101-486: The Harcamlow Way is a waymarked walking route in England running in a figure-of-eight from Harlow to Cambridge and back again, hence its portmanteau name. On the way it runs through Essex , Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire . The route is 141 miles (227 km) long. The Harcamlow Way is one of the earliest of the waymarked walking trails in this part of the country. It was developed by Fred Matthews and Harry Bitten of
202-670: A Roman Road north-westwards, it heads north to Balsham and then north-west along the Fleam Dyke to Fulbourn and into the Little Wilbraham Fen, and drops into Cambridge from the north, along the River Cam . The route then heads west out of Cambridge to Coton and beyond before going south again, through Kingston and the Wimpole Estate , parallel to Ermine Street . It takes ancient Ashwell Street to Melbourn , then south across
303-582: A 53% increase as the airport adapted to new demands. Airport authorities described the situation as an unprecedented crisis, likening the passenger levels to those seen in the early 1990s. As travel restrictions began to ease in July 2021, London Stansted Airport experienced widespread disruption as passenger numbers surged during the summer holidays. The airport faced staff shortages and increased COVID-19 documentation requirements, leading to long queues and chaotic scenes, with insufficient personnel available to manage
404-437: A base for its operations until it was wound up in July 1948. The Ministry of Civil Aviation finally took control of Stansted in 1949 and the airport was then used as a base by several UK charter airlines. The US military returned in 1954 to extend the runway for a possible transfer to NATO . The transfer to NATO was never realised, however, and the airport continued in civil use, ending up under BAA control in 1966. During
505-590: A biscuit factory, on the Pinnacles. Owned and run as a co-op, it provided employment to the town for over 50 years, before closing in 2002. It has since been demolished and the site now has small industrial units. At its peak, the factory employed over 500 people. Raytheon and GlaxoSmithKline both have large premises within the town. In July 2017 Public Health England had bought the vacant site from GSK (GlaxoSmithKline) hoping to move altogether 2,745 jobs there, of which about 500 are from Porton Down . Nortel had
606-490: A canal section near its watermill . Old Harlow is a historic village founded by the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of the Conservation Areas in the district. In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury , a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument . The M11 motorway passes through to
707-513: A court hearing in July 2020 Harlow Council withdrew the injunction. Harlow is served by two railway stations : Harlow Town and Harlow Mill ; both are served by trains between London Liverpool Street and Cambridge . Harlow Town is also a stop on the Stansted Express , providing frequent services between London and Stansted Airport. All trains serving both stations are operated by Greater Anglia . There are also frequent bus services from
808-524: A dual jetbridge has been added at Stand 13 (Boarding Gate 12), allowing faster boarding and deboarding of wide-body aircraft. An additional building, known as the Advanced Passenger Vehicle (APV), was brought back into use in 2016 for flights departing during the busy 06:00 to 09:00 period. The APV building is linked to the main terminal building by an accessible route and acts as a bus terminal for international flights at remote stands. Prior to
909-424: A focal point for the town's extensive bus network and serves as a regional hub for the local area. The current site was constructed between 2001 and 2003, containing 15 stands and a small visitor information centre. In July 2022, Harlow Council unveiled plans to completely rebuild the bus station at a cost of £15m, along with the construction of a brand new integrated transport and cycle hub. Planning permission for
1010-557: A gate on Satellite 2 by a courtesy bus service from the aircraft. Common Travel Area arrivals are coached from stand, and taken to a separate entrance located at the North East of the terminal which leads to the main terminal baggage reclaim belts, bypassing Border Force, but without bypassing Customs. Stansted has a variety of car parking including long-, mid-, and short-stay options along with valet and meet-and-greet parking services. Two drop off areas also are available. The express area
1111-474: A large site on the eastern edge of the town, acquired when STC was bought in 1991, and it was here that Charles K. Kao developed optical fibre data transmission. Nortel still has a presence, but it is much reduced. The site now is host to electronics, education and housing companies. One of Europe's leading online golf stores, Onlinegolf, is based in Harlow. Unemployment is frequently around 10%, higher than
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#17328522780351212-459: A legacy of the 1947 commitment to re-house blitzed London families after World War II and provide a percentage of homes for other needy families who cannot afford market rents . There is some dispute as to where the place name Harlow derives from. One theory is that it derives from the Anglo-Saxon words 'here' and 'hlaw', meaning "army hill", probably to be identified with Mulberry Hill, which
1313-405: A multimillion-pound extension of the town's Harvey Centre. The Iranian-born entrepreneur, who presented his case in person, persuaded Mr Justice Richards to quash Harlow DC's grant of planning permission for the development. In his judgment he backed Mr Ghadami's claim of 'apparent bias or predetermination' in the decision, as a result of the continued participation of Michael Garnett, the chairman of
1414-516: A new immigration and passport control hall. In November 2006, Uttlesford District Council rejected a BAA planning application to increase the permitted number of aircraft movements and to remove the limit on passenger numbers. BAA immediately appealed against the decision and a public inquiry opened, lasting from May until October 2007. Planning Inspector Alan Boyland made his recommendations in January 2008. Those recommendations were largely followed by
1515-410: A northern and southern bypass of the town, and significant expansion to the north, following the completed expansion to the east. The Harlow North plans, currently awaiting permission, involve an extension of the town across the floodplains on the town's northern border, into neighbouring Hertfordshire . The plan was supported by former MP Bill Rammell , all three political groups on Harlow Council, and
1616-455: A number of years. Following the schools closure, the site was demolished and redeveloped into a £23 million state of the art Academy which Passmores School and Technology College relocated to in September 2011 opening as Passmores Academy. In the 1980s, a further two secondary schools were closed, Latton Bush (now a commercial centre and recreational centre) and Netteswell (now forms part of
1717-436: A proliferation of new 'rabbit hutch'-sized flats, which are then let to London-borough waiting-list families. These are erected under permitted development rights which mean the local authority cannot refuse planning permission . A major feature of Harlow New Town is its green spaces; over one third of the district is parkland or fields containing public footpaths. One of the original design features of Gibberd's masterplan
1818-571: A result of a March 2009 ruling by the Competition Commission against BAA's monopoly position. London Stansted Airport is located near the village of Stansted Mountfitchet . It has one main passenger terminal, with three passenger satellites containing the departure gates; one is connected to the main terminal by air bridges, one by the Stansted Airport Transit System people mover, and one by both. The terminal building
1919-455: A second runway and terminal, etc., in line with a recommendation in the 2003 Air Transport White Paper (ATWP). This would have been the subject of a public inquiry, and if approved, would have allowed Stansted to handle more passengers than Heathrow did at the time of the application. In May 2010, BAA withdrew its plans to build a second runway at Stansted and withdrew the plans to build a new runway at Heathrow. The ATWP had anticipated that
2020-573: A second runway would be operational by 2011, but this date continued to slip. BAA's 2008 planning application envisaged operation commencing in 2015, and in 2009, BAA revised the anticipated opening date to 2017. Prior to the United Kingdom's May 2010 general election, all three major political parties pledged not to approve a second runway. Soon after the election, the new government confirmed this, and BAA withdrew its application for planning permission, having spent nearly £200 million preparing for
2121-401: A severe impact on London Stansted Airport, leading to a significant reduction in passenger numbers and operational challenges. In 2020, the airport served just over 7.5 million passengers, a large decline from its pre-pandemic levels of around 28 million annually. At the height of the crisis, Stansted experienced a 95% drop in passenger footfall compared to 2019. Cargo operations , however, saw
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#17328522780352222-659: A small group of the British Royal Engineers who offered to help and wanted to learn how to operate the heavy construction equipment. Stansted Mountfitchet Airport was used during the Second World War as RAF Stansted Mountfitchet by the Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber airfield and as a major maintenance depot. Although the official name was Stansted Mountfitchet,
2323-573: A small number of routes. There is also a National Express coach service between Stansted Airport and Oxford via Luton and Milton Keynes . Essex County Council was involved in development to Harlow's First Avenue, which was intended to reduce congestion and create better transport connections between the Newhall housing developments. The scheme was implemented in two phases, each phase focusing on developing First Avenue on either side of Howard Way. Phase two had an estimated cost of £4.4 million and
2424-551: A variety of subjects relevant to local employers' needs. London Stansted Airport Stansted Airport ( IATA : STN , ICAO : EGSS ) is an international airport serving London , the capital of England and the United Kingdom . It is located near Stansted Mountfitchet , Uttlesford , Essex , 42 mi (68 km) northeast of Central London . As London's third-busiest airport , Stansted serves over 180 destinations across Europe, Asia and North Africa. London Stansted
2525-611: A £20bn pledge by the government. Following Labour's victory at the 2024 United Kingdom general election , these plans have currently been placed under review. Harlow contains seven state-funded secondary schools: St. Nicholas School is a private school in the town while Harlow College provides sixth form and further education . St Mark's West Essex Catholic School and BMAT STEM Academy also provide sixth form education. Brays Grove Community School and Specialist Arts College closed down in June 2008 due to decreasing pupil numbers over
2626-496: Is Grade I listed and is a scheduled ancient monument . Kingsmoor House on Paringdon Road is a Grade II* listed building and dates from the 18th century. It was built as a gentleman's residence and owned by local families including the Risden , Houblon and Todhunter families. It was later used as a private school and council offices before falling derelict. It has since been restored and converted into residential apartments. Harlow
2727-545: Is Michael Neylan's pioneering development at Bishopsfield. The first neighbourhood, Mark Hall, is a conservation area. From 1894 to 1955 the Harlow parish formed part of the Epping Rural District of Essex. From 1955 to 1974, Harlow was an urban district . On 1 April 1974 the parish and urban district was abolished and it became an unparished area . The town centre, and many of its neighbourhood shopping facilities have undergone major redevelopment, along with many of
2828-474: Is a base for a number of European low-cost carriers. This includes being the largest base for low-cost airline Ryanair , with over 150 destinations served by the airline. As of 2022 , it is the fourth-busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow , Gatwick , and Manchester . During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, it ranked second in the country. Stansted's runway is also used by private companies such as
2929-521: Is based at Harlow Civic Centre at the Water Gardens in the town centre. The Member of Parliament (MP) for Harlow since the 2024 general election is Labour Chris Vince . He defeated Conservative candidate Hannah Ellis with a majority of 2,504 (5.8%). In 2015 Harlow was the first town in Britain to take out a district wide injunction against unauthorised encampments by Travellers. However following
3030-460: Is in the centre Netteswell ward and is between the town centre and the railway station, both of which are within walking distance of the park, which is a natural thoroughfare from the station to the town centre. There are only 12 parks with significant post-war element on the English Heritage 'Register of Parks'. With these Harlow is seen as one of the first examples of a civic scheme to marry
3131-401: Is located near the short-stay car park, while a free service is within the mid-stay area. A fee is charged for the express service. Terminal Road North and its free drop-off area directly outside the terminal was closed shortly after MAG took over the airport in 2013. Stansted's air traffic control tower was completed in 1996 and was the tallest in Britain at the time of its construction. It
Harcamlow Way - Misplaced Pages Continue
3232-496: Is located on the southside of the airfield alongside the main terminal building. It replaced the old control tower, which offered poor views of the airfield once the current terminal building was opened in 1991. There are several cargo buildings and hangars around the airfield. The main cargo centre is located by the control tower and handles most cargo operations, including aircraft such as the McDonnell Douglas MD-11 and
3333-517: Is naturally illuminated. These principals influenced the design of future projects around the world. In 1999, planning permission was granted for Phase 2 of the terminal expansion, which included extending the width to 15 bays, as well as the addition of the third satellite building. A major expansion programme to the terminal took place between 2007 and 2009, extending the width by 2 bays, with nearly 5,900 m (64,000 sq ft) of floorspace, to give space for additional baggage carousels ,
3434-658: Is now a 300-year-old listed building and restaurant. The original village, mentioned in the Domesday Book , developed as a typical rural community around what is now known as Old Harlow , with many of its buildings still standing. This includes for instance the Grade II listed St Mary's Church in Churchgate Street. Its former Chapel is in a ruinous state in a field which was once the Harlowbury Abbey part of Old Harlow,
3535-478: Is only 10 miles from this major transport hub and therefore provides several hundred airport employees. The airport operator withdrew a planning application for a second runway after the General Election of 2010 , when all major political parties opposed it. Further plans to expand the airport to boost capacity were proposed in 2020, but were rejected by Uttlesford District Council . Harlow bus station provides
3636-559: Is started. Harlow was in Roman times the site of a small town (around Harlow Mill railway station ) with a substantial stone built temple. The entry in the Norman Domesday Book reads: Herlaua: St Edmunds Abbey before and after 1066; Geoffrey from Count Eustace; Thorgils from Eudo the Steward; Richard from Ranulf, brother of Ilger. Mill, 7 beehives, 8 cobs, 43 cattle, 3 foals. The mill
3737-560: Is the Green Wedges in the town, designed to provide open space for wildlife and recreation and to separate neighbourhoods. 23% of the district is designated as Green Wedge. The Green Wedges are protected from inappropriate development, through the Local Plan. The town is entirely surrounded by Green Belt land, a land designation which originated in London to prevent the city sprawling, and 21% of
3838-525: The Boeing 747 . There are a small number of hangars on the other side of the runway to the rest of the airport. The largest are located at the south east of the airfield, one of which is used by Ryanair. Titan Airways has its head office in the Enterprise House on the airport property. Several airlines at one time had their head offices on the airport property. AirUK (later KLM uk ) had its head office in
3939-616: The East of England Regional Assembly . It is opposed by Hertfordshire County Council, East Herts Council, Mark Prisk , MP for Hertford and Stortford in whose constituency the development would be, and all the parishes concerned. The opposition is coordinated by a local group based in neighbouring East Hertfordshire. An attempt to have Harlow North designated an "Eco Town" was rejected by the Minister for Housing, Caroline Flint MP, in April 2008. The south of
4040-532: The Harrods Aviation , Titan Airways , and XJet terminals, which are private ground handlers that can handle private flights, charter flights, and state visits. Converted to civil use from RAF Stansted Mountfitchet in the late 1940s, Stansted was used by charter airlines. It came under British Airports Authority control in 1966. The privatised BAA sold Stansted in February 2013 to Manchester Airports Group as
4141-475: The Icknield Way back into Essex. In Essex the southbound trail passes through Chrishall and Chrishall Common, past Essex's highest point, and Langley , to Arkesden and back to Newport, where the loops cross. Deeper into Essex there is a tangle of footpaths and bridleways. The Harcamlow Way here runs to Debden and Thaxted , then south to Takeley and south-west to the county border with Hertfordshire on
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4242-470: The M11 motorway , which runs from London to Cambridge . Junction 7 provides links to the southern areas of town, such as Church Langley and Potter Street. Junction 7a, located close to Old Harlow, began construction in 2020 and opened in 2022. The M11 motorway was planned originally to run to the west of Harlow, not to the east as it does today. Having planned for one of the two big industrial estates to be built to
4343-531: The River Stort opposite Sawbridgeworth , which river it follows down back to Harlow. At least two published books describe the route in detail. Harlow Harlow is a town and local government district located in the west of Essex , England. Founded as a new town , it is situated on the border with Hertfordshire , and occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley , which has been made navigable through other towns and features
4444-403: The market town of Harlow, now a neighbourhood known as Old Harlow , and the villages of Great Parndon , Latton , Tye Green, Potter Street, Churchgate Street, Little Parndon, and Netteswell. Each of the town's neighbourhoods is self-supporting with its own shopping precincts, community facilities and pubs . Gibberd invited many of the country's leading post-war architects to design buildings in
4545-611: The 1960s, '70s, and early '80s, the Fire Service Training School was based on the eastern side of the airfield under the auspices of the Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, now the Civil Aviation Authority. The school was responsible for the training of all aviation fire crews for British airfields, as well as those of many overseas countries. Beginning in 1966, after Stansted was placed under BAA control,
4646-642: The Conservative government under Ted Heath agreed with a minority recommendation that a site at Foulness in the Thames Estuary, later renamed Maplin, should be developed, but in 1974, the incoming Labour government under Harold Wilson cancelled the Maplin project because of the economic situation. Stansted was then considered as an option for long-term development in the Advisory Committee on Airports Policy and
4747-621: The Government's consultation on expanding UK airports and, particularly, runway expansion plans for Stansted Airport subsequently defined in the Air Transport white paper in December 2003. In September 2012, as a result of pressure from the aviation industry, the government set up the Airports Commission, chaired by Sir Howard Davies, to consider what, if anything, needed to be done to maintain
4848-536: The Harlow College Campus) is a major further educational centre, covering GCSEs , A-Levels , and many vocational subjects including Hair and Beauty Therapy, Construction, Mechanics, ICT, and a new centre for engineering recently opened. The college is currently under major regeneration and is due to open a new university centre in partnership with Anglia Ruskin University , covering mostly Foundation degrees in
4949-642: The Secretary of State for Transport ( Geoff Hoon ) and the Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government (Hazel Blears), who jointly allowed the applicant's appeal in October 2008. A legal challenge by community campaign group Stop Stansted Expansion was rejected by the High Court in March 2009. The Competition Commission ruled in March 2009 that BAA should sell Gatwick and Stansted Airports within two years. The ruling
5050-648: The Stansted House. When Buzz existed, its head office was in the Endeavour House. When AB Airlines existed, its head office was in the Enterprise House. For a period Lloyd International Airways had its head office at the Lloyd House at Stansted. When Go Fly existed its head office was at the Enterprise House. Since 2004, Stansted also offers a range of hotel accommodation including Holiday Inn Express , Novotel , Premier Inn , and Radisson Blu hotels and
5151-518: The Study Group on South East Airports and was selected from a short list of six by the Conservative government in December 1979. The proposal, for a new terminal associated with the existing runway and the safeguarding of land for a second runway, was considered at the Airports Inquiries of 1981–83. The Inspector's Report was published in 1984 and the decision, announced in a white paper in 1985,
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#17328522780355252-479: The UK's status as a global aviation hub. The commission concluded that an additional runway would be required for South East England and that it should be added to either Heathrow or Gatwick. Following the 2015 election, the commission made a final recommendation to expand Heathrow subject to certain environmental constraints. Plans for Satellite 4 have never been realised. Located to the northeast of Satellite 3, Satellite 4
5353-409: The UK. The new arrivals terminal was to be located adjacent to the existing terminal and Radisson Blu Hotel. It would feature a larger immigration and baggage reclaim area. This new facility would allow the existing terminal to be reconfigured exclusively for departures, expanding space for check-in, security, and the international departures lounge, and would make London Stansted the only airport in
5454-536: The West Essex Ramblers' Association in the 1970s and began to appear on Ordnance Survey maps. The walk is mainly on tracks and green lanes, taking in the wide tracts of countryside in eastern Hertfordshire, western Essex and southern Cambridgeshire, mostly within what is now known as The Hundred Parishes and dropping into many villages on the way, passing many places of historic interest. The walk, starting clockwise, heads north out of Harlow and straight over
5555-455: The airport was originally designed to provide an unobstructed flow for passengers to arrive at the short-stay car park, move through the check-in hall, and go through security and on to the departure gates, all on the same level. From 1997 to 2007, Stansted had rapid expansion of passenger numbers on the back of the boom in low-cost air travel, peaking at 24 million passengers in the 12 months to October 2007, but passenger numbers declined in
5656-785: The airport was used by holiday charter operators wishing to escape the higher costs associated with operating from Heathrow and Gatwick. Stansted had been held in reserve as a third London airport since the 1950s. However, after a public inquiry at Chelmsford in 1966–67, the government set up the Roskill Commission to review the need afresh. The Commission for the Third London Airport (the " Roskill Commission ") of 1968–71 did not include Stansted as one of its four short-listed sites and recommended that Cublington in Buckinghamshire should be developed as London's third airport. However,
5757-456: The airport's schedule and create over 5,000 jobs over the next five years. The terminal is separated into three general areas: Check-in and main concourse along the front, departures towards the southern end, and international arrivals to the northern end of the building. There is a separate baggage reclaim for Domestic arrivals. No gates are in the main terminal building; instead, they are located in three separate oblong satellite buildings, with
5858-537: The base was known as simply Stansted in both written and spoken form. The station was first allocated to the USAAF Eighth Air Force in August 1942 as a heavy-bomber airfield. As well as an operational bomber base, Stansted was also an Air Technical Services Command maintenance and supply depot concerned with major overhauls and modification of B-26s. After D-Day, these activities were transferred to France, but
5959-655: The base was still used as a supply storage area for the support of aircraft on the continent. After the withdrawal of the Americans on 12 August 1945, Stansted was taken over by the Air Ministry and used by No. 263 Maintenance Unit, RAF, for storage purposes. In addition, between March 1946 and August 1947, Stansted was used for housing German prisoners of war. In November 1946, the recently established British cargo airline, London Aero and Motor Services, equipped with ex-RAF Handley Page Halifaxes , moved into Stansted, using it as
6060-633: The completion of Satellite 3, this terminal (then consisted of gates 90–95) was in regular passenger use. Domestic arrivals (from the UK) use a separate exit route, located at the opposite end of the Terminal to the International arrivals hall. This exit is connected solely by footbridge from Satellite 2 gates 81–88. When a domestic flight arrives at a gate which is not located in Satellite 2, passengers are transported to
6161-399: The county border into Hertfordshire , heading for Bishop's Stortford and thence to Manuden and on to Newport, Essex , which is the crossing-over point of the two loops. North of Newport, it goes north-east to Audley End and through Saffron Walden town centre, then north-east to Ashdon and across into Cambridgeshire at Bartlow and on to Horseheath . After following for a little way
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#17328522780356262-423: The crowds effectively. The airport showed signs of recovery by late 2022, with passenger levels nearing 97% of pre-pandemic volumes. In the wake of this recovery, in 2023 Stansted Airport announced a £1.1 billion expansion plan including a £600m extension of the terminal and facilities, to increase its capacity to serve up to 43 million passengers per year. This expansion is expected to add 200 flights per day to
6363-573: The development, a railway branch was built to the airport for Stansted Airport railway station , built at ground level within the terminal. The building was recognised as a landmark work of high-tech architecture. Foster + Partners' design for Stansted Airport is widely regarded as a transformative influence on airport architecture. The building features open canopies that visually connect the landside and airside, and challenged conventional airport layouts by relocating essential services underground, instead creating an open and flexible main concourse that
6464-416: The district is allocated as Green Belt. The National Planning Policy Framework states that one of the purposes of Green Belt land is to protect unrestricted sprawl from large built-up areas. Harlow Town Park , at a size of 71.6-hectares (just under 1 km ), is one of the largest urban parks in the country. The multi-functional park has been used for recreation and enjoyment for over 50 years. This park
6565-501: The east of the town. Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy. It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted Airport to the north. At the time of the 2011 Census, Harlow's population was recorded at 81,944 and its district had the third-highest proportion of social housing in England, 26.9%,
6666-432: The exception of four bussing gates which are accessed below the main terminal building. The airport has 52 gates with 12 serviceable jetbridges . Long-term plans for Satellite 4, approved in 1999 and revised in 2005, have not been realised, but its site was developed as remote stands in 2018. As of 2013, Satellite 1 (Gates 1-19) had been redeveloped with the aim to attract more long-haul airlines to Stansted. Furthermore,
6767-560: The first of which was the "mini expansion" that was created by the building of the Sumners and Katherines estates in the mid-to-late seventies to the west of the existing town. Since then Harlow has further expanded with the Church Langley estate completed in 2005, and its newest neighbourhood Newhall has completed the first stage of its development, with the second stage underway in 2013. The Harlow Gateway Scheme, also completed, first involved
6868-536: The intentions of the development. Harlow is served by the NHS Princess Alexandra Hospital , situated on the edge of The High, which is the main Town Centre area of Harlow. This hospital has a 24-hour Accident & Emergency and Urgent Care Centre. Plans for the hospital to be rebuilt were first put in place in 2019. In May 2023, it was announced that the facility would be rebuilt by 2030 as part of
6969-447: The large and unexcavated deposits of Neolithic flint beside Gilden Way. These deposits are mostly known because of the large numbers of surface-bound, worked flint. Substantial amounts of worked flint suggest an organised working of flint in the area. Large amounts of debitage litter the area and tools found include axe heads, hammers, blades, dowels and other boring tools and multipurpose flints such as scrapers. An organised field walk in
7070-508: The late 1990s by Bartlett (unpublished) indicates that most of the area, some 80 hectares, produced worked flint from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age with a smattering of Mesolithic. This indicates organised industry existed from 5000 BC to 2000 BC. The deposits are so large and dispersed that any major archaeological work in the area will have to take this into consideration before any ground work
7171-406: The modern science of town and country planning. Harlow was originally expected to provide a majority of employment opportunities in manufacturing, with two major developments of The Pinnacles and Templefields providing the biggest employers in the region; as with the rest of the country, this manufacturing base has declined and Harlow has had to adjust. The original manufacturing took the form of
7272-483: The national average in the UK. Harlow also has a large number of people in social housing, almost 30% of dwellings being housing association and local authority owned, and many more privately rented. There are two tiers of local government covering Harlow, at district and county level: Harlow Council and Essex County Council . The district council has been controlled by the Conservative Party since 2021. It
7373-535: The next five years. Passenger totals later increased, and in 2016 recorded an annual increase of 8.0% to 24.3 million, and numbers have since continued to rise. The airfield opened in early July 1943 with a dedication ceremony for the Stansted Airfield with a parade of builders, the 825th Engineer Aviation Battalion EAB and the 850th Engineer Aviation Battalion EAB of the United States Army, along with
7474-567: The orbital M25 motorway . Running through the town is the A414 , a major road between Hemel Hempstead and Maldon ; it links the town with the A10 to the west, which runs between London and King's Lynn . Another major road running from Harlow is the A1184, which leads to the nearby town of Bishop's Stortford via Sawbridgeworth . Bishop's Stortford is the closest large town to Stansted Airport , though Harlow
7575-465: The planning application documents were nearly two years old and would require updating. Eventually, BAA realised the futility of pursuing its G2 application in the context of the new government policy and withdrew it on 24 May 2010. The advocacy group Stop Stansted Expansion (SSE) was formed in 2002, as a working group of the North West Essex and East Herts Preservation Association, in response to
7676-484: The planning committee, in the planning process after he had attempted in telephone calls to persuade Mr Ghadami to consent to the scheme. In 2011, the government announced the creation of an enterprise zone in the town. Harlow Enterprise Zone consists of two separate sites under development, at Templefields and London Road, with the London Road site divided into north and south business parks. In 2022, Harlow Council
7777-702: The project was granted in January 2023, with construction beginning in May 2024. Arriva Herts & Essex operate a large number of local routes within the town. key destinations outside of Harlow include Bishop's Stortford , Stansted Airport and Chelmsford . Arriva also operate the Greenline 724 route, providing a service between Harlow and Heathrow Airport via Hertford and Watford . Central Connect also operate several local services within Harlow, as well as connections to other nearby towns, such as Epping , Ongar , Cheshunt and Waltham Abbey . First Essex operate
7878-433: The project was planned in two phases. The first phase was designed to permit an annual capacity of 8 million passengers, while the second phase was intended to expand the terminal's capacity to 15 million passengers per annum. It was initially believed that any future development beyond this capacity would require the construction of a second major terminal building. Foster Associates , founded by architect Norman Foster ,
7979-406: The public inquiry and buying up properties. The public inquiry into BAA's second runway application had been scheduled to start on 15 April 2009, but the start was delayed by Secretary of State Hazel Blears to allow time for BAA and the government to consider the implications of the March 2009 Competition Commission's ruling that BAA must sell Stansted within two years. As 2011 drew to a close, BAA
8080-402: The recently opened Hampton by Hilton , the last two of which are both within two minutes of the terminal building via an undercover walkway. Regular bus service handles transfers between the terminal building and Stansted's car parks and hotels. On 11 March 2008, BAA submitted a planning application (titled "G2") to expand the airport by 3 sq mi (8 km ) and for the construction of
8181-529: The relocation of the Harlow Football Stadium and the building of a new hotel, apartments and a restaurant adjacent to Harlow Town railway station . Phase 2 of this scheme involved the construction of 530 eco-homes on the former sports centre site and the building of the Harlow Leizurezone adjacent to the town's college in the early 2010s. Other major developments under consideration include both
8282-528: The town centre also underwent major regeneration, with the new Civic Centre being built and the town's famous Water Gardens being redeveloped in the 2000s, a landscape listed by English Heritage . Despite this development, the main shopping area of the town has been stagnating for some time, not helped by the closure of two of the Harvey Centre's anchor tenants - these being BHS and M&S. In 2004, Harlow businessman Mo Ghadami won his High Court case to block
8383-537: The town centre to Epping tube station , which is on London Underground 's Central line . In 2021, Harlow District Council proposed extending the Central line from its eastern terminus at Epping to Harlow. It argued this would reduce travel times to Epping and London, and help with efforts add 19,000 new homes to the town and expand the population to 130,000. However, no funding has been allocated for this proposed extension. Harlow can be accessed from junctions 7 and 7a of
8484-478: The town to the town centre and industrial areas. The cycle network is composed mostly of the original old town roads. The town's authorities built Britain's first pedestrian precinct, and first modern-style residential tower block , The Lawn, constructed in 1951; it is now a Grade II listed building. Gibberd's tromp-l'oeil terrace in Orchard Croft and Dawbarn's maisonette blocks at Pennymead are also notable, as
8585-499: The town's original buildings. Subsequently, many of the original town buildings, including most of its health centres, the Staple Tye shopping centre and many industrial units have been rebuilt. Gibberd's original town hall, a landmark in the town built in 1958, was demolished and replaced by Harlow Civic Centre and The Water Gardens shopping area in the 2000s. Since becoming a new town, Harlow has undergone several stages of expansion,
8686-419: The town, including Philip Powell and Hidalgo Moya , Leonard Manasseh , Michael Neylan, E C P Monson, William Crabtree, Maxwell Fry , Jane Drew , Graham Dawbarn, H. T. Cadbury-Brown and Gerard Goalen . Goalen designed his first church in the town, Our Lady of Fatima , which is a Grade II* listed building . Harlow has one of the most extensive cycle track networks in the country, connecting all areas of
8787-446: The west of the town for easy motorway access, Sir Fredrick Gibberd was appalled when the motorway was eventually built to the east of the town instead, describing it as "just about the most monstrous thing to ever happen to me as a planner" during a 1982 interview. The M11 motorway places the town within a short distance of Stansted Airport , the A120 to Braintree via Great Dunmow , and
8888-402: Was announced that MAG (Manchester Airports Group) had agreed to purchase London Stansted Airport for £1.5 billion. The sale was completed on 28 February 2013. MAG announced on 20 June 2013 as part of a visit to the airport by the Secretary of State for Transport that it would be launching an £80 million terminal redevelopment programme. MAG has invested £40 million and the remainder
8989-414: Was approved for planning permission in 1999 as part of an expansion strategy to increase the airport's capacity from 8 to 15 million passengers per annum. A revised scheme in 2005 included a pier link for the proposed satellite, with construction planned for 2013-2015, however plans did not proceed after the sale of BAA to Ferrovial , and construction never commenced. In 2018, the site of Satellite 4
9090-518: Was awarded £23.7 million from the government's Towns Fund to be used for several large investments in the town. These include the development of a new bus station and transport hub, regeneration of Broad Walk in the town and a new sustainable transport corridor between the town centre and Harlow Town station. The majority of these works are underway as of mid 2024, with completion of the programme expected by March 2026. A government policy to allow developers to convert office space to residential has led to
9191-596: Was commissioned to design the new terminal building, with Ove Arup & Partners as principal engineers. The plans were approved in 1985, and construction took place between 1988 and 1991 by the John Laing company at a cost of £100 million. The terminal building originally comprised a square structure of 11 bays by 11 bays, and opened to the public in 1991. It received the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture (Mies van der Rohe Award) in 1990. As part of
9292-448: Was designed by Foster and Partners with input from structural engineer Peter Rice , and features a "floating" roof, supported by a space frame of inverted-pyramid roof trusses, creating the impression of a stylised swan in flight. The base of each truss structure is a "utility pillar", which provides indirect uplighting illumination and is the location for air-conditioning, water, telecommunications, and electrical outlets. The layout of
9393-415: Was drawn up in 1947 by Sir Frederick Gibberd . The town was planned from the outset and was designed to respect the existing landscape. Sylvia Crowe , the landscape architect, worked on Harlow New Town between 1948 and 1958. A number of landscape wedges - which later became known as Green Wedges - were designed to cut through the town and separate the neighbourhoods of the town. The development incorporated
9494-510: Was due to be completed in early 2010, phase one is already complete and is listed as having had £3.6 million of funding from the Community Infrastructure Fund (CIF). The scheme includes construction of a shared use cycleway and development to the bus service along First Avenue and into the Newhall development site where 'high quality bus' services between Harlow town centre and Harlow Town railway station are listed as part of
9595-409: Was instead built as remote stands. The current expansion plans for 2024 do not include Satellite 4, and instead focuses on other airfield and terminal improvements. In December 2016, London Stansted Airport unveiled plans for a new £130 million arrivals terminal aimed to handle increasing passenger numbers and relieve pressure on the existing single-terminal setup, which is the busiest of its kind in
9696-400: Was invested by other commercial partners. The redevelopment included relocation of the security area, doubling the amount of seating, and improving the information displays. The new Departure Lounge offers a food court, new shops, and an Escape Lounge. In 2017, Antonov Airlines opened a UK office at Stansted for cargo charter flights, generally of outsize loads. The COVID-19 pandemic had
9797-551: Was one of several towns to be built around a pre existing village,Harlow was designated a new town on 25 March 1947. It was one of several new towns built under the New Towns Act of 1946, passed after World War II to ease overcrowding in London and the surrounding areas due to the devastation caused by the bombing during the Blitz. Other post-war new towns included Basildon , Stevenage and Hemel Hempstead . The master plan for Harlow
9898-520: Was quashed within a year following an appeal, but was subsequently upheld. The Competition Commission reconfirmed its ruling in July 2011 that the airport be sold, and the Court of Appeal turned down an appeal by BAA on 26 July 2012. In light of the result, BAA chose not to appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and confirmed on 20 August 2012 that the airport would be sold. In January 2013 it
9999-523: Was still appealing against the Competition Commission ruling. On 20 August 2012, after losing a case at the Court of Appeal, BAA agreed to cease challenging the Competition Commission's ruling and to sell Stansted. On 10 February 2010, Secretary of State John Denham , in an open letter, concluded that the inquiry could not reasonably start until after the general election. In addition, he commented that
10100-438: Was to approve a plan to develop Stansted in two phases, involving both airfield and terminal improvements that would increase the airport's capacity to 15 million passengers per year, but to reject the second runway. The redevelopment of Stansted into London's third airport began with outline planning permission granted in 1985, for a new terminal building to accommodate up to 15 million passengers annually. Initially,
10201-470: Was used as the moot or meeting place for the district. The other theory is that it derives from the words 'here' and 'hearg', meaning "temple hill/mound", probably to be identified with an Iron Age burial mound, later a Roman temple site on River Way. The earliest deposits are of a Mesolithic (circa 10,000 BC) hunting camp excavated by Davey in Northbrooks in the 1970s (Unpublished) closely followed by
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