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35-662: This mosque is located in the Medina area of the city, in the Sidi Ben Arous street. Built in 1655 by Hammouda Bey , it is the second mosque to be built by the Hanafi rite in Tunis. The Hammouda Pacha mosque is known for its Turkish architecture. It has an octagon minaret and the hall of prayer is rectangular. This article about a mosque or other Islamic place of worship in Tunisia

70-663: A hammam (bathhouse). Some kasbahs are built in a strategic elevated position overlooking the city, like the Kasbah of the Oudayas in Rabat , Morocco , or the Alcazaba of Málaga in Spain . It could also be a large purpose-built royal quarter, protected by its own set of walls, that housed the palace of the ruler and the administration of the state. Examples of this include the Kasbah of Marrakesh and

105-515: A great central dome. The Husainid ruler Ali II ibn Hussein (1759–1782) had the Tourbet el Bey constructed in the south of the Medina as a mausoleum for his family, It is the largest funerary monument in Tunis. In the time of Muhammad III as-Sadiq (1859–1882) the walls of the Medina were in such bad repair that in some places they threatened to collapse. In 1865 he began demolishing them, along with

140-454: A keep or granary ." Archaeologists have found images of similar towers in the ruins of Qaryat al-Fāw , in the Rub' al Khali of Saudi Arabia, that date from between the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. "Homes rose two stories, supported by stone walls nearly two meters (6') thick and boasting such amenities as water-supply systems and second-floor latrines. One eye-catching mural faintly depicts

175-475: A multi-story tower house with figures in the windows: Its design resembles similar dwellings today in Yemen and southern Saudi Arabia ." "Most of the qasabas have a circular plan, although some are square. Sometimes they have a band of quartz stones just below the windows or framing the windows – one well preserved example is at the top of Wadi Ain. The remains of a martello tower -like stone structure are just off

210-516: A number of the Medina's historic gates: Bab Cartagena , Bab Souika , Bab Bnet and Bab El Jazira . Since the Hafsid era, madrasas had emerged in the medina of Tunis which appeared in Arab Orient style. It was established to serve Almohads by raising workers for public services. The Hafsid sultans took care of the establishment of madrasas, and the princesses participated in this effort as well as

245-607: A range of 0.5–1 m (2–3 ft)) well before the year 4000. This means that unless effective adaptation efforts such as sea walls can be constructed to deal with the sea level rise, damage and the potential destruction of Medina of Tunis is a matter of time. Kasbah A kasbah ( / ˈ k æ z b ɑː / , also US : / ˈ k ɑː z -/ ; Arabic : قصبة , romanized :  qaṣaba , lit.   'fortress', Arabic pronunciation: [qasˤaba] , Maghrebi Arabic : [qasˤba] ), also spelled qasbah , qasba , qasaba , or casbah ,

280-408: A settlement, a fort, a watchtower , or a blockhouse . The term qasaba was historically flexible but it essentially denotes a fortress, commonly a citadel that protects a city or settlement area, or that serves as the administrative center. A kasbah citadel typically housed the military garrison and other privileged buildings such as a palace, along with other amenities such as a mosque and

315-569: Is a fortress , most commonly the citadel or fortified quarter of a city. It is also equivalent to the term alcazaba in Spanish ( Spanish: [alkaˈθaβa] ), which is derived from the same Arabic word. By extension, the term can also refer to a medina quarter , particularly in Algeria . In various languages, the Arabic word, or local words borrowed from the Arabic word, can also refer to

350-460: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Medina of Tunis The Medina of Tunis is the medina quarter of Tunis , the capital of Tunisia . It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979. The Medina contains some 700 monuments, including palaces , mosques , mausoleums , madrasas and fountains dating from the Almohad and the Hafsid periods. Founded in 698 around

385-571: Is the military and the bourgeoisie (merchants and notables), and smaller communities such as Hafisa where the Jewish population have traditionally lived. The Muradid dynasty were great builders in the Medina. Hammouda Pasha (1631–1666) was responsible for the construction of many souks in the Medina, as well as many palaces, including the Dar Hammouda Pacha and the predecessor of the modern Dar El Bey . In 1655, he had Ottoman architects build

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420-632: The Hammouda Pacha Mosque in the Turkish style, with an elegant octagonal minaret, below which he constructed his family mausoleum. His son Murad II Bey (1666–1675) built the Mouradia Madrasah , dedicated to the Maliki school of Islamic law. Murad's son Mohamed Bey El Mouradi (1686–1696) built several monuments in Tunis including the ( Sidi Mahrez Mosque ), modelled on the mosques of Istanbul with

455-662: The Kasbah an-Nouar and the Kasbah Cherarda . According to architect and restorer Leopoldo Torres Balbás , the Alcazaba of Málaga is the prototype of military architecture in the Taifa period in Al-Andalus , with its double wall and many fortifications. Its only parallel is the castle of Krak des Chevaliers in Syria . Examples of other alcazabas in Spain include the Alcazaba of Almería ,

490-483: The Kasbah of Telouet or the Kasbah Amridil . In southern Tunisia , the term is sometimes applied to a type of fortified granaries (also known as ksour ). The word kasbah may also be used to describe the old part of a city, in which case it has the same meaning as a medina quarter . In Algiers , the name qasaba originally referred to the upper part of the city which contained the citadel and residence of

525-658: The Alcazaba of Antequera , the Alcazaba of Badajoz , the Alcazaba of Guadix , the Alcazaba of Mérida , the Castle of Molina de Aragón , the Alcazaba of Alcalá la Real and in the Alcazaba of the Alhambra in Granada . In Morocco, the term "kasbah" is also used in predominantly Amazigh regions to denote a fortified residence ( tighremt in Amazigh languages ), often built of mudbrick , such as

560-498: The Kasbah of Tunis , both founded by the Almohads , who built or redeveloped similar palace enclosures in many important cities of their empire. In some cases, kasbahs could be simple fortified enclosures around a city that housed military garrisons, without being the main citadel. In Fez , for example, there were up to 13 kasbahs built throughout the city in different periods, including

595-613: The Youssef Dey and Hammouda-Pacha mosques, an Ottoman-inspired octagonal minaret. The Saheb Ettabaâ Mosque , built between 1808 and 1814, is the last mosque constructed in Tunis by the Husseinites before the French occupation. The palaces or the Dars are one of the most important historical monuments in the ancient city of Tunis, which were inhabited by politicians, wealthy class and dignitaries of

630-640: The Zitouna University until the independence of Tunisia. It still hosts ceremonies marking the main dates of the Muslim calendar that are regularly attended by the President of the Republic. The Kasbah Mosque built between 1231 and 1235, was the second mosque to be built in the Medina, intended for the rulers themselves, who lived in the nearby Kasbah. It is distinguished especially by the dome in stalactites preceding

665-503: The articulation of the Medina areas is not random, and houses are built according to clear sociocultural norms, codified according to complex types of human relationships . Many publications have detailed the development of the Medina model and system of prioritization of public and private spaces, residential and commercial, sacred and profane. The urban layout of the Medina of Tunis has the distinction of not obeying geometrical layouts or formal compositions such as gridlines . Nevertheless

700-567: The capital of Ifriqiya , and under the Hafsid period it developed into a religious, intellectual and economic center. It was during the Hafsid period that the Medina as we now know it took on its essential form. It gradually acquired a number of buildings and monuments combining the styles of Ifriqiya , Andalusian and Oriental influences, but also borrowing some of the columns and capitals of Roman and Byzantine monuments. With an area of 270 hectares (670 acres) (plus 29 hectares (72 acres) for

735-492: The city. As a coastal heritage site, Medina of Tunis is vulnerable to sea level rise . In 2022, the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report included it in the list of African cultural sites which would be threatened by flooding and coastal erosion by the end of the century, but only if climate change followed RCP 8.5 , which is the scenario of high and continually increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with

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770-519: The dirt track north of Al-Masnah. It appears to be an interesting antecedent of the Asir farmhouse and perhaps closely related to the qasaba. It is in ruins now, but was once a dwelling and is strongly defensive." One account says about a traditional village in Al-Bahah, Saudi Arabia: "Even the road that leads to the village is impressive, and several historical stone and slate towers dot the way. Al-Bahah Province

805-424: The district of the kasbah) and nearly 110,000 inhabitants, the Medina has one-tenth of the population of Tunis and a sixth of the urbanized area of the agglomeration. The complex organization of the urban fabric fueled an entire colonial literature of the dangerous Medina, anarchic and chaotic, and the territory of ambush. However, since the 1930s, with the arrival of the first ethnologists, studies have revealed that

840-449: The film Halfaouine by Férid Boughedir . Nowadays, every district retains its culture and rivalries can be strong. Thus, the northern suburb supports the football club Espérance Sportive de Tunis while the southern side is the district of the rival Club Africain . The Medina has also witnessed a social segmentation: the districts of Tourbet el Bey and the kasbah are wealthier, with a population of judges and politicians, Pasha street

875-517: The initiatives of the scholars and the imams in this field, and several madrasas emerged as a link to the patrons. The establishment of schools continued after the annexation of Tunisia by the Ottoman Empire , but the purpose of these madrasas had changed over time. Since 17th century when the Ottomans arrived, they employed these madrasas to spread their Hanafi maddhab . However in the 20th century,

910-430: The juxtaposition of large plots (600 m ) and joint ownership. The concept of public space is ambiguous in the Medina where the streets are considered as the extension of houses and subject to social tags. The notion of individual ownership is low and displays in the souks often spill out onto the highway. This idea is reinforced by the area of a shop (about 3 m ) and bedroom (10 m ). In the case of domestic architecture,

945-716: The mihrab and by its minaret that recalls that of the Koutoubia of Marrakech and is the highest in the Medina. The Ksar Mosque of the Hanafi rite, located opposite the Dar Hussein (Bab Menara), was built in the 12th century under the Khurasanid dynasty . The Youssef Dey Mosque functioned first as an oratory before becoming a mosque in 1631, and is the first mosque of the Ottoman-Turkish period. The Hammouda-Pacha mosque, built in 1655,

980-456: The more a building is set back from the shops, the more it is valued. The concept of withdrawal and privacy is paramount. The late introduction of a sewer system means that much waste water still flows through the streets of the Medina. The largest houses and noble places are generally located in the district with the highest elevation, the Kasbah quarter. The roof terraces of the Medina are also an important place for social life, as illustrated by

1015-414: The north-south and east-west axes are comparable to a Roman cardo and decumanus (Sidi Ben Arous, Jemaa Zitouna and Pasha Streets) that intersect at the court of Zitouna mosque , house of prayer and studies. The thoroughfares include the main streets; secondary streets and finally, small cul-de-sacs. Sometimes entire private spots are reserved for women. The built environment is generally characterized by

1050-736: The original core of the Zitouna Mosque , the Medina of Tunis developed throughout the Middle Ages. The main axis was between the mosque and the centre of government to the west in the kasbah . To the east this same main road extended to the Bab el Bhar . Expansions to the north and south divided the main Medina into two suburbs north ( Bab Souika ) and south ( Bab El Jazira ). Before the Almohad Caliphate , other cities such as Mahdia and Kairouan had served as capitals. Under Almohad rule, Tunis became

1085-417: The province were used as lookouts or granaries ." Another book describes these towers as follows: "Apparently unique to Asir architecture are the qasaba towers. Controversy surrounds their function – some argue that they were built as lookouts, and others that they were keeps , or even granaries. Perhaps it is a combination, although the right position of a watchtower , on a hill top, is the wrong place for

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1120-484: The role of these madrasas are mostly confined to accommodation of the students studying in Ez-Zitouna University . The Medina contains most of the great mosques of the capital, which were all built before the French protectorate. The main Zitouna Mosque was built in 732 in the heart of the Medina and then rebuilt in 864. It was also for a long time an important place of culture and knowledge, acting as home to

1155-568: The rulers. Following the French conquest of the country in 1830, most of the historic lower town of Algiers was demolished and remodeled along European lines. The only part of the old city that remained relatively untouched was the upper town, thus known as the "Casbah" of Algiers . The Casbah of Dellys is another example of the term being used for an old city. The Encyclopædia Britannica article on Asir (southwestern province of Saudi Arabia), mentions that "ancient qasaba ("towers") found in

1190-572: The warming of over 4   °C. , and is no longer considered very likely. The other, more plausible scenarios result in lower warming levels and consequently lower sea level rise: yet, sea levels would continue to increase for about 10,000 years under all of them. Even if the warming is limited to 1.5   °C, global sea level rise is still expected to exceed 2–3 m (7–10 ft) after 2000 years (and higher warming levels will see larger increases by then), consequently exceeding 2100 levels of sea level rise under RCP 8.5 (~0.75 m (2 ft) with

1225-749: Was the second mosque of the Hanefite rite built in Tunis while the Sidi Mahrez mosque is the largest mosque of this type in the country. Built from 1692 to 1697, it is Ottoman-inspired and recalls some Istanbul mosques such as the Blue Mosque (erected between 1609 and 1616) and the Yeni Valide (completed in 1663). The El Jedid Mosque , built by the founder of the Hussein dynasty Hussein the Ist Bey between 1723 and 1727, has, like

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