of introducing consumer-friendly labels. European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO 2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 and 1999 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with

2494-610: The regulatory thresholds applicable to the tested vehicle. Since the Euro 3 regulations in 2000, performance has been measured using the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC; also known as MVEG-B), with a " cold start " procedure that eliminates the use of a 40-second engine warm-up period found in the ECE+EUDC test cycle (also known as MVEG-A). The two groups of emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles each have different appropriate test requirements. Steady-state testing

2552-411: The results are much more nuanced and subtle. Some Euro 6 diesel cars perform as well as the best hybrid petrol cars; some other recent Euro 6 petrol indirect injection cars perform as the worst Euro 5 diesel cars; finally some petrol hybrid cars are at the same level as the best Euro 5 diesel cars. Tests commissioned by Which? from the beginning of 2017 found that 47 out of 61 diesel car models exceed

2610-450: The rider. In 2003, Harley Davidson produced a limited number of 100th anniversary model Sportsters. They are identified by the 100th anniversary paint schemes and plaques attached to the sheetmetal, speedometer housing, and engine. Sportsters released in 2004 and later use rubber isolation mounts and tie links to limit engine movement to a single plane, which greatly reduces vibration felt by the rider. Buell motorcycles built with variants of

2668-414: The roadster to have the greatest lean angle of any Sportster. Also standard are twin 300mm floating disc brakes and a tachometer. The bike has a measured HP of 65.4 hp (48.8 kW) (rear wheel) and 69.7 lb⋅ft (94.5 N⋅m) (rear wheel). The Sportster was offered in a number of different models. The 2024 models, which are not all offered in the same countries, are: Harley-Davidson manufactured

2726-586: The season standing for the series. He raced for the Corbin Harley-Davidson team in 2002. He won the Columbus, Ohio race, and had five more podium finishes. He finished in third in series points. He raced for the KTM Sport USA team in 2003. His two wins that season were at Sedalia, Missouri and Vernon, New York . His fourth-place finish in the points was his third consecutive Top 5 season. He also won

2784-455: The side-valve W model series, were a slightly shorter version of the followers used in the larger motors, but featured the same 0.731-inch (18.6 mm) diameter body and 0.855-inch (21.7 mm) diameter roller follower used since 1929. The company used similar cam followers for decades, with minor changes, from 1929 to the 1980s. Sportster engines retained the K/KH design crankcase design, in which

2842-573: The smaller 883 cc engine displacement compared to the Nightster's 1200 cc. The Nightster was discontinued in 2012. The Nightster name returned in 2022 with a 975cc engine. In the 2008 model year, Harley-Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp (68 kW), four-piston dual front disc brakes, and an aluminum swing arm. Motorcyclist had

2900-411: The test, but in real world conditions, emitted up to forty times more NO x emissions than allowed by law. An independent report in September 2015 warned that this extended to "every major car manufacturer", with BMW , and Opel named alongside Volkswagen and its sister company Audi as "the worst culprits", and that approximately 90% of diesel cars "breach emissions regulations". Overlooking

2958-468: The transmission was contained in the same casting as the engine, and driven by the engine with a triple-row #35 chain primary drive and a multi-plate cable-operated clutch. Models since 1991 have five speeds; 1990 and earlier models had four speeds. The engine was mounted directly to the frame from 1957 through the 2003 model year. While this system allows the bike to be somewhat lighter with more precise handling, it also transmits engine vibration directly to

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3016-548: The use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards. Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles. In

3074-409: The vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles, or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan, or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery. The Euro emissions regulations for two and three wheelers (motorcycles) were first introduced in 1999 — some seven years after

3132-483: Was adopted, which introduced CO 2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO 2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025, and by 37.5% in 2030. For light-commercial vehicles

3190-465: Was formally approval by EU countries in April 2024. The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC. The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide

3248-479: Was implemented in two stages, with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B, and were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards are enforced from 2014. Stage V standards are phased in from 2018 with full enforcement from 2021. As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in

3306-403: Was released in the United States in 2009, in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt-tracker heritage. The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike, autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you/welcome letter from Harley-Davidson, signed by Bill Davidson. The XR1200 was discontinued on

3364-456: Was similar to the "Dark" Nightster style but has the classic 1948 style small peanut tank, wire wheels, forward-controls, a wider front tire with a fat front end and chopped front fender, a slammed speedo with under mount mirrors, low solo single seat, and low suspension. In the 2012 model year, Harley-Davidson introduced the XL1200V "Seventy-Two" model, sold until 2016. It has the classic styling of

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