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97-546: Hamilton Hills is a mixed-use suburban neighborhood located in the northeastern corner of Baltimore , Maryland. Hamilton Hills represents a section of Hamilton, a larger historic area that includes other neighborhoods in Northeast Baltimore. The neighborhood's borders are Old Harford Road and Harford Road to the east, Echodale Avenue to the south, Perring Parkway to the west and the Baltimore County line to

194-530: A catalyst for economic growth, may not serve their intended purpose if they simply shift economic activity, rather than create it. A study done by Jones Lang LaSalle Incorporated (JLL) found that "90 percent of Hudson Yards' new office tenants relocated from Midtown." Some of the more frequent mixed-use scenarios in the United States are: The first large-scale attempt to create mixed-use development in Australia

291-713: A city can be impacted by mixed-use development. With the EPA putting models in the spreadsheet, it makes it much easier for municipalities, and developers to estimate the traffic, with Mixed-use spaces. The linking models also used as a resource tool measures the geography, demographics, and land use characteristics in a city. The Environmental Protection Agency has conducted an analysis on six major metropolitan areas using land usage, household surveys, and GIS databases. States such as California, Washington, New Mexico, and Virginia have adopted this standard as statewide policy when assessing how urban developments can impact traffic. Preconditions for

388-579: A combination of public and private interests, do not show a decrease in carbon emissions in comparison to metropolitan areas that have a low, dense configuration. This is possibly because hybrid metropolises are prone to attract car traffic from visitors. Due to the speculative nature of large scale real estate developments, mega-mixed-use projects often fall short on meeting equity and affordability goals. High-end residential, upscale retail, and Class A office spaces appealing to high-profile tenants are often prioritized due to their speculative potential. There

485-541: A commentary on potholes by placing mosaics (depicting ice cream in various manifestations) or sculpture (in the form of a crocodile) in potholes. Elsewhere, activists in Russia used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England , a graffiti artist painted images of penises around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours. The Beatles song " A Day in

582-665: A four-acre (0.02 km) woodland area located at 2399 Pinewood Avenue; and the section of Herring Run that flows south into Herring Run Park. Voter registration and voting in general elections have been more frequent in Hamilton Hills compared to all of Baltimore. As of 2018, 85.7% of adults 18 years or older in HEPP were registered to vote. This was higher than the 81.3% of adults who were registered across all of Baltimore. In elections between 2010 and 2018, an average of 49.8% of adults 18 years or older in HEPP voted in general elections. This

679-607: A high school diploma or equivalent compared to 85.2% for the entire city. College completion rates were lower among Hamilton Hills residents. About 5.9% (407) of adults 25 years of age or older had associate degrees as of 2019, 15.4% (1,069) had bachelor's degrees, and 12.5% (870) had graduate or professional degrees. This was in comparison to all of Baltimore, in which an estimated 4.8% of adults 25 years of age or older had associate degrees, 16.8% had bachelor's degrees, and 15.1% had graduate or professional degrees. Baltimore offers students in pre-kindergarten, middle school, and high school

776-476: A local asphalt plant, either 1) using the available aggregate and binder or 2) according to specifications set by the agency that will use the mix. The third type is a proprietary cold mix, which is manufactured to an advertised standard. The FHWA manual cites the throw-and-roll method as the most basic method, best used as a temporary repair under conditions when it is difficult to control the placement of material, such as winter-time. It consists of: This method

873-425: A more effective repair and drove out moisture which improved adhesion. The FHWA manual cites the semi-permanent repair method as one of the best for repairing potholes, short of full-depth roadway replacement. It consists of: While this repair procedure provides durable results, it requires more labor and is more equipment-intensive than the throw-and-roll or the spray-injection procedure. The FHWA manual cites

970-594: A neighborhood cluster that includes Hamilton Hills and the neighborhoods of North Harford Road, Overlea , Taylor Heights , and the section of Westfield west of Harford Road. The terrain in Hamilton Hills includes gently rolling hills that are characteristic of the Piedmont , a plateau region of the Eastern United States . Hamilton Hills' elevation ranges from 250 feet (76 meters) above sea level at Herring Run near Echodale Avenue to 365 feet (111 meters) near

1067-595: A prominent gathering place . Between 1900 and 1930, a dozen Christian churches were founded on or near Harford Road, and six held their first meetings in Hamilton Hall. Two neighborhood associations, the Hamilton Improvement Association and the Hamilton Women's Club, were formed to advocate for social and structural improvements in the area. In 1918, Baltimore annexed land including Hamilton and what

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1164-417: A role in 1986 with a zoning bylaw that allowed for commercial and residential units to be mixed. At the time, Toronto was in the beginning stages of planning a focus on developing mixed-use development due to the growing popularity of more social housing. The law has since been updated as recently as 2013, shifting much of its focus outside the downtown area which has been a part of the main city since 1998. With

1261-505: A significant focus on affordable housing provisions in these plans. Mixed-use buildings can be risky given that there are multiple tenants residing in one development. Mega-mixed-use projects, like Hudson Yards , are also extremely expensive. This development has cost the City of New York over 2.2 billion dollars. Critics argue that taxpayer dollars could better serve the general public if spent elsewhere. Additionally, mixed-use developments, as

1358-606: A significant intersection in Toronto, portions of the Mirvish Village project site are zoned as "commercial residential" and others as "mixed commercial residential". Within the City of Toronto's zoning by-laws, commercial residential includes "a range of commercial, residential and institutional uses, as well as parks." Mirvish Village's programmatic uses include rental apartments, a public market, and small-unit retail, while also preserving 23 of 27 heritage houses on site. The project

1455-564: A strong ability to adapt to changing social and economic environments. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, New York retailers located on long, commercially oriented blocks suffered severely as they were no longer attracting an audience of passersby. By combining multiple functions into one building or development, mixed-use districts can build resiliency through their ability to attract and maintain visitors. More sustainable transportation practices are also fostered. A study of Guangzhou, China , done by

1552-508: A total of 494 crimes. Between 2014 and 2019, the total annual crimes reported in the neighborhood decreased by 14.5%, from 578 to 494, mostly because of a decrease in reported property crimes. In 2019, there were 30.1 property crimes and 22.3 violent crimes reported for every 1,000 Hamilton Hills residents. These rates were lower than those for Baltimore as a whole for the same year, which were 42.2 property crimes and 33.8 violent crimes reported for every 1,000 Baltimoreans. The Fourth Battalion of

1649-431: A whole. The neighborhood had an estimated 4,463 housing units as of that year, 6.3% (280) of which were vacant. This was lower than the citywide vacancy percentage of 16.6%. About 56.9% (5,358) of the neighborhood's residents also lived in owner-occupied housing as of 2019, and 43.1% (4,055) were renters. By comparison, about 51.0% of Baltimoreans lived in owner-occupied housing and 49.0% were renters. Between 2011 and 2015,

1746-484: Is MedStar Good Samaritan Hospital , a private , not-for-profit teaching hospital located at 5601 Loch Raven Boulevard in Loch Raven. The Baltimore Police Department serves Hamilton Hills in its Northeastern District. The district's headquarters is located at 1900 Argonne Drive next to the campus of Morgan State University. In 2019, Hamilton Hills residents reported 284 property crimes and 210 violent crimes for

1843-426: Is a pot-shaped depression in a road surface , usually asphalt pavement , where traffic has removed broken pieces of the pavement. It is usually the result of water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected area. Water first weakens the underlying soil; traffic then fatigues and breaks the poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area. Continued traffic action ejects both asphalt and

1940-601: Is also a trend towards making residential spaces in mixed-use developments to be condominiums, rather than rental spaces. A study done by the Journal of the American Planning Association found that a focus on homeownership predominantly excludes individuals working in public services, trades, cultural, sales and service, and manufacturing occupations from living in amenity-rich city centers. Despite incentives like density bonuses, municipalities and developers rarely put

2037-457: Is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing. America's attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents. As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use"

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2134-535: Is also found in these districts. This development pattern is centered around the idea of "live, work, play," transforming buildings and neighborhoods into multi-use entities. Efficiency, productivity, and quality of life are also increased with regards to workplaces holding a plethora of amenities. Examples include gyms, restaurants, bars, and shopping. Mixed-use neighborhoods promote community and socialization through their bringing together of employees, visitors, and residents. A distinctive character and sense-of-place

2231-651: Is another community north of Hamilton Hills across the Baltimore County line. The campus of Morgan State University , which lies southwest of the neighborhood, can also be seen from some of the neighborhood's hills. According to data from the United States Census , Hamilton Hills' population has remained relatively steady in the 21st century. In 2000, Hamilton Hills (then known as HEPP) had an estimated 9,679 residents. By 2020, Hamilton Hills had an estimated 9,649 residents. Data published in 2020 showed that Hamilton

2328-399: Is created by transforming single use districts that may run for eight hours a day (ex. commercial office buildings running 9am - 5pm) into communities that can run eighteen hours a day through the addition of cafes, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. Safety of neighborhoods in turn may be increased as people stay out on the streets for longer hours. Mixed-use neighborhoods and buildings have

2425-769: Is divided into the Maryland Senate and the Maryland House of Delegates . Hamilton Hills is represented within the 43rd district and the 45th district of the Senate, as well as the 43rd district and the 45th district of the House of Delegates. In the U.S. House of Representatives , Hamilton Hills is represented north of Northern Parkway within Maryland's 3rd congressional district and south of Northern Parkway within Maryland's 7th congressional district . John Sarbanes has represented

2522-422: Is incentivized in these regions. By taking undervalued and underutilized land, often former heavy industrial, developers can repurpose it to increase land and property values.  These projects also increase housing variety, density, and oftentimes affordability through their focus on multifamily, rather than single-family housing compounds. A more equal balance between the supply and demand of jobs and housing

2619-552: Is liable to occur. Serious road accidents can occur as a direct result, especially on those roads where vehicle speeds are greater. Potholes may result from four main causes: The following steps can be taken to avoid pothole formation in existing pavements: At-risk pavement are more often local roads with lower structural standards and more complicating factors, like underground utilities, than major arteries. Pavement condition monitoring can lead to timely preventive action. Surveys address pavement distresses, which both diminishes

2716-712: Is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands . Expanded use of mixed-use zoning and mixed-use developments may be found in a variety of contexts, such as the following (multiple such contexts might apply to one particular project or situation): Any of the above contexts may also include parallel contexts such as: Mixed-use developments are home to significant employment and housing opportunities. Many of these projects are already located in established downtown districts, meaning that development of public transit systems

2813-564: Is notable for its public consultation process, which was lauded by Toronto city officials. Architect Henriquez and the developer had previously collaborated on mixed-use projects in Vancouver , British Columbia , including the successful Woodward's Redevelopment . In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) collaborates with local governments by providing researchers developing new data that estimates how

2910-477: Is served by three post offices and a public library branch. It has two urban green spaces , one park, and a variety of cultural amenities. The Susquehannock people controlled the area that became Baltimore and Baltimore County as late as the 1640s. They used the hilly, rugged terrain as hunting and trapping grounds, living instead to the north in the lower valley of the Susquehanna River . Beginning in 1634,

3007-542: Is the US's largest project to ever be financed by TIF ( tax increment financing ) subsidies. It did not require voter approval, nor did it have to go through the city's traditional budgeting process. Rather, the project is financed by future property taxes and the EB-5 Visa Program. This program provides VISAs to overseas investors in exchange for placing a minimum of $ 500,000 into US real estate. Pothole A pothole

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3104-407: Is today Northeast Baltimore from Baltimore County. The city granted substantial property tax breaks for residents and developers in its newly annexed communities. The city also extended its water, sewer, and other infrastructure systems to Hamilton in the years following annexation. After annexation, Baltimore began connecting its eastern and western halves with several lateral roads. Northern Parkway

3201-482: Is today. It was named for the Tames brothers, who opened the village's first general store at the intersection with Harford Road. Other businesses supporting the horse and carriage market as well as local farmers were opened along Harford Road and Tames Lane. In the late 19th century, a retired sea captain named Hamilton Caughey donated land for Baltimore County to extend Tames Lane west of Harford Road. In exchange, Tames Lane

3298-557: Is typical, there are two million holes in Britain's roads and 300,000 in London." In the Seinfeld episode The Pothole , George discovers that he has lost his keys, including a commemorative Phil Rizzuto keychain that says "Holy Cow" when activated. He then retraces his steps, and returns to a street where he had jumped over a pothole, which is now filled in with asphalt. The "Holy Cow" phrase

3395-522: Is widely used due to its simplicity and speed, especially as an expedient method when the material is placed under unfavorable conditions of water or temperature. It can also be employed at times when the pothole is dry and clean with more lasting results. Eaton, et al., noted that the failure rate of expedient repairs is high and that they can cost as much as five times the cost of properly done repairs. They advocate this type of repair only when weather conditions prevent proper techniques. Researchers from

3492-654: The Baltimore City Fire Department provides fire protection to Hamilton Hills. Engine Company 56, the closest fire station to most of the neighborhood, is located at 6512 Harford Road in Westfield. Engine Company 42, Medic 6 is located to the south at 4522 Harford Road in Lauraville. Art is present throughout the Hamilton-Lauraville area and in Hamilton Hills. The neighborhood features several murals through

3589-842: The Maryland Colony's first English settlers spread north into the Baltimore area from St. Clement's Island in the Potomac River. These settlers gradually drove the Susquehannocks from the land, and they prevented other peoples such as the Iroquois and the Algonquians from claiming it. The area that became Northeast Baltimore was sparsely populated in the 18th century. In 1734, the Principio Iron Company of England began acquiring land in

3686-475: The University of Minnesota Duluth have tested mixing asphalt with iron ore containing magnetite which is then heated using ferromagnetic resonance (using microwaves at a specific frequency) to heat the mixed asphalt. The mixture used a compound of between 1% and 2% magnetite. The group discovered that material could be heated for a patch to 100 °C (212 °F) in approximately ten minutes which then applied

3783-532: The birth rate per 1,000 females in HEPP was lower (13.6) compared to that of all female Baltimoreans (14.3). The teen birth rate per 1,000 females in Hamilton Hills ages 15 to 19 (27.3) was also lower than that of all Baltimoreans from the same group (42.3). The infant mortality rate was also lower in HEPP: about 2.6 out of 1,000 infants born in HEPP died before the first birthdays, compared to 10.6 deaths among all of Baltimore's infants. Hamilton Hills' nearest hospital

3880-419: The life expectancy of residents born in HEPP was 75.7 years compared to 73.6 years for all Baltimoreans. The leading causes of death in HEPP during that period were heart disease (25.8% of deaths) and cancer (23.5%). HEPP ranked 3rd out of 55 neighborhood clusters in Baltimore for deaths from breast cancer , representing 3.0% of the area's deaths compared to 1.5% for the entire city. Between 2011 and 2015,

3977-416: The road surface which can lead to a precursor failure pattern known as crocodile (or alligator) cracking . Eventually, chunks of pavement between the fatigue cracks gradually work loose, and may then be plucked or forced out of the surface by continued wheel loads to create a pothole. In areas subject to freezing and thawing, frost heaving can damage a pavement and create openings for water to enter. In

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4074-412: The spring , thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement cannot drain past still-frozen lower layers, thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening it. Potholes can grow to several feet in width, though they usually only develop to depths of a few inches. If they become large enough, damage to tires, wheels, and vehicle suspensions

4171-472: The 1960s. Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat urban sprawl and increase economic vitality. In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under

4268-479: The 2010s were higher, life expectancy was longer, crime was lower, and voter participation was higher. Hamilton Hills residents have been more likely to graduate high school than all Baltimoreans but less likely to complete college. Hamilton Hills is represented within the Baltimore City Council 's 3rd District. Elementary and middle school students are zoned into three public schools, and the neighborhood

4365-441: The 20th century to build houses, and entrepreneurs formed a main street corridor on Harford Road. The Hamilton area was described throughout the 20th century as a desirable, family-oriented suburb in Baltimore. The community has experienced White flight and been challenged by urban decay since the end of World War II . Residents in the 21st century have attempted to revive and protect Harford Road's main street economy as well as

4462-400: The 20th century. The area became more of a pass-through community than a destination as its main street economy declined. White residents began migrating away from Baltimore and from Hamilton as suburban communities emerged in surrounding counties. Following the racial desegregation of Baltimore's public schools in the 1950s and 1960s, the majority of public school students in the city and in

4559-518: The 3rd district since 2007. Kweisi Mfume previously represented the 7th district from 1987 to 1996. He was re-elected in May 2020 following the death of Elijah Cummings in October 2019. As of 2019, Hamilton Hills had a higher percentage of high school graduates than Baltimore as a whole but lower percentages of college graduates. About 90.5% (6,285) of Hamilton Hills' adults 25 years of age or older had at least

4656-484: The Hamilton area have included: Baltimore is legislated by its City Council , which has 14 members elected by district and a president elected at-large. Hamilton Hills is represented within the 3rd council district. The neighborhood's current councilperson is Ryan Dorsey, who was elected to his first four-year term in 2016 and re-elected in 2020. The Maryland General Assembly , which is the state legislature of Maryland,

4753-514: The Hamilton area shifted from White to Black. Generally speaking, Hamilton evolved into a more mixed-race area after Baltimore's population peaked in the 1950s. To combat urban decay in the Hamilton-Lauraville area, local advocates targeted the Harford Road corridor for revitalization during the 1990s and 2000s. Hamilton-Lauraville Main Street , a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization , was founded with

4850-567: The Hamilton-Lauraville area as "Baltimore's low-key foodie neighborhood". Clementine, a farm-to-table restaurant that closed in 2017, was featured on an episode of the Food Network series Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives . Excluding apartments, most housing units in Hamilton Hills are single-family detached houses or semi-detached houses with front porches and large yards. Because many houses in Hamilton-Lauraville were built with ample yard space, hundreds of urban gardeners and farmers live in

4947-475: The Hamilton-Lauraville area throughout the 21st century. For example, they have organized First Friday events along Harford Road. In 2010, they began sponsoring the Downhill Derby, an annual soap box derby in Hamilton Hills. The quality of the restaurants along the Harford Road corridor has been recognized in food media since the late 20th century. In 2019, a dining reporter for The Baltimore Sun described

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5044-489: The Harford Road area remained in Baltimore County until the 20th century. Travelers complained in the early 19th century that potholes made Harford Road almost impassable with a horse and carriage . In 1819, the road was privatized as a toll road in exchange for its maintenance. A few connecting streets were built over the next few decades, and villages flourished around some popular crossroads. One such village became Hamilton's sister neighborhood of Lauraville . During

5141-785: The Journal of Geographical Information Science, found that taxis located in regions where buildings housed a greater variety of functions had greatly reduced traveling distances. Shorter traveling distances, in turn, support the use of micro-mobility . Pedestrian and bike-friendly infrastructure are fostered due to increased density and reduced distances between housing, workplaces, retail businesses, and other amenities and destinations. Additionally, mixed-use projects promote health and wellness, as these developments often provide better access (whether it be by foot, bicycle, or transit) to farmer's markets and grocery stores. However, hybrid metropolises, areas that have large and tall buildings which accommodate

5238-571: The Life " references potholes. John Lennon wrote the song's final verse inspired by a Far & Near news brief, in the same 17 January edition of the Daily Mail that had inspired the first two verses. Under the headline "The holes in our roads", the brief stated: "There are 4,000 holes in the road in Blackburn, Lancashire, or one twenty-sixth of a hole per person, according to a council survey. If Blackburn

5335-457: The United States came after World War II when planner and New York City Parks Commissioner , Robert Moses , championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, Jane Jacobs , who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape. These two figures went head-to-head during much of

5432-468: The United States. Hamilton Hills' borders have changed over time and, like many urban neighborhoods, have not always been clearly defined. The current borders are Old Harford Road and Harford Road to the east, Echodale Avenue to the south, Perring Parkway to the west and the Baltimore County line to the north. Some city agencies and local research organizations continue to include Hamilton Hills in their data for Harford-Echodale-Perring-Parkway (HEPP),

5529-592: The area for pig iron production, much of which they exported to England. At the peak of their operations, the company owned 4,900 acres of land in Northeast Baltimore. They used Herring Run to transport some of their goods on barges , and they likely stripped natural resources from the area that became Hamilton. In 1780, during the American Revolutionary War , the Maryland General Assembly passed an act to confiscate all British property in

5626-462: The area's present-day streets were named for its earliest residents or for historic properties. As more residents moved to Hamilton during the early 20th century, they expanded the area's economic and communal activities. Retailers in various trades, from drug stores to dressmaking , opened along Harford Road and Hamilton Avenue. The two-story Hamilton Hall building was constructed at the southeast corner of Harford Road and Hamilton Avenue to serve as

5723-453: The area. As of 2021, one active group created for gardeners in Hamilton-Lauraville on Facebook had over 1,000 members. The Baltimore City Department of Recreation and Parks manages the majority of parks and recreational facilities in Baltimore. The agency manages Hamilton Hills' North Harford Park, which provides athletic fields and other recreational facilities at 6800 Hamlet Avenue. Hamilton Hills also has two urban green spaces : HEPP Park,

5820-653: The choice to attend any school in the city. Elementary students generally enroll in the schools zoned by area but can apply to the city's charter schools . In Hamilton Hills, students are zoned by default into three schools from pre-kindergarten through 8th grade. These are operated by Baltimore City Public Schools , the city's public school district . Mixed-use development Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with industrialization , governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and

5917-423: The city. As a result, suburban development in the area would explode over the next few decades. After 1900, real estate developers bought many of Hamilton's old estates and farms to subdivide for new housing. In 1905, Evergreen Lawn became Hamilton's first subdivision on Evergreen Avenue. Between 1900 and 1919, a total of ten subdivisions were built in Hamilton and marketed toward middle-class families. Many of

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6014-403: The conversion of the city's streetcars to buses, and Hamilton's rail service on Harford Road was discontinued on June 19, 1956. The conversion of Harford Road exclusively to automobiles impacted Hamilton's main street economy. Over time, retailers relocated elsewhere to accommodate shoppers at strip malls and later at shopping malls . Hamilton's characteristics changed during the latter half of

6111-642: The cost of fixing all roads with potholes in the country would cost £12 billion. Some jurisdictions offer websites or mobile apps for pothole-reporting. These allow citizens to report potholes and other road hazards , optionally including a photograph and GPS coordinates. It is estimated there are 55 million potholes in the United States. The self-proclaimed pothole capital, Edmonton , Alberta, Canada reportedly spends $ 4.8 million on 450,000 potholes annually, as of 2015. India has historically lost over 3,000 people per year to accidents caused by potholes. This situation has engendered citizen movement to address

6208-550: The deteriorated patches. A US Air Force manual advocates semiannual inspection of pavement cracks with crack sealing commencing on cracks that exceed 6.4 millimetres (0.25 in) Pothole patching methods may be either temporary or semi-permanent. Temporary patching is reserved for weather conditions that are not favorable to a more permanent solution and usually uses a cold mix asphalt patching compound placed in an expedient manner to temporarily restore pavement smoothness. Semi-permanent patching uses more care in reconstructing

6305-531: The early 1990s, when the local government wanted to reduce the then-dominant car-oriented development style. The Metropolitan Area Express , Portland's light rail system, encourages the mixing of residential, commercial, and work spaces into one zone. With this one-zoning-type planning system, the use of land at increased densities provides a return in public investments throughout the city. Main street corridors provide flexible building heights and high density uses to enable "gathering places". Hudson Yards project

6402-467: The expertise of the equipment operator. The American Automobile Association estimated in the five years prior to 2016 that 16 million drivers in the United States have suffered damage from potholes to their vehicle including tire punctures , bent wheels , and damaged suspensions with a cost of $ 3 billion a year. In India, between 2015 and 2017, an average of 3,000 people per year were killed in accidents involving potholes. Britain has estimated that

6499-456: The initial one with new policies focused on economic and urban renewal issues. In particular, the 1988 Plan was designed in collaboration with a transport strategy and was the first to recommend higher development densities. Since then, Australian planning authorities have given greater priority to mixed-use development of inner-city industrial land as a way of revitalising areas neglected by the decline in manufacturing, consolidating and densifying

6596-407: The intersection of Old Harford Road and Moore Avenue. Soils in the neighborhood are generally clay-like and moderately fertile . Hamilton Hills has a total area of 1.14 sq mi (3.0 km). Data published in 2020 showed that it was the 8th largest of Baltimore's neighborhoods by total area. Most of Hamilton Hills is land, though a thin section of Herring Run , which flows just outside of

6693-454: The mid and late 19th century, another village emerged on Harford Road between the intersections of Old Harford Road and Tames Lane. This is the village that later became Hamilton, though it was called North Lauraville in its earliest years. By the late 19th century, travelers in the region recognized North Lauraville as a rest stop and a center for horse and carriage supplies. Tames Lane ran from Harford Road to Belair Road where Hamilton Avenue

6790-495: The neighborhood Harford Echodale Perring Parkway (HEPP). In 2003, the association renamed the neighborhood Hamilton Hills, the name by which it is known today. Hamilton, and Hamilton Hills by association, has been awarded in recent years for its desirability. In 2014, The Baltimore Sun ranked Hamilton 3rd in its top ten up-and-coming places to live in the Baltimore region. In 2019, the real estate website Redfin ranked Hamilton 4th in its top ten hottest affordable neighborhoods in

6887-400: The neighborhood's western border, passes through the southwest corner. As of 2017, the total land area in HEPP covered by tree canopy was 29.6%, ranking 19th out of 55 neighborhood clusters in Baltimore. Neighborhoods that are adjacent to Hamilton Hills include the community formerly known as Glenham-Belhar, Lauraville , Loch Raven , North Harford Road, Waltherson , and Westfield. Parkville

6984-441: The neighborhood. This period of White flight has continued despite the arrivals of White millennials into other areas of Baltimore. About 55.4% (5,225) of Hamilton Hills residents were female as of 2019 and 44.6% (4,199) were male. The estimated median age of Hamilton Hills residents as of 2019 was 35.2 years old (33.8 for females, 40.4 for males). This was similar to the estimated median age of 35.4 years for all Baltimoreans as of

7081-475: The north. The main thoroughfare in Hamilton Hills is Harford Road, which has been an integral part of the area's history. The larger Hamilton area was sparsely populated until the late 18th century, the period when Harford Road was built. Hamilton began as a small, rural village surrounded by farmland during the 19th century. The land that became Hamilton Hills was a part of Baltimore County until 1918, when Baltimore City annexed it. Real estate developers arrived in

7178-519: The perimeter of the failed area to blend with the surrounding pavement and usually employs a hot-mix asphalt fill above replacement of appropriate base materials. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) offers an overview of best practices which includes several repair techniques; throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, spray injection, and edge seal. The FHWA suggests the best patching techniques, at times other than winter, are spray injection, throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, or edge seal procedures. In winter,

7275-412: The previously underpopulated urban centres. This new urban planning approach has had a significant impact on the use of land parcels in major Australian cities: according to 2021 data from Australian Bureau of Statistics , mixed zoning already suppose more than 9% of new housing approvals. One of the first cities to adopt a policy on mixed-use development is Toronto . The local government first played

7372-508: The problem. In the United Kingdom , more than half a million pot holes were reported in 2017, an increase of 44% on the 2015 figure. There are processes in place to report potholes at different levels of jurisdiction. The process for claiming compensation varies by jurisdiction. Potholes have been commented on both in various media. Two artists, Jim Bachor of Chicago and Baadal Nanjundaswamy of Bangalore , India, have used artwork as

7469-441: The protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation. In the United States, the practice of zoning for single-family residential use was instigated to safeguard communities from negative externalities , including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices. These zones were also constructed to alleviate racial and class tensions. The heyday of separate-use zoning in

7566-497: The regulations in place, the city has overseen the development of high-rise condominiums throughout the city with amenities and transit stops nearby. Toronto's policies of mixed-use development have inspired other North American cities in Canada and the United States to bring about similar changes. One example of a Toronto mixed-use development is Mirvish Village by architect Gregory Henriquez . Located at Bloor and Bathurst Street ,

7663-454: The reputation of the Hamilton area. Hamilton Hills was formalized in 2003 when the neighborhood association renamed the neighborhood. Hamilton Hills' population in the 21st century has remained relatively stable compared to Baltimore's overall population decline. As of 2020, Hamilton Hills was the 5th largest neighborhood in the city by total population. Compared to Baltimore as a whole, median household incomes among Hamilton Hills residents in

7760-405: The same umbrella as "residential," rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US. France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be "General Urban," allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning. Single family zoning

7857-536: The same year. About 6.6% (620) of residents were under 5 years old, which was similar to 6.4% for all Baltimoreans. The estimated median household income of residents as of 2019 was $ 57,100. This was higher than the estimated median household income of $ 50,400 for all of Baltimore. About 19.1% of Hamilton Hills households had received some form of cash assistance or SNAP benefits within the past year compared to 25.0% citywide. Hamilton Hills had fewer vacant housing units and more homeowners in 2020 than Baltimore as

7954-649: The soil structure. Adequate crowns promote drainage to the sides. Good crack control prevents water penetration into the pavement soil structure. Preventive maintenance adds maintaining pavement structural integrity with thickness and continuity to the mix of preventing water penetration and promoting water migration away from the roadway. Eaton, et al., advocate a permitting process for utility cuts with specifications that avoid loss of structural continuity of pavements and flaws or failures that allow water penetration. Some municipalities require contractors to install utility repair tags to identify responsible parties of

8051-444: The space available for residential stock had been developed. The last major housing push in Hamilton was the construction of apartment complexes near Northern Parkway and Perring Parkway, which occurred during the late 1960s and 1970s. From the 1940s to the 1950s, Baltimore's city planners discontinued the electric streetcar system in favor of gasoline-powered automobiles. General Motors , Standard Oil , and Firestone Tire influenced

8148-419: The spray-injection procedure as an efficient alternative to semi-permanent repair. It requires specialized equipment, however. It consists of: This procedure requires no compaction after the cover aggregate has been placed. The FHWA manual cites the edge seal method as an alternative to the above techniques. It consists of: In this procedure, waiting for any water to dry may require a second visit to place

8245-413: The state. This included Principio's land in Northeast Baltimore. Over time, wealthy merchants from Baltimore Town built large estates on some of it, and truck farmers arrived to supply food for the region on other lots. Harford Road was built as early as 1791 in part to provide these merchants and farmers with a trade route into Baltimore Town. After the City of Baltimore was incorporated in 1797, most of

8342-401: The strength of the asphalt layer and admits water into the pavement, and effective drainage of water from within and around the pavement structure. Drainage structures, including ditching and storm sewers are essential for removing water from pavements. Avoiding other risk factors with good construction includes well-draining base and sub-base soils that avoid frost action and promote drying of

8439-458: The success of mixed-use developments are employment, population, and consumer spending . The three preconditions ensure that a development can attract quality tenants and financial success. Other factors determining the success of the mixed-use development is the proximity of production time, and the costs from the surrounding market. Mixed-use zoning has been implemented in Portland, Oregon , since

8536-508: The support of the Baltimore Main Streets program. The organization's mission is to provide "quality of life experiences that retain residents and attract new neighbors, and to create opportunities for local businesses". Hamilton Lauraville Main Street has since hosted cultural events in the neighborhood and provided grants to businesses for improvements. In 2000, the neighborhood association representing what became Hamilton Hills named

8633-733: The support of the Baltimore Mural Program. Many of Hamilton Hills' restaurants also feature live music. In addition, several of Hamilton Hills' establishments foster arts and entertainment, including Chapterhouse Tattoo, the Hamilton Arts Collective, Hamiltone Music, the Mid-Atlantic Center for the Performing Arts, and the Strand Theater. The Hamilton Lauraville Main Street organization has hosted cultural events for

8730-548: The tack coat. The tack material prevents water from getting through the edge of the patch and helps bond the patch to the surrounding pavement. An FHWA-sponsored study determined that the "throw-and-roll technique proved as effective as the semi-permanent procedure when the two procedures were compared directly, using similar materials". It also found the throw-and-roll procedure to be generally more cost-effective when using quality materials. It further found that spray-injection repairs were as effective as control patches, depending on

8827-506: The throw-and-roll technique may be the only available option. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa offers similar methods for the repair of potholes. Asphaltic patch materials consist of a binder and aggregate that come in two broad categories, hot mix and cold mix. Hot mixes are used by some agencies, they are produced at local asphalt plants. The FHWA manual cites three types of cold mixes, those produced by

8924-482: The underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement. According to the US Army Corps of Engineers 's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory , pothole formation requires two factors to be present at the same time: water and traffic. Water weakens the soil beneath the pavement while traffic applies the loads that stress the pavement past the breaking point. Potholes form progressively from fatigue of

9021-450: Was also higher than the percentage for all of Baltimore, as an average of 45.1% of the city's adults voted in general elections during the same period. Hamilton Hills residents have formed several neighborhood associations since the early 1900s. The Hamilton Hills Neighborhood Association, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, is the present-day group of volunteers who organize and advocate for Hamilton Hills' residents. Notable residents of

9118-607: Was renamed Hamilton Lane and later Hamilton Avenue in his honor. When the United States Postal Service established a new post office at the intersection of Harford Road and Hamilton Lane, Baltimore Postmaster S. Davies Warfield renamed North Lauraville "Hamilton" to distinguish the village as a separate community. In 1898, electric rail service for passengers was extended north on Harford Road from downtown Baltimore and into Hamilton. The streetcar system allowed Hamilton residents to travel farther from home and to work in

9215-659: Was the Sydney Region Outline Plan , a plan that identified Sydney 's need to decentralise and organise its growth around the metropolitan area. Its main objective was to control the city's rapid post-war population growth by introducing growth corridors and economic centres that would help prevent uncontrolled sprawl and the overuse of the car as a means of transport Several city centres such as Parramatta or Campbelltown benefited from these policies, creating economic hubs with his own inner-city amenities along Sydney's main thoroughfares. Subsequent plans complemented

9312-848: Was the 5th largest of Baltimore's neighborhoods by total population. Many of Hamilton Hills' White residents have moved out of the neighborhood during the 21st century, and Black residents have mostly replaced them. In 2000, about 58.5% (5,662) of residents were Black or African American alone, 38.0% (3,676) were White alone, 1.0% (95) were Asian alone, and 1.8% (171) were from two or more races. About 1.6% (156) of all residents from all races were of Hispanic or Latino origin. By comparison, about 72.2% (6,962) of residents were Black or African American alone in 2020, 19.8% (1,914) were White alone, 3.4% (332) were some other race alone, and 4.2% (406) were from two or more races. About 3.5% (339) of residents from all races were Hispanic or Latino. Between 2000 and 2020, about 47.9% (1,762) of Hamilton Hills' White residents left

9409-509: Was the first; it was begun in 1926 and completed in the 1970s. Echodale Avenue was built in 1935. By the mid-1920s, Harford Road had also evolved from a dusty toll road to a public arterial road. These roads allowed Hamilton's residents to access the rest of the city more easily and vice versa. Hamilton was described throughout the 20th century as a desirable, family-oriented suburb and was known for its main street corridor on Harford Road. After another housing boom following World War II , most of

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