The haras ( Arabic : الحرس ; "the Guard") was a personal bodyguard unit of the caliphs during the Umayyads and the Abbasids . The haras was also instituted in the Emirate of Córdoba in contemporary Spain.
70-600: [REDACTED] Look up haras in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Haras may refer to: Al-Haras or the Haras, a bodyguard unit in service of caliphs during the Umayyad and the Abbasid caliphates Haras Fyre (born 1953), an American songwriter, singer and multi-instrumentalist Oleh Haras (Russian: Олег Зиновьевич Гарас, born 1976),
140-488: A T-shaped cross. It is a graffito found in a taberna (hostel for wayfarers) in Puteoli, dating to the time of Trajan or Hadrian (late 1st century to early 2nd century CE). Writers in the 2nd century who speak of the execution cross describe the crucified person's arms as outstretched, not attached to a single stake: Lucian speaks of Prometheus as crucified "above the ravine with his hands outstretched". He also says that
210-526: A Ukrainian professional football player Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Haras . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haras&oldid=1097593538 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Disambiguation pages with surname-holder lists Hidden categories: Short description
280-659: A cross". In the Roman Empire , the gibbet (instrument of execution) for crucifixions took on many shapes. Seneca the Younger ( c. 4 BCE–65 CE ) states: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." According to Josephus , during Emperor Titus 's Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) , Roman soldiers nailed innumerable Jewish captives to crosses in various ways. At times
350-413: A crucifixion was an execution, it was also a humiliation, by making the condemned as vulnerable as possible. Although artists have traditionally depicted the figure on a cross with a loin cloth or a covering of the genitals, the person being crucified was usually stripped naked. Writings by Seneca the Younger state some victims suffered a stick forced upwards through their groin. Despite its frequent use by
420-491: A devotional practice. Ancient Greek has two verbs for crucify: anastauroo ( ἀνασταυρόω ), from stauros (which in modern Greek only means " cross " but which in antiquity was used for any kind of wooden pole, pointed or blunt, bare or with attachments) and apotumpanizo ( ἀποτυμπανίζω ) "crucify on a plank", together with anaskolopizo ( ἀνασκολοπίζω " impale "). In earlier pre-Roman Greek texts anastauro usually means "impale". The Greek used in
490-399: A final thrust through the throat. The corpse was left on the cross for three days. If one condemned to crucifixion died in prison, his body was pickled and the punishment executed on the dead body. Under Toyotomi Hideyoshi , one of the great 16th-century unifiers, crucifixion upside down (i.e, sakasaharitsuke ) was frequently used. Water crucifixion ( mizuharitsuke ) awaited mostly Christians:
560-574: A mystical prefiguring of the cross of Christ". The earliest example, written around the late 1st century, is the Epistle of Barnabas , with another example being Clement of Alexandria ( c. 150 – c. 215). Justin Martyr ( c. 100 – c. 165 ) sees the cross of Christ represented in the crossed spits used to roast the Passover lamb . In popular depictions of
630-404: A square shaft 10 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 8 in) across. The titulus would also be fastened to the cross to notify onlookers of the person's name and crime as they hung on the cross, further maximizing the public impact. There may have been considerable variation in the position in which prisoners were nailed to their crosses and how their bodies were supported while they died. Seneca
700-457: A stake, or affixed to a tree, upright pole (a crux simplex ), or to a combination of an upright (in Latin, stipes ) and a crossbeam (in Latin, patibulum ). Seneca the Younger wrote: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet". Crucifixion
770-487: A transverse beam, sometimes with a small projection in the upright. New Testament writings about the crucifixion of Jesus do not specify the shape of that cross, but subsequent early writings liken it to the letter T. According to William Barclay , because tau is shaped exactly like the crux commissa and represented the number 300, "wherever the fathers came across the number 300 in the Old Testament they took it to be
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#1732847850840840-401: A tree, not dedicated to any particular gods, and flogging him to death. Tertullian mentions a 1st-century AD case in which trees were used for crucifixion, but Seneca the Younger earlier used the phrase infelix lignum (unfortunate wood) for the transom ("patibulum") or the whole cross. Plautus and Plutarch are the two main sources for accounts of criminals carrying their own patibula to
910-419: A wood block. When no longer able to lift himself, the condemned would die within a few minutes. This theory has been supported by multiple scholars. Other scholars, including Frederick Zugibe , posit other causes of death. Zugibe suspended test subjects with their arms at 60° to 70° from the vertical. The test subjects had no difficulty breathing during experiments, but did suffer rapidly increasing pain, which
980-528: Is Christianity's preeminent religious symbol . His death is the most prominent example of crucifixion in history, which in turn has led many cultures in the modern world to associate the execution method closely with Jesus and with Christian spirituality. Other figures in Christianity (such as the apostle Saint Peter ) are traditionally believed to have undergone crucifixion as well. Today, limited numbers of Christians voluntarily undergo non-lethal crucifixions as
1050-499: Is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the Persians , Carthaginians , and Romans , among others. Crucifixion has been used in some countries as recently as the 21st century. The crucifixion of Jesus is central to Christianity and the cross (sometimes depicted with Jesus nailed to it )
1120-402: Is a wickedness; to put him to death is almost parricide. What shall I say of crucifying him? So guilty an action cannot by any possibility be adequately expressed by any name bad enough for it." Frequently, the legs of the person executed were broken or shattered with an iron club , an act called crurifragium , which was also frequently applied without crucifixion to slaves. This act hastened
1190-729: Is consistent with the Roman use of crucifixion to achieve a prolonged, agonizing death. However, Zugibe's positioning of the test subjects necessarily did not precisely replicate the conditions of historical crucifixion. In 2023, an analysis of medical literature concluded that asphyxiation is discredited as the primary cause of death from crucifixion. There is scholarly support for several possible non-asphyxiation causes of death: heart failure or arrhythmia , hypovolemic shock , acidosis , dehydration , and pulmonary embolism . Death could result from any combination of those factors, or from other causes, including sepsis following infection due to
1260-425: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Al-Haras The Haras were depicted first time during the time of Muhammad , prophet of Islam , where several early Muslim strong man such as Abu Bakr , Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas , Sa'd ibn Mu'adh , Dzakwan ibn al-Qays, Zubayr ibn al-Awwam , Bilal ibn Rabah , Abbad ibn Bishr , and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari served as
1330-606: The Acts of the Apostles 2:23 . The English term cross derives from the Latin word crux , which classically referred to a tree or any construction of wood used to hang criminals as a form of execution. The term later came to refer specifically to a cross. The related term crucifix derives from the Latin crucifixus or cruci fixus , past participle passive of crucifigere or cruci figere , meaning "to crucify" or "to fasten to
1400-480: The Ancient Roman custom of crucifixion may have developed out of a primitive custom of arbori suspendere —hanging on an arbor infelix ("inauspicious tree") dedicated to the gods of the nether world. This hypothesis is rejected by William A. Oldfather, who shows that this form of execution (the supplicium more maiorum , punishment in accordance with the custom of our ancestors) consisted of suspending someone from
1470-543: The Tokugawa Shogunate . Several related crucifixion techniques were used. Petra Schmidt, in "Capital Punishment in Japan", writes: Execution by crucifixion included, first of all, hikimawashi (i.e, being paraded about town on horseback); then the unfortunate was tied to a cross made from one vertical and two horizontal poles. The cross was raised, the convict speared several times from two sides, and eventually killed with
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#17328478508401540-544: The calcaneum heel bones, found in 2007, could be a second archaeological record of crucifixion. The find in Cambridgeshire ( United Kingdom ) in November 2017 of the remains of the heel bone of a (probably enslaved) man with an iron nail through it, is believed by the archeologists to confirm the use of this method in ancient Rome. The length of time required to reach death could range from hours to days depending on method,
1610-401: The stipes providing some semblance of modesty if viewed from the front. Such concessions were "unique" and not made outside a Jewish context. Several sources mention some sort of seat fastened to the stipes to help support the person's body, thereby prolonging the person's suffering and humiliation by preventing the asphyxiation caused by hanging without support. Justin Martyr calls
1680-668: The Christian New Testament uses four verbs, three of them based upon stauros ( σταυρός ), usually translated "cross". The most common term is stauroo ( σταυρόω ), "to crucify", occurring 46 times; sustauroo ( συσταυρόω ), "to crucify with" or "alongside" occurs five times, while anastauroo ( ἀνασταυρόω ), "to crucify again" occurs only once at the Epistle to the Hebrews 6:6 . Prospegnumi ( προσπήγνυμι ), "to fix or fasten to, impale, crucify" occurs only once, at
1750-449: The Emir's tax collector. Rabi was later removed and executed by crucifixion for alleged misappropriations. Professor Christopher I. Beckwith has compared the haras to other royal bodyguard units of Indo-European societies, generally referred to as Comitatus . The haras was led by a chief, who frequently also held security-related and administrative positions such as responsibility for
1820-618: The Persian ceremony of royal adoration . In Carthage , crucifixion was an established mode of execution, which could even be imposed on generals for suffering a major defeat. The oldest crucifixion may be a post-mortem one mentioned by Herodotus. Polycrates , the tyrant of Samos , was put to death in 522 BCE by the Persians, and his dead body was then crucified. The Greek and Latin words corresponding to "crucifixion" applied to many different forms of painful execution, including being impaled on
1890-449: The Roman soldiers crucified Jewish captives before the walls of Jerusalem and out of anger and hatred amused themselves by nailing them in different positions. In some cases, the condemned was forced to carry the crossbeam to the place of execution. A whole cross would weigh well over 135 kg (300 lb), but the crossbeam would not be as burdensome, weighing around 45 kg (100 lb). The Roman historian Tacitus records that
1960-459: The Romans, the horrors of crucifixion did not escape criticism by some eminent Roman orators. Cicero , for example, described crucifixion as "a most cruel and disgusting punishment", and suggested that "the very mention of the cross should be far removed not only from a Roman citizen's body, but from his mind, his eyes, his ears". Elsewhere he says, "It is a crime to bind a Roman citizen; to scourge him
2030-476: The Younger recounts: "I see crosses there, not just of one kind but made in many different ways: some have their victims with head down to the ground; some impale their private parts; others stretch out their arms on the gibbet." One source claims that for Jews (apparently not for others), a man would be crucified with his back to the cross as is traditionally depicted, while a woman would be nailed facing her cross, probably with her back to onlookers, or at least with
2100-425: The caliph. It is not uncommon for a person related to the Haras chief to succeed him. The size of the haras varied, ranging from 300 during the reign of Umar ibn Abdul Aziz and 500 during the reign of al-Mahdi . Accounts concerning the haras mentioned that its members were armed with lances or short spears called hirab (plural of harba ) and iron clubs or maces called ' umud . Other accounts also said that
2170-468: The city of Rome had a specific place for carrying out executions, situated outside the Esquiline Gate , and had a specific area reserved for the execution of slaves by crucifixion. Upright posts would presumably be fixed permanently in that place, and the crossbeam, with the condemned person perhaps already nailed to it, would then be attached to the post. The person executed may have been attached to
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2240-478: The cross by rope, though nails and other sharp materials are mentioned in a passage by Josephus, where he states that at the Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), "the soldiers out of rage and hatred, nailed those they caught, one after one way, and another after another, to the crosses, by way of jest". Objects used in the crucifixion of criminals, such as nails, were sought as amulets with perceived medicinal qualities. While
2310-456: The crucifixion of Jesus (possibly because in translations of John 20:25 the wounds are described as being "in his hands"), Jesus is shown with nails in his hands. But in Greek the word "χείρ", usually translated as "hand", could refer to the entire portion of the arm below the elbow, and to denote the hand as distinct from the arm some other word could be added, as "ἄκρην οὔτασε χεῖρα" (he wounded
2380-513: The crucifixion of Jesus but is not discussed in ancient sources. Some scholars interpret the Alexamenos graffito ( c. 200 ), the earliest surviving depiction of the crucifixion, as including such a foot-rest. Ancient sources also mention the sedile , a small seat attached to the front of the cross, about halfway down, which could have served a similar purpose. In 1968, archaeologists discovered at Giv'at ha-Mivtar in northeast Jerusalem
2450-441: The death march, the prisoner, probably still nude after the scourging, would be led through the most crowded streets bearing a titulus – a sign board proclaiming the prisoner's name and crime. Upon arrival at the place of execution, selected to be especially public, the convict would be stripped of any remaining clothing, then nailed to the cross naked. If the crucifixion took place in an established place of execution,
2520-556: The death of the person but was also meant to deter those who observed the crucifixion from committing offenses. Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor , abolished crucifixion in the Roman Empire in 337 out of veneration for Jesus Christ , its most famous victim. Crucifixion was intended to be a gruesome spectacle: the most painful and humiliating death imaginable. It was used to punish slaves , pirates , and enemies of
2590-418: The end of the χείρ, i.e., "he wounded him in the hand". A possibility that does not require tying is that the nails were inserted just above the wrist, through the soft tissue , between the two bones of the forearm (the radius and the ulna ). A foot-rest ( suppedaneum ) attached to the cross, perhaps for the purpose of taking the person's weight off the wrists, is sometimes included in representations of
2660-591: The enormity of the outrage or by Athenian deference to local feeling." Some Christian theologians , beginning with Paul of Tarsus writing in Galatians 3:13 , have interpreted an allusion to crucifixion in Deuteronomy 21:22–23 . This reference is to being hanged from a tree, and may be associated with lynching or traditional hanging. However, Rabbinic law limited capital punishment to just 4 methods of execution: stoning, burning, strangulation, and decapitation, while
2730-406: The execution of a Persian general at the hands of Athenians in about 479 BC: "They nailed him to a plank and hung him up ... this Artayctes who suffered death by crucifixion." The Commentary on Herodotus by How and Wells remarks: "They crucified him with hands and feet stretched out and nailed to cross-pieces; cf. vii.33. This act, supposedly unusual on the part of Greeks, may be explained by
2800-426: The first use of crucifixion under Islamic rule, attributing it variously to Muhammad himself (for murder and robbery of a shepherd) or to the second caliph Umar (applied to two slaves who murdered their mistress). Classical Islamic jurisprudence applies the verse 5:33 chiefly to highway robbers, as a hadd (scripturally prescribed) punishment. The preference for crucifixion over the other punishments mentioned in
2870-492: The gibbet was only one vertical stake, called in Latin crux simplex . This was the simplest available construction for torturing and killing the condemned. Frequently, however, there was a cross-piece attached either at the top to give the shape of a T ( crux commissa ) or just below the top, as in the form most familiar in Christian symbolism ( crux immissa ). The most ancient image of a Roman crucifixion depicts an individual on
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2940-457: The main army of the caliphate was engaged in the Expedition of Balqa , led by Usama ibn Zayd . The haras also appeared during the rule of Muawiyah I (r. 661–680), the first Umayyad caliph . Most classical accounts reported that he established the haras after an assassination attempt on him. He appointed a mawla , Muslim Abu Abdullah as its chief, and built a guarded room for him inside
3010-444: The man had been placed in a sort of sidesaddle position, but the true length of the nail, 11.5 centimetres ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches), suggests instead that in this case of crucifixion the heels were nailed to opposite sides of the upright. As of 2011, the skeleton from Giv'at ha-Mivtar was the only confirmed example of ancient crucifixion in the archaeological record. A second set of skeletal remains with holes transverse through
3080-409: The members used whips. The chiefs commonly used swords, and their appointment occasionally were accompanied by ceremonially receiving a sword. The chiefs were also reported to use chains as instrument for torture . The main role of the haras was to act as the personal bodyguards of the caliphs. Haras members were known to guard the caliph even during private meetings, at night and during prayers at
3150-699: The mosque that was surrounded by haras members during prayer time. He also had members of the haras walk in front of him with lances in formal processions. In the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba , Al-Haras was established by Al-Hakam I , the Umayyad Emir of Córdoba (796-822) in 805. The haras were led by the Visigothic leader of the secular Christians in Cordoba, the Comes (Count) Rabi, son of Theodulf, who also served as
3220-443: The mosque. Occasionally, they were also used by the reigning caliph to intimidate political opposition. For example, when Muawiyah demanded that individuals accept his son Yazid as his successor and pledge allegiance to him, haras members were sent to intimidate reluctant individuals. Yazid was also reported to have sent some haras members to Abdullah ibn Zubair to ensure Abdullah's allegiance. Crucifixion Crucifixion
3290-441: The most ancient image of a Roman crucifixion may depict a crucified woman, whether real or imaginary. Crucifixion was such a gruesome and humiliating way to die that the subject was somewhat of a taboo in Roman culture, and few crucifixions were specifically documented. One of the only specific female crucifixions that are documented is that of Ida, a freedwoman (former slave) who was crucified by order of Tiberius. Crucifixion
3360-516: The most significant for later legal developments is verse 5:33: The punishment of those who wage war against Allah and His Apostle, and strive with might and main for mischief through the land is: execution, or crucifixion, or the cutting off of hands and feet from opposite sides, or exile from the land: that is their disgrace in this world, and a heavy punishment is theirs in the Hereafter. The corpus of hadith provides contradictory statements about
3430-597: The nail touch him." The Jewish king Alexander Jannaeus , king of Judea from 103 to 76 BCE, crucified 800 rebels, said to be Pharisees , in the middle of Jerusalem. Alexander the Great is reputed to have crucified 2,000 survivors from his siege of the Phoenician city of Tyre , as well as the doctor who unsuccessfully treated Alexander's lifelong friend Hephaestion . Some historians have also conjectured that Alexander crucified Callisthenes , his official historian and biographer, for objecting to Alexander's adoption of
3500-464: The official seal, the office of chamberlain , and office of correspondence. The qualification for the chief position likely include military skills, physical strength, loyalty to the caliph and administrative skills. Most of the known haras chiefs were mawali, freedman of non-Arab background. It was likely that many members were mawlas as well. The reason for choosing non-Arabs was the lack of tribal loyalties that might compromise an Arab's loyalty to
3570-501: The owner's slaves would be crucified as punishment. Both men and women were crucified. Tacitus writes in his Annals that when Lucius Pedanius Secundus was murdered by a slave, some in the Senate tried to prevent the mass crucifixion of four hundred of his slaves because there were so many women and children, but in the end tradition prevailed and they were all executed. Although not conclusive evidence for female crucifixion by itself,
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#17328478508403640-518: The passage in Deuteronomy was interpreted as an obligation to hang the corpse on a tree as a form of deterrence. The fragmentary Aramaic Testament of Levi (DSS 4Q541) interprets in column 6: "God ... (partially legible)- will set ... right errors. ... (partially legible)- He will judge ... revealed sins. Investigate and seek and know how Jonah wept. Thus, you shall not destroy the weak by wasting away or by ... (partially legible)- crucifixion ... Let not
3710-453: The period of crucifixion to three days. Crucifixion involves affixing or impaling the body to a beam or a tree trunk. Various minority opinions also prescribed crucifixion as punishment for a number of other crimes. Cases of crucifixion under most of the legally prescribed categories have been recorded in the history of Islam, and prolonged exposure of crucified bodies was especially common for political and religious opponents. Crucifixion
3780-484: The person was often deliberately kept alive as long as possible to prolong their suffering and humiliation, so as to provide the maximum deterrent effect. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and be eaten by animals. Islam spread in a region where many societies, including the Persian and Roman empires, had used crucifixion to punish traitors, rebels, robbers and criminal slaves. The Qur'an refers to crucifixion in six passages, of which
3850-524: The physician's hands, while the third recovered. Josephus gives no details of the method or duration of the crucifixion of his three friends. Crucifixion (or impalement), in one form or another, was used by Persians , Carthaginians , and among the Greeks, the Macedonians . The Greeks were generally opposed to performing crucifixions. However, in his Histories , ix.120–122, Greek writer Herodotus describes
3920-473: The prophet's personal Haras. During the ascension of Abu Bakar as first caliph and the outbreak of the Ridda wars , the Haras wa al-Shurta units under Ali ibn Abi Talib , Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam saw combat in the battle of Zhu Qissa against the rebels who attacked Medina , and later in pursuing the rebels towards Dumat al-Jandal . The caliph had resorted to the use of this unit because
3990-419: The remains of one Jehohanan , who was crucified in the 1st century CE. The remains included a heel bone with a nail driven through it from the side. The tip of the nail was bent, perhaps because of striking a knot in the upright beam, which prevented it being extracted from the foot. A first inaccurate account of the length of the nail led some to believe that it had been driven through both heels, suggesting that
4060-405: The seat a cornu , or "horn," leading some scholars to believe it may have had a pointed shape designed to torment the crucified person. This would be consistent with Seneca's observation of victims with their private parts impaled. In Roman-style crucifixion, the condemned could take up to a few days to die, but death was sometimes hastened by human action. "The attending Roman guards could leave
4130-403: The shape of the letter Τ (the Greek letter tau ) was that of the wooden instrument used for crucifying. Artemidorus , another writer of the same period, says that a cross is made of posts (plural) and nails and that the arms of the crucified are outstretched. Speaking of the generic execution cross, Irenaeus ( c. 130–202 ), a Christian writer, describes it as composed of an upright and
4200-399: The site only after the victim had died, and were known to precipitate death by means of deliberate fracturing of the tibia and/or fibula, spear stab wounds into the heart, sharp blows to the front of the chest, or a smoking fire built at the foot of the cross to asphyxiate the victim." The Romans sometimes broke the prisoner's legs to hasten death and usually forbade burial. On the other hand,
4270-421: The state. It was originally reserved for slaves (hence still called "supplicium servile" by Seneca), and later extended to citizens of the lower classes ( humiliores ). The victims of crucifixion were stripped naked and put on public display while they were slowly tortured to death so that they would serve as a spectacle and an example . According to Roman law, if a slave killed his or her owner, all of
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#17328478508404340-532: The upright stipes . Notorious mass crucifixions followed the Third Servile War in 73–71 BCE (the slave rebellion led by Spartacus ), and other Roman civil wars in the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. Crassus ordered the crucifixion of 6,000 of Spartacus' followers who had been hunted down and captured after the slave defeat in battle. Josephus says that in the siege that led to the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70,
4410-463: The verse or for their combination (which Sadakat Kadri has called "Islam's equivalent of the hanging, drawing and quartering that medieval Europeans inflicted on traitors") is subject to "complex and contested rules" in classical jurisprudence. Most scholars required crucifixion for highway robbery combined with murder, while others allowed execution by other methods for this scenario. The main methods of crucifixion are: Most classical jurists limit
4480-462: The vertical beam ( stipes ) might be permanently embedded in the ground. In this case, the condemned person's wrists would first be nailed to the patibulum , and then he or she would be hoisted off the ground with ropes to hang from the elevated patibulum while it was fastened to the stipes . Next the feet or ankles would be nailed to the upright stake. The 'nails' were tapered iron spikes approximately 13 to 18 cm (5 to 7 in) long, with
4550-463: The victim's health, and the environment. A theory attributed to Pierre Barbet held that, when the whole body weight was supported by the stretched arms, the typical cause of death was asphyxiation . He wrote that the condemned would have severe difficulty inhaling, due to hyper-expansion of the chest muscles and lungs. The condemned would therefore have to draw himself up by the arms, leading to exhaustion , or have his feet supported by tying or by
4620-414: The wounds caused by the nails or by the scourging that often preceded crucifixion, or from stabbing by the guards. Since death does not follow immediately on crucifixion, survival after a short period of crucifixion is possible, as in the case of those who choose each year as a devotional practice to be non-lethally crucified. There is an ancient record of one person who survived a crucifixion that
4690-560: Was generally performed within Ancient Rome as a means to dissuade others from perpetrating similar crimes, with victims sometimes left on display after death as a warning. Crucifixion was intended to provide a death that was particularly slow, painful (hence the term excruciating , literally "out of crucifying"), gruesome, humiliating, and public, using whatever means were most expedient for that goal. Crucifixion methods varied considerably with location and period. One hypothesis suggested that
4760-406: Was intended to be lethal, but was interrupted. Josephus recounts: I saw many captives crucified, and remembered three of them as my former acquaintances. I was very sorry at this in my mind, and went with tears in my eyes to Titus, and told him of them; so he immediately commanded them to be taken down, and to have the greatest care taken of them, in order to their recovery; yet two of them died under
4830-557: Was introduced into Japan during the Sengoku period (1467–1573), after a 350-year period with no capital punishment. It is believed to have been suggested to the Japanese by the introduction of Christianity into the region, although similar types of punishment had been used as early as the Kamakura period . Known in Japanese as haritsuke ( 磔 ) , crucifixion was used in Japan before and during
4900-417: Was typically carried out by specialized teams, consisting of a commanding centurion and his soldiers. First, the condemned would be stripped naked and scourged. This would cause the person to lose a large amount of blood, and approach a state of shock . The convict then usually had to carry the horizontal beam ( patibulum in Latin ) to the place of execution, but not necessarily the whole cross. During
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