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52-557: Kim Chong-hee founded Korea Explosives Co. in October 1952. Prior to founding the company, Kim worked as a gunpowder engineer for the "Chosun Explosives Factory", a Japanese company. Later, he won the bid for the company and its Incheon factory and started the company there. From 1952 to 1963, the Korea Explosives Co. produced industrial explosives domestically, which was needed for construction and engineering of infrastructure. In

104-447: A drain cleaner . Worldwide production in 2022 was approximately 83 million tons. Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition and boils at 1,388 °C (2,530 °F). It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in polar solvents such as ethanol and methanol . Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents. Similar to

156-556: A primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from air. Sodium hydroxide also reacts with acidic oxides , such as sulfur dioxide . Such reactions are often used to " scrub " harmful acidic gases (like SO 2 and H 2 S ) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere. For example, Glass reacts slowly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble silicates . Because of this, glass joints and stopcocks exposed to sodium hydroxide have

208-524: A characteristic viscosity , 78 m Pa ·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous NaOH , as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage. Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates NaOH· n H 2 O , which result in

260-458: A clear solution of Na 2 ZnO 2 or Na 2 PbO 2 . Aluminium hydroxide is used as a gelatinous flocculant to filter out particulate matter in water treatment . Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from aluminium sulfate by reacting it with sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate. Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven hydrolysis of esters (also called saponification ), amides and alkyl halides . However,

312-540: A complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by Spencer Umfreville Pickering in 1893. The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their saturated water solutions are: Early reports refer to hydrates with n = 0.5 or n = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence. The only hydrates with stable melting points are NaOH·H 2 O (65.10 °C) and NaOH·3.5H 2 O (15.38 °C). The other hydrates, except

364-431: A liquid solution. Even the n = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable. A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of NaOH is a eutectic that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals. A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into

416-407: A liquid with 35.7% NaOH and density 1.392 g/cm , and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid NaOH·3.5H 2 O and a liquid solution. The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C. Once initiated, the exothermic transformation

468-749: A man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it. Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness. Strong bases attack aluminium . Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes an oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes an oxygen atom from water, and releases two hydrogen atoms. The reaction thus produces hydrogen gas and sodium aluminate . In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make

520-491: A mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate. The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate NaOH·7H 2 O . When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water ice crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution. The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm . It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into

572-491: A tendency to "freeze". Flasks and glass-lined chemical reactors are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide does not attack iron at room temperature, since iron does not have amphoteric properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react endothermically with sodium hydroxide to form iron(III) oxide , sodium metal, and hydrogen gas. This

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624-481: Is South Korea's sole aircraft engine producer, partnering with global aviation engine companies for component manufacturing. Hanwha Systems collaborates with Overair, a U.S. eVTOL startup, to develop the ‘Butterfly’ personal air vehicle. Hanwha Vision (formerly Samsung Techwin, before getting acquired by Hanwha) delivers video surveillance solutions with a focus on optics design, image processing, and AI-based platforms to improve service offerings. Hanwha operates in

676-457: Is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns . It is highly soluble in water , and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air . It forms a series of hydrates NaOH· n H 2 O . The monohydrate NaOH·H 2 O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide"

728-496: Is also extensively investing in the space market, and jointly established "Space Research Center" with KAIST . Hanwha Aerospace contributes to South Korea's space industry, including satellite observation services and the development of the Nuri space launch vehicle. Hanwha took an 8.8% stake in British company OneWeb , a satellite communication service provider as of 2022. Hanwha Aerospace

780-429: Is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C. The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm ). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound. NaOH and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with

832-416: Is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate. However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate. When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and

884-562: Is due to the lower enthalpy of formation of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to sodium hydroxide (−500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of the reaction, which implies spontaneity at high temperatures ( ΔST > ΔH , ΔG < 0 ) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures ( ΔST < ΔH , ΔG > 0 ). Consider the following reaction between molten sodium hydroxide and finely divided iron filings: A few transition metals , however, may react quite vigorously with sodium hydroxide under milder conditions. In 1986, an aluminium road tanker in

936-460: Is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast . Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include: Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with sodium sulfide , sodium hydroxide is a key component of

988-495: Is given by: This reaction can be useful in etching , removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further passivation such as anodizing or alodining the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions. In the Bayer process , sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores ( bauxite ) to produce alumina ( aluminium oxide ) which

1040-462: Is industrially produced, first as a 32% solution, and then evaporated to a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process . Chlorine gas is also produced in this process. Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid sodium hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, prills , and cast blocks. In 2022, world production was estimated at 83 million dry tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand

1092-432: Is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of wood pulp and paper , textiles , drinking water , soaps and detergents , and as

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1144-465: Is the raw material used to produce aluminium via the electrolytic Hall-Héroult process . Since the alumina is amphoteric , it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high pH such as iron oxides behind in the form of a highly alkaline red mud . Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give sodium zincate and sodium plumbate respectively. Sodium hydroxide

1196-409: Is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. For example, in the petroleum industry, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity , and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide ) which may be encountered in

1248-456: The Solvay process in the late 19th century. The conversion of sodium carbonate to sodium hydroxide was superseded entirely by the chloralkali process , which produces sodium hydroxide in a single process. Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame. This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating

1300-467: The chloralkali process . Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating sodium carbonate with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) in a metathesis reaction which takes advantage of the fact that sodium hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not. This process was called causticizing. The sodium carbonate for this reaction was produced by the Leblanc process in the early 19th century, or

1352-578: The geological formation as drilling progresses. Another use is in salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test. Poor quality crude oil can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing . Sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. The waste which

1404-583: The Federation of Korean Industries from 1977 until his death at the age of 59 in 1981. The South Korean government posthumously awarded him a Gold Tower Order of Industrial Service Merit for his contributions to the country's economy. As a figure in the explosives industry, Kim contributed to South Korea's economic development. His life story was presented by the Korean Chamber of Commerce and Industry in its 2009 publication, Hyeonam Kim Chong-Hee: A Pioneer of

1456-460: The Korea Explosives Co. changed its name to Hanwha, and Binggrae was separated and made independent from the company. In 2002, Hanwha expanded into the life insurance industry by acquiring Korea Life Insurance. From 2007–present, Hanwha is undergoing global expansion. Hanwha acquired Azdel, an American company in 2007 and established a PVC plant in Ningbo , Zhejiang , China in 2011. Hanwha Q CELLS

1508-623: The Korean Explosives Industry , as part of its comic book series on the biographies of South Korean CEOs. A commemorative medal was also issued upon his selection as a "Figure of Korea" by the Korea Mint Corporation . Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye and caustic soda , is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH . It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na and hydroxide anions OH . Sodium hydroxide

1560-587: The South Korean explosives industry. Kim established the Korea Explosives Corporation, a predecessor of the Hanwha Corporation, in 1952. He succeeded in producing dynamite domestically in 1957 and began its commercial production in 1958, contributing to South Korea's industrial growth by supporting the construction of national infrastructure, including bridges, tunnels and highways. Outside

1612-590: The UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution, causing pressurization of the contents and damage to tankers. The pressurization is due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium: Unlike sodium hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to precipitate transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed: Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give

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1664-501: The United States. In order to tackle the problem of stagnating bee populations, Hanwha has created a solar beehive, that helps to protect and maintain a stable bee population. Hanwha QCELLS has launched a new brand that ventures into the electric vehicle charging market called Hanwha Motiev in 2022. Hanwha operates in the onshore and offshore wind power generation sectors, with a focus on Europe through its subsidiary Q Energy, as well as

1716-630: The chemical industry by acquiring both Hanyang Chemicals (now also Hanwha Solutions ) and Dow Chemicals Korea in 1982, expanded into the resorts industry by acquiring the Junga group (now Hanwha Hotels & Resorts ) in 1985, and expanded into the leisure and distribution industry by acquiring Hanyang Stores (now Hanwha Galleria ) in 1986. In the 1990s, the Hanwha Group founded Hanwha BASF Urethane, Hanwha NSK Precision, Hanwha GKN, Hanwha Machinery Hub Eye Bearings, SKF Hanwha Auto Parts, and Hanwha Motors. In 1992,

1768-405: The corresponding salts. For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid , sodium chloride is formed: In general, such neutralization reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is exothermic . Such acid–base reactions can also be used for titrations . However, sodium hydroxide is not used as

1820-498: The current chairman of the Hanwha Group, was fined 5.1 billion KRW and was jailed for 4 years on charges of embezzlement and breach of trust. In a meeting held on May 21, 2022, Kim Dong-kwan, the president of Hanwha Solutions, laid down a plan to spend 36.7 trillion KRW on its energy and aerospace sectors. He said he wanted to commit the company to solar energy to reduce its carbon footprint and supply high quality energy. Additionally, he announced plans to build another modular factory in

1872-640: The domestic market. Hanwha develops a hydrogen value chain, which includes production, utilization, and storage solutions, utilizing renewable energy sources. Hanwha acquired Thomassen Energy/PSM in July 2021, which enables retrofitting of gas turbines for hydrogen use. Hanwha Solutions produces basic petrochemical products, such as PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), LLDPE (Linear Low-Density Polyethylene), CA (Caustic Soda), ASR (Alkali Water Soluble Resin), and TDI (Toluene Diisocyanate), as well as working on eco-friendly technologies including low-impact plasticizers . Hanwha

1924-404: The end of the stages. In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with a dark brown color, and

1976-431: The explosives industry, Kim also contributed to the development of the domestic bearing industry by acquiring Shinhan Bearing Industrial in 1964 and advancing it, as well as supporting the growth of the domestic petrochemical industry by establishing Korea Hwasung Industrial (now, Hanwha Chemical and Hanwha L&C). He was also involved in the development of South Korea's dairy industry by acquiring Daeil Dairy in 1973. Kim

2028-420: The financial industry, providing insurance, securities, and asset-management services, and investing in technology-based financial solutions. Hanwha engages in retail & services such as department stores, hotels, and resorts, as well as developing large-scale complexes. Kim Chong-hee Kim Chong-hee ( Korean :  김종희 ; 1922–1981) was the founder of Hanwha Group and a significant figure in

2080-505: The hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid sodium hydroxide in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils. Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have

2132-535: The limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more soluble potassium hydroxide (KOH) is often preferred. Touching a sodium hydroxide solution with bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling. This happens because oils on the skin such as sebum are converted to soap. Despite solubility in propylene glycol it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat. Sodium hydroxide

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2184-431: The metastable ones NaOH·3H 2 O and NaOH·4H 2 O (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations. For example, when a solution of NaOH and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass)

2236-422: The only solids that remain are bone hulls, which can be crushed between one's fingertips. Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing roadkill dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors. Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian serial killer Leonarda Cianciulli used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap. In Mexico,

2288-516: The reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not used commercially aside from a reaction within the mercury cell chloralkali process where sodium amalgam is reacted with water. Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong base used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an aqueous solution , since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. Sodium hydroxide

2340-451: The same time period, the Korea Explosives Co. started producing nitroglycerin , which gave it a monopoly in the field of explosives and gunpowder . In 1959, the Hanwha group started producing domestic dynamite . From 1964 to 1980 the Hanwha group started to make investments in various fields, starting the foundation of it becoming a chaebol. Later in the mid 1960s, Korea Hwasung industrial Co.

2392-506: The solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of aluminium hydroxide for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as NaAlO 2 , Na 3 AlO 3 , Na[Al(OH) 4 ] , Na 2 O·Al 2 O 3 or Na 2 Al 2 O 4 . Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate

2444-560: The space groups Cmcm ( oS8 ) and Pbca (oP24), respectively. The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 nm . The atoms are arranged in a hydrargillite -like layer structure, with each sodium atom surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxide ions and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and

2496-399: The white liquor solution used to separate lignin from cellulose fibers in the kraft process . It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of bleaching the brown pulp resulting from the pulping process. These stages include oxygen delignification, oxidative extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at

2548-612: Was active in private diplomacy in South Korea. He was named an honorary consul-general to Greece in 1968, and in recognition of his contributions to relations between the two countries, he was awarded the Venus Cross Medal of Honor, Greece's highest honorary medal, by the Greek government in 1972. Kim was an advocate of business, representing the Korean business community as the vice chairman of

2600-656: Was estimated at 51 million tonnes. In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes . North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is Olin , which has annual production around 5.7 million tonnes from sites at Freeport, Texas ; Plaquemine, Louisiana ; St. Gabriel, Louisiana ; McIntosh, Alabama ; Charleston, Tennessee ; Niagara Falls, New York ; and Bécancour, Canada . Other major US producers include Oxychem , Westlake , Shintek, and Formosa . All of these companies use

2652-600: Was founded (now Hanwha Solutions ), and entered the petrochemical market. Hanwha increased its competitiveness in the machinery market by acquiring Shinhan Bearing Industrial. Hanwha founded Kyung-in Energy in 1969, and the Hankook Precision Tools (now Hanwha Corporation/Momentum ) followed suit, being founded in 1971. From 1981 to 1995, Kim Seung-youn became the second chairman of the company, and more investments in diverse markets were initiated. It expanded further into

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2704-515: Was launched in 2012. In 2014, Hanwha acquired Samsung Techwin, Samsung Thales, and Samsung Total. Since 2019, Hanwha is operating the largest solar module plant (1.7 GW) in the United States; It is located in Dalton , Georgia . As of 2019, Hanwha has a total of 466 affiliates, 84 being domestic and 382 overseas. Hanwha completed its take over of Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME), renaming it Hanwha Ocean in 2023. In 2011, Kim Seung-yeon,

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