The Haplogynae or haplogynes are one of the two main groups into which araneomorph spiders have traditionally been divided, the other being the Entelegynae . Morphological phylogenetic studies suggested that the Haplogynae formed a clade ; more recent molecular phylogenetic studies refute this, although many of the ecribellate haplogynes do appear to form a clade, Synspermiata .
21-452: Unlike the Entelegynae , haplogynes lack hardened (sclerotized) female genitalia ( epigynes ). Most of the species within this group have six eyes, as opposed to most other spiders. Spiders in the genus Tetrablemma ( Tetrablemmidae ) have only four eyes, as do some members of the family Caponiidae ; caponiids may even have only two eyes. However, spiders in the family Plectreuridae have
42-466: A large molecular phylogenetic study was published online that included 932 spider species, representing all but one of the then known families. It "refutes important higher-level groups", including Paleocribellatae, Neocribellatae, Araneoclada and Haplogynae. In the preferred cladogram, the "Haplogynae" are divided among a number of clades basal to the Entelegynae, forming at most a grade. "Haplogynae" in
63-411: A large molecular phylogenetic study was published online that included 932 spider species, representing all but one of the then known families. It "refutes important higher-level groups", including Paleocribellatae, Neocribellatae, Araneoclada and Haplogynae. In the preferred cladogram, the "Haplogynae" are divided among a number of clades basal to the Entelegynae, forming at most a grade. "Haplogynae" in
84-463: The monophyly of Entelegynae (whereas the other traditional subgroup, the Haplogynae , has been shown not to be monophyletic). The clade contains both cribellate and ecribellate spiders. The Entelegynae are characterized primarily by the nature of the female genital system. The ancestral ( plesiomorphic ) system is found in non-entelegyne spiders, where there is a single external genital opening in
105-591: The monophyly of some of the groups suggested by morphological studies, while rejecting many others. A study published in 2015 suggested that two families formerly placed in the Haplogynae do not belong there. Filistatidae groups with Hypochilidae at the base of the Haplogynae; Leptonetidae is basal to the Entelegynae. The similarity of some morphological features of Leptonetidae to those of entelegynes had already been noted. Hypochilidae Filistatidae remaining Haplogynae Leptonetidae Entelegynae In 2016,
126-533: The monophyly of some of the groups suggested by morphological studies, while rejecting many others. A study published in 2015 suggested that two families formerly placed in the Haplogynae do not belong there. Filistatidae groups with Hypochilidae at the base of the Haplogynae; Leptonetidae is basal to the Entelegynae. The similarity of some morphological features of Leptonetidae to those of entelegynes had already been noted. Hypochilidae Filistatidae remaining Haplogynae Leptonetidae Entelegynae In 2016,
147-465: The Haplogynae formed a clade ; more recent molecular phylogenetic studies refute this, although many of the ecribellate haplogynes do appear to form a clade, Synspermiata . Unlike the Entelegynae , haplogynes lack hardened (sclerotized) female genitalia ( epigynes ). Most of the species within this group have six eyes, as opposed to most other spiders. Spiders in the genus Tetrablemma ( Tetrablemmidae ) have only four eyes, as do some members of
168-414: The epigynum includes a projection that covers or partially covers the copulatory openings. This plays a role in aligning the male's palpal bulb during mating. Male entelegyne spiders generally have more complex palpal bulbs than other groups of spiders and the bulbs are expanded and moved by haemolytic pressure alone, as there are no muscles attached to them. In 2016, a large molecular phylogenetic study
189-529: The family Caponiidae ; caponiids may even have only two eyes. However, spiders in the family Plectreuridae have the normal eight eyes. The Haplogynae are one of the two major groups into which araneomorph spiders were traditionally divided, the other being the Entelegynae. In 2005, Coddington summarized the relationships of these groups as suggested by morphological phylogenetic studies : Hypochilidae Austrochiloidea Haplogynae Entelegynae Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed
210-405: The family Tetragnathidae . No representative of the family Synaphridae was included in the 2017 analysis, but previous analyses placed it in the Entelegynae. Haplogynae The Haplogynae or haplogynes are one of the two main groups into which araneomorph spiders have traditionally been divided, the other being the Entelegynae . Morphological phylogenetic studies suggested that
231-467: The female's abdomen. One or more males inject sperm from their palpal bulbs via this opening; the sperm is usually stored in special spermathecae (absent in some spiders, e.g. Pholcus ). When eggs are released from the ovaries, sperm is also released, and the fertilized eggs pass out of the female's body by the same opening. Sperm that enters first is likely to be the last to fertilize eggs. In entelegyne spiders, there are three external openings in
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#1732851271256252-453: The female's body. Sperm is injected via one or other of the two separate copulatory openings and enters the spermathecae. Egg release and fertilization occurs in the same way as in non-entelegyne spiders. In this "flow through" system, sperm that enters first can be the first to fertilize eggs. The copulatory openings are usually surrounded by a hardened (sclerotized) area called the epigynum . In some entelegyne families, such as araneids ,
273-538: The four being basal to Entelegynae. Filistatidae + Hypochilidae Synspermiata (ecribellate haplogynes) Austrochilidae + Gradungulidae + Leptonetidae (part) (paraphyletic) Palpimanoidea (paraphyletic in molecular analyses) Leptonetidae (part) Entelegynae Most members of the former Haplogynae are placed in the Synspermiata . Filistatidae is placed outside the Synspermiata; Leptonetidae , which
294-429: The haplogynes. Entelegynae Unnamed clade Unnamed clade Incertae sedis : The Entelegynae or entelegynes are a subgroup of araneomorph spiders, the largest of the two main groups into which the araneomorphs were traditionally divided. Females have a genital plate ( epigynum ) and a "flow through" fertilization system; males have complex palpal bulbs . Molecular phylogenetic studies have supported
315-411: The normal eight eyes. The Haplogynae are one of the two major groups into which araneomorph spiders were traditionally divided, the other being the Entelegynae. In 2005, Coddington summarized the relationships of these groups as suggested by morphological phylogenetic studies : Hypochilidae Austrochiloidea Haplogynae Entelegynae Subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have confirmed
336-722: The sense of Coddington (2005) are shaded yellow in the cladogram below; Entelegynae in the same sense are shaded blue. The clade Synspermiata comprises all the ecribellate haplogynes and is consistently recovered, but with low support. Hypochilidae Filistatidae Synspermiata (ecribellate haplogynes) Hickmania ( Austrochilidae ) Archoleptoneta ( Leptonetidae ) Gradungulidae Leptoneta (Leptonetidae) Austrochilus + Thaida (Austrochilidae) Palpimanoidea (paraphyletic in molecular analyses) Neoleptoneta + Calileptoneta (Leptonetidae) Entelegynae sensu Wheeler et al. (2017) As shown above, Filistatidae and Leptonetidae are placed outside
357-721: The sense of Coddington (2005) are shaded yellow in the cladogram below; Entelegynae in the same sense are shaded blue. The clade Synspermiata comprises all the ecribellate haplogynes and is consistently recovered, but with low support. Hypochilidae Filistatidae Synspermiata (ecribellate haplogynes) Hickmania ( Austrochilidae ) Archoleptoneta ( Leptonetidae ) Gradungulidae Leptoneta (Leptonetidae) Austrochilus + Thaida (Austrochilidae) Palpimanoidea (paraphyletic in molecular analyses) Neoleptoneta + Calileptoneta (Leptonetidae) Entelegynae sensu Wheeler et al. (2017) As shown above, Filistatidae and Leptonetidae are placed outside
378-441: The traditional haplogynes in the analysis by Wheeler et al. (2017). Traditional haplogyne families they place in Synspermiata are: Telemidae , traditionally placed in Haplogynae, was not included in the analysis by Wheeler et al. However, it is placed in Synspermiata in other studies. The recently discovered haplogyne family Trogloraptoridae was also placed in Synspermiata. Several extinct families have also been placed into
399-436: The traditional haplogynes in the analysis by Wheeler et al. (2017). Traditional haplogyne families they place in Synspermiata are: Telemidae , traditionally placed in Haplogynae, was not included in the analysis by Wheeler et al. However, it is placed in Synspermiata in other studies. The recently discovered haplogyne family Trogloraptoridae was also placed in Synspermiata. Several extinct families have also been placed into
420-556: Was found not to be monophyletic, is placed basal to the Entelegynae. The cladogram in Wheeler et al. (2017) includes the following families in the Entelegynae. The main difference from previous circumscriptions , such as Coddington in 2005, is that the Palpimanoidea are excluded. A few groups within otherwise entelegyne families have reverted to a haplogyne state: the genera Comaroma , Tangaroa and Waitkera , and some members of
441-558: Was published online that included 932 spider species, representing all but one of the then known families. It supported the monophyly of Entelegynae, but presented a somewhat complex picture of its position within Araneomorphae. Araneomorph spiders were divided into two clades: one comprising the families Filistatidae and Hypochilidae plus the clade Synspermiata , the other comprising three non-monophyletic families ( Austrochilidae , Gradungulidae and Leptonetidae ) plus Palpimanoidea ,
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