94-425: Hamas charter can refer to: 1988 Hamas charter , the founding charter of Hamas 2017 Hamas charter , revised charter of Hamas See also Hamas (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hamas Charter . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
188-599: A binational state with equal rights for all inhabitants is likely. UN resolutions affirm the illegality of settlements in West Bank , including East Jerusalem , including United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 passed in December 2016. As of November 2023, there are at least 700,000 Israeli settlers in the Occupied West Bank and East Jerusalem across 150 settlements and 128 outposts. More than three-quarters of
282-496: A Palestinian state. He again rejected a Palestinian state in June 2023. Former Israeli PMs Ehud Barak and Ehud Olmert in late 2023 expressed support for a two-state solution. Public support among Israelis and among Palestinians (measured separately) for “the concept of the two-state solution” etc. have varied between far above and far below 50%, depending partly on how the question was phrased. The major points of contention include
376-576: A joint proposal for an end to the Gaza war, and subsequent steps towards a two-state solution. Yair Golan , former IDF deputy chief of staff and current leader of The Democrats , a political party formed by a merger of the Israeli Labor Party and Meretz , said in a July 2024 interview with the Guardian , "Our vision is a two-state solution [...]". Following the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and
470-580: A meeting of representatives of about 90 countries, held on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly, to launch a global alliance to strive for a two-state solution. In the wake of Jewish migration from Europe in the context of Zionism and intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine , the first proposal for the creation of Jewish and Arab states in the British Mandate of Palestine
564-653: A member of the executive committee of Commanders for Israel’s Security (CIS), reiterated the CIS's view that the two-state solution is "the only solution that [...] serves Israel’s security and well-being long-term." Ami Ayalon , the head of Israel's Shin Bet internal security service from 1995 to 2000, said on 14 January 2024 in an interview with The Guardian that "Israel will not have security until Palestinians have their own state". On 17 July 2024, Ehud Olmert and former Palestinian Authority Foreign Minister Nasser al-Kidwa , signed
658-525: A new document named A Document of General Principles and Policies ( Arabic : وثيقة المبادئ والسياسات العامة لحركة حماس ). While the Document of General Principles did not officially replace the 1988 charter, it is often described as the new or revised Hamas charter. The new document advocated for a Palestinian state in the 1967 borders , describing this as a "national consensus"; however, it also continued to describe Israel as an "illegal entity" and retained
752-500: A peace agreement that leads to both states living side by side as good neighbors" is "essential or desirable". In 2021, a poll by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research revealed that 39% of Palestinians supported "the concept of the two-state solution", while 59% said they rejected it. Support is even lower among younger Palestinians; in 2008, then- U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice noted: "Increasingly,
846-466: A peace settlement based on the 1967 borders so long as each group could be reassured that the other side would be cooperative in making the necessary concessions for such a settlement. A 2013 Gallup poll found 70% of Palestinians in the West Bank and 48% of Palestinians in Gaza Strip, together with 52% of Israelis supporting "an independent Palestinian state together with the state of Israel". Support for
940-451: A people of faith and we are a people of faith, and we love all people of faith. If my brother, from my own mother and father and my own faith takes my home and expels me from it, I will fight him. I will fight my cousin if he takes my home and expels me from it. So when a Jew takes my home and expels me from it, I will fight him. I don't fight other countries because I want to be at peace with them, I love all people and wish peace for them, even
1034-651: A potential step on the way to peace, many others, including Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu , dismissed it as a merely cosmetic effort designed to make Hamas sound more palatable while changing nothing about Hamas' underlying aims and methods. Nathan Thrall , analyst for the International Crisis Group , on 3 May 2017 suggested that the 1988 charter ("with its talk of obliterating Israel") had since long been causing "quiet embarrassment among more reform-minded Hamas leaders", but that "ambivalence" within
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#17328511628541128-578: A resistance of Israeli Occupation of Gaza and the West Bank. A popular uprising, the First Intifada was led by multiple groups including Palestinian Islamic Jihad and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). After receiving official recognition as the de facto government , the PLO began to seek a negotiated solution with Israel in the form of a two-state solution . A two-state solution
1222-528: A strict security arrangement, would you support this agreement?", only 35% of Israelis said yes. According to a 2021 PCPSR poll, support for a two-state solution among Palestinians and Israeli Jews, as of 2021, had declined to 43 percent and 42 percent, respectively. According to Middle East experts David Pollock and Catherine Cleveland, as of 2021, the majority of Palestinians said they wanted to reclaim all of historic Palestine, including pre-1967 Israel. A one-state solution with equal rights for Arabs and Jews
1316-641: A two-state solution varies according to the way the question is phrased. Some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians are unprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms. According to one poll, "fewer than 2 in 10 Arabs, both Palestinian and all others, believe in Israel's right to exist as a nation with a Jewish majority." Another poll, however, cited by the US State Department , suggests that "78 percent of Palestinians and 74 percent of Israelis believe
1410-469: A two-state solution, on at least an interim basis, was articulated by Said Hammami in the mid-1970s. The Israeli Likud party, in its manifesto for the 1977 elections which it won in a landslide, declared: "Between the sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty." Similar statements have been made by Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as late as 18 January 2024. On 18 July 2024,
1504-564: Is a proposed approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , by creating two states on the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine . It is often contrasted with the one-state solution , which is the establishment a single state in former Mandatory Palestine with equal rights for all its inhabitants. The two-state solution is supported by many countries, and the Palestinian Authority . Israel currently does not support
1598-569: Is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a de facto one-state reality. Following the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel and the subsequent Israel–Hamas war , multiple governments restarted discussions on a two-state solution. This received pushback from Israel's government, especially from prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu . On 26 September 2024, Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud and Norway's Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide co-chaired
1692-566: Is the best proof of what we are saying. Jeffrey Goldberg , editor-in-chief of The Atlantic magazine, criticized the founding charter of Hamas by labelling it as a "genocidal" document and compared it to The Protocols of the Elders of Zion . (Note that the Charter does specifically state that the Jews have plans as described in the infamous early 20th-century antisemitic trope document, "The Protocols of
1786-678: The 1948 war became an international conflict . At the end of the war, the Green Line established by the 1949 Armistice Agreements became the de facto borders of the State of Israel. The war resulted in the fleeing or expulsion of 711,000 Palestinians , which the Palestinians call Nakba , from the territories which became the state of Israel. After the 1967 Arab–Israeli war , the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed resolution 242 calling for Israeli withdrawal from
1880-403: The 2006–2008 peace offer , and the 2013–14 peace talks . Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The Palestinian Authority supports the idea of a two-state solution; Israel at times has also supported the idea, but nowadays rejects the creation of a Palestinian state. Long-serving Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu in 2015 rejected
1974-552: The Galilee were allotted to the Jews. Consequently, the recommended partition proposal was rejected by the Arab community of Palestine, and was accepted by most of the Jewish leadership. Partition was again proposed by the 1947 UN Partition Plan for the division of Palestine. It proposed a three-way division, again with Jerusalem held separately, under international control. The partition plan
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#17328511628542068-448: The Gharkad tree would not do that, because it is one of the trees of the Jews. The second paragraph of Article Thirty-Two of the Charter is the following passage:: The Islamic Resistance Movement calls on Arab and Islamic nations to take up the line of serious and persevering action to prevent the success of this horrendous plan, to warn the people of the danger eminating [sic] from leaving
2162-663: The Hamas Covenant or Hamas Charter , was issued by Hamas (the Islamic Resistance Movement) on 18 August 1988 and outlines the organization's founding identity, positions, and aims. In 2017, Hamas unveiled a revised charter , without explicitly revoking the 1988 charter. The original Charter identified Hamas as the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine and described its members to be god-fearing Muslims raising
2256-762: The Palestinian territories ), and 'de-emphasizing' Islam , as compared to the 1988 charter. The contrast of those 2005–2006 documents with the 1988 charter raised discussions in Palestine and elsewhere, about whether Hamas had changed its objectives and about how valid their original 1988 charter still was. Khaled Hroub , Palestinian academic, argued (2006) that those 2005–2006 documents "represent (…) an evolution in Hamas’s political thinking toward pragmatism" and that Hamas had "genuinely" changed, but conceded that probably many were still highly skeptical about that idea. Mahmoud al-Zahar , co-founder of Hamas and Foreign Minister of
2350-420: The Palestinian territories . The Palestine Liberation Organization has accepted the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit. In 2017, Hamas announced their revised charter , which claims to accept the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, but without recognising the statehood of Israel. Diplomatic efforts have centred around realizing a two-state solution, starting from
2444-632: The Quartet on the Middle East (U.S., EU, UN, Russia) deliberately kept referring to the Hamas 1988 Charter instead of to more recent Hamas statements, to have an excuse to ignore and not seriously deal with Hamas. Ahmed Yousef , former Political Adviser to Prime Minister Haniyeh , in January 2011 stated that the 1988 charter must not be read as "a constitution drafted as law" and not any longer be interpreted literally:
2538-556: The RAND Corporation , found that also 60% of Israelis across the political spectrum were opposed to a two-state solution. The two-state solution enjoyed majority support in Israeli polls although there has been some erosion to its prospects over time. A 2014 Haaretz poll asking "Consider that in the framework of an agreement, most settlers are annexed to Israel, Jerusalem will be divided, refugees won't return to Israel and there will be
2632-591: The UN General Assembly voted by 138 to 9, with 46 abstentions to recognize Palestine as a "non-member observer state". On the following day, Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu announced the building of 3,000 new homes on land to the east of East Jerusalem, in an area referred to as "E-1". The move was immediately criticized by several countries, including the United States, with Israeli ambassadors being personally called for meetings with government representatives in
2726-510: The UN Partition Plan of 1947 and "UN resolutions since 1947" in general, was interpreted as an indirect recognition of the State of Israel , and support for a two-state solution. The Partition Plan was invoked to provide legitimacy to Palestinian statehood. Subsequent clarifications were taken to amount to the first explicit Palestinian recognition of Israel. The 2017 Hamas charter presented
2820-575: The initial phase of the First Intifada , the 1988 Hamas Charter was written by one older Hamas leader and ratified by Hamas in a slight hurry, as instrument to "maintain the momentum" of the newly risen Palestinian "resistance generation", giving them broad strokes direction, partly expressed in religious Islamic and partly in political terminology; thus the explanation of the charter’s origins and purpose, given by Ahmed Yousef , former senior Political Adviser to Prime Minister Haniyeh , in 2011. The charter, Yousef further added, in those early days reflected
2914-454: The ongoing conflict between two people. After the Trump administration 's controversial decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital in December 2017, Palestinian officials said the policy change "destroys the peace process" and the decision indirectly meant the United States was "abdicating its role as a peace mediator" that could no longer act as a mediator in the peace process because
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3008-520: The territories occupied during the war, in exchange for "termination of all claims or states of belligerency" and "acknowledgement of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of every state in the area". The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which had been formed in 1964, strongly criticized the resolution, saying that it reduced the question of Palestine to a refugee problem. In September 1974, 56 member states proposed that "the question of Palestine" be included as an item in
3102-489: The 1988 Charter stated: ″Israel will exist and will continue to exist until Islam invalidates it, just as it invalidated others before it″. It emphasizes the importance of jihad for the Palestinian question, adding that "initiatives, proposals and international conferences are all a waste of time and vain endeavors." The charter also states that Hamas is humanistic, and tolerant of other religions as long as they "stop disputing
3196-434: The 1988 Hamas charter for its alleged use of antisemitic language. Some commentators have characterized Hamas's language in its 1988 charter as incitement to genocide . The charter is said to echo Nazi propaganda in claiming that Jews profited during World War II . On the other hand, Ahmed Yassin , the founder of Hamas, was quoted as saying that: "We don't hate Jews and fight Jews because they are Jewish. They are
3290-708: The 1988 charter (and other documents from that period) to Hamas's documents dated 1994-2005. Janssen found a significant shift in Hamas positions from 1988 to 1994-2005: In January 2006, Hamas took part for the first time in elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council . This implied writing an electoral program in March 2005 and, after winning those elections, writing a government program in March 2006. Both programs have generally been perceived as more pragmatic and flexible (not mentioning Hamas’ claim to all of mandatory Palestine but just claiming sovereignty for
3384-430: The 2017 charter, Hamas did not recognize Israel. In December 2022, Benjamin Netanyahu returned as Prime Minister of Israel, forming the most right-wing government in Israel's history. Netanyahu's coalition partners rejected the two-state solution. In February 2023, Netanyahu said he would be willing to grant Palestinians autonomy but not sovereignty, and in any future deal Israel would maintain full security control of
3478-522: The Charter is "a piece of history and no longer relevant, but cannot be changed for internal reasons". Meshaal also stated that Hamas was ending its association with the Muslim Brotherhood . The 2017 charter accepts a Palestinian state along the 1967 borders, though it maintains Hamas's refusal to recognize Israel. In 1987, twenty years after the Six-Day War , the First Intifada (1987–1993) began as
3572-549: The Elders of Zion".) Referring to the charter in an article in The New Yorker magazine, American commentator Philip Gourevitch accused Hamas leadership of having "genocidal" intentions against Jews. According to Bruce Hoffman , the Hamas Charter exhibits "genocidal intentions". The 1988 Charter went further in detailing how Jihad against the Jews was a duty. "The day that enemies usurp part of Moslem land, Jihad becomes
3666-793: The Gaza Strip, splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities, each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people. Fatah controlled the Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank and Hamas Governed in Gaza . The latest initiatives were the 2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks under the guidance of John Kerry , the United States Secretary of State. These talks also failed to reach an agreement. By 2010, when direct talks were scheduled to be restarted, continued growth of settlements on
3760-488: The General Assembly's agenda. In a resolution adopted on 22 November 1974, the General Assembly affirmed Palestinian rights, which included the "right to self-determination without external interference", "the right to national independence and sovereignty", and the "right to return to their homes and property". These rights have been affirmed every year since. The first indication that the PLO would be willing to accept
3854-409: The Hamas leadership felt opposite pressures from two sides: international powers urged Hamas to dismiss the relevance of their charter, while the Palestinian domestic constituency dissuaded the Hamas leaders from rewriting their charter. The day after Khaled Mashal , Chairman of Hamas' Political Bureau , on 1 May 2017 had presented a new “political document” (often referred to as ‘new charter’) , he
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3948-449: The Hamas leadership nevertheless had stopped Hamas, in their new 2017 charter, from fully repudiating that old 1988 charter. Writing in 2020, philosopher Joseph Spoerl commented that the 2017 document "takes all the classical tropes of anti-Semitism and focuses them on Zionism... This can hardly be regarded as a serious repudiation of anti-Semitism." Around 4 May 2017, with Mashal still in office as Chairman of Hamas' Political Bureau , he
4042-463: The Hamas movement "has moved on" from the charter’s content, "accepting a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and publicly declaring a readiness to explore political solutions", Yousef argued. In May 2011, Mahmoud al-Zahar , co-founder of Hamas, on the contrary, again stressed and explained why Hamas would and could not “recognize” Israel: such a move would counter Hamas' aim to liberate all of Palestine, and deprive future Palestinian generations of
4136-464: The Israeli parliament passed a resolution that rejected the establishment of a Palestinian state. The resolution passed in the Knesset with 68 votes in favour and nine against it. Netanyahu’s coalition with far-right parties co-sponsored the resolution, while the opposition left the session to avoid supporting the statement. The Palestinian Declaration of Independence of 15 November 1988, which referenced
4230-442: The Jews. The Jews lived with us all of our lives and we never assaulted them, and they held high positions in government and ministries. But if they take my home and make me a refugee like 4 million Palestinians in exile? Who has more right to this land? The Russian immigrant who left this land 2000 years ago or the one who left 40 years ago? We don't hate the Jews, we only ask for them to give us our rights." In May 2017, Hamas issued
4324-543: The Muslim Brotherhood's ideology proposed a universal Islamist vision, Hamas's charter sought to narrow its focus on Palestinian nationalism and a strategy of armed struggle, or violent jihad . While the PLO was nationalistic, its ideology was considerably more secular in nature compared to Hamas. Like the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas subscribed to a neo- Salafi jihadi theology that sought national liberation by violence as permitted by divine decree. While its language
4418-582: The Oslo Accords and convinced many Israelis that the negotiations were in vain. In 2002, Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (who would go on to be King from 2005 to 2015) proposed the Arab Peace Initiative, which garnered the unanimous support of the Arab League while Israeli leaders continually refuse to discuss the initiative. President Bush announced his support for a Palestinian state, opening
4512-530: The Palestinian Authority from 2006 until 2007, on the contrary stated in 2006 that Hamas "will not change a single word in its covenant". Similarly, in 2007, Mousa Abu Marzook , Deputy Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau , stated that the 1988 charter could not be altered because it would look like a compromise not acceptable to the 'street' and risk fracturing the party's unity. In 2009, Paul Scham and Osama Abu-Irshaid wrote: Indeed, judging from
4606-432: The Palestinian state being based on the 1967 borders. The text says "Hamas considers the establishment of a Palestinian state, sovereign and complete, on the basis of the June 4, 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital and the provision for all the refugees to return to their homeland." This is in contrast to Hamas' 1988 charter, which previously called for a Palestinian state on all of Mandatory Palestine . Nevertheless, even in
4700-491: The Palestinians who talk about a two-state solution are my age." A survey taken before the outbreak of fighting in 2014 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) found that 60 percent of Palestinians say the goal of their national movement should be "to work toward reclaiming all of historic Palestine from the river to the sea" compared to just 27 percent who endorse the idea that they should work "to end
4794-409: The State of Israel, which it terms the " Zionist entity". The 2017 charter refers to an Israeli state within the pre-1967 borders as a transitional state while also advocating for the "liberation of all of Palestine". Responses to the 2017 document varied. While some welcomed it as a sign of increased political maturity, an attempt to bridge the gap between moderates and hardliners within Hamas, and
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#17328511628544888-585: The United Kingdom, France and Germany, among others. Israel's decision to build the homes was described by the Obama administration as "counterproductive", while Australia said that the building plans "threaten the viability of a two-state solution". This is because they claim the proposed E-1 settlement would physically split the lands under the control of the Palestinian National Authority in two, as
4982-528: The United States had become a party to the dispute instead of neutral intercessor for negotiations. A 2021 survey among 521 scholars who have dedicated their professional lives to the study of this region and its politics, found that 52 percent of respondents believed the two-state solution is no longer possible. If a two-state solution is not achieved, 77 percent predict "a one-state reality akin to apartheid" and 17 percent "one-state reality with increasing inequality, but not akin to apartheid"; one percent think
5076-481: The West Bank and continued strong support of settlements by the Israeli government had greatly reduced the land and resources that would be available to a Palestinian state creating doubt among Palestinians and left-wing Israelis that a two-state solution continued to be viable. In January 2012 the European Union Heads of Mission report on East Jerusalem found that Israel's continuing settlement activities and
5170-575: The West Bank territory to a "shrinking archipelago of enclaves". Proposals have been offered for over 50 post-evacuation compensation of settlers for abandoned property , as occurred following Israel's withdrawal of settlements from Gaza in 2005 and from the Sinai Peninsula in 1982. Some settlers in those previous withdrawals were forcibly removed by the IDF. In a 2002 poll conducted by PIPA , 72% of both Palestinians and Israelis supported at that time
5264-455: The West Bank. In June 2023, Netanyahu told members of the Knesset that Israel must block the creation of a Palestinian state. Later in 2023, despite Israeli PM Netanyahu's statement denying the creation of a Palestinian state as a condition for a normalization with Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabian crown prince Mohammed bin Salman said normalization with Israel was "for the first time real". This
5358-434: The ability of Fatah and its leader Mahmoud Abbas to act as the sole legitimate representative for the Palestinians. In addition, the 2017 charter removed many references to the Muslim Brotherhood as the ties had damaged the group's relationship with Egypt , as the government considers the group to be a terrorist organization. Scholars have debated how relevant the 1988 charter was to Hamas' policies. In 1987–88, during
5452-446: The aftermath of the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel , former Ambassador and Wilson Center head Mark Andrew Green described the 2017 revision as having "dressed up [Hamas's] terrorist objectives in more ambiguous, less violent terms" while the 2023 attack showed their objective remained, as in the 1988 charter, "the destruction of the State of Israel and the murder of Jewish people." Two-state solution The two-state solution
5546-453: The antisemitic language and clarified Hamas's struggle is with Zionists , not Jews. Since choosing to run candidates for office in elections, Hamas has downplayed the role of its charter. In direct contradiction of the Charter, in 2008 Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh stated that Hamas would agree to accept a Palestinian state along the 1967 borders , and to offer a long-term truce with Israel. In 2010, Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal stated that
5640-536: The area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of West Jerusalem , which was meant to be part of an international zone. Jordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank , annexing it the following year . The territory which became the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt but never annexed. Since the 1967 Six-Day War , both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip have been militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as
5734-463: The banner of Jihad (armed struggle) in "the face of the oppressors." The charter defines the struggle to be against the Jews and calls for the eventual creation of an Islamic Palestinian state in all of former Mandatory Palestine , and the obliteration or dissolution of Israel. The charter has been criticized for its use of antisemitic language, which some commentators have characterized as incitement to genocide . Hamas's 2017 charter removed
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#17328511628545828-528: The basis of the 1967 borders, indicating a willingness to set aside the refugees issue until some future undetermined date. Thus while Hamas had, at this time, not repudiated the 1988 charter, it was evolving away from it at a rapid pace. Also in 2010, in a discussion with U.S. Professor Robert Pastor , Hamas leader Khaled Mashal voiced a different perspective: the Charter is "a piece of history and no longer relevant, but cannot be changed for internal reasons". This answer prompted Professor Pastor to surmise that
5922-506: The charter identifies Hamas's struggle as a continuation of "Our [long and dangerous] struggle with the Jews…". Article Seven of the Charter concludes with a quotation from a hadith : The Day of Judgment will not come until Muslims fight the Jews, when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The stones and trees will say, 'O Muslim, O servant of God, there is a Jew behind me, come and kill him.' Only
6016-562: The circle of struggle against Zionism. Today it is Palestine, tomorrow it will be one country or another. The Zionist plan is limitless. After Palestine, the Zionists aspire to expand from the Nile to the Euphrates. When they will have digested the region they overtook, they will aspire to further expansion, and so on. Their plan is embodied in the "Protocols of the Elders of Zion", and their present conduct
6110-494: The claim that Hamas is no longer antisemitic has been undermined numerous times due to the actions of Hamas. Statements by Hamas officials such as Fathi Hamad - who according to some sources publicly called for the killing of Jews - are also cited as continued antisemitism within the group. CNN in November 2023 contended that the 1988 Hamas charter "mandates the killing of Jews". The New York Times on 8 October 2023 condemned
6204-483: The existing settlements have been constructed since the Oslo Accords . The establishment and expansion of the illegal settlements in the Occupied West Bank constitute a major challenge to the possibility of a two-state solution by "violating Palestinian sovereignty, threatening civil peace and security, jeopardizing water resources, and blocking agricultural development." This has progressively reduced Area A and B of
6298-574: The extent of the PNA's authority does not extend all the way to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea . Israel's Labor party has voiced support for the two-state solution, with Isaac Herzog stating it would be "in Israel's interests". in March 2015, Netanyahu declared that a Palestinian state would not be established during his administration, while he also stated that he disapproved the one-state solution for
6392-698: The failed 2000 Camp David Summit and the Clinton Parameters , followed by the Taba Summit in 2001. The failure of the Camp David summit to reach an agreed two-state solution formed the backdrop to the commencement of the Second Intifada , the violent consequences of which marked a turning point among both peoples’ attitudes. A two-state solution also formed the basis of the Arab Peace Initiative ,
6486-558: The fragile situation of the Palestinian population in East Jerusalem, as well in area C, was making a two-state solution less likely. The Israeli Foreign Ministry rejected this EU report, claiming it was "based on a partial, biased and one sided depiction of realities on the ground." In May 2012, the EU council stressed its "deep concern about developments on the ground which threaten to make a two-state solution impossible'. On 29 November 2012,
6580-472: The framework for how much of Israel's political borders with the Palestinian territories function today. The Accords culminated in the Camp David 2000 Summit , and follow-up negotiations at Taba in January 2001, which built explicitly on a two-state framework, but no final agreement was ever reached. The violent outbreak of the Second Intifada in 2000 had demonstrated the Palestinian public's disillusionment with
6674-599: The idea, though it has in the past. The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British Peel Commission report in 1937. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a partition plan for Palestine , leading to the 1948 Palestine war . As a result, Israel was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of
6768-443: The individual duty of every Moslem. In face of the Jews' usurpation of Palestine, it is compulsory that the banner of Jihad be raised. To do this requires the diffusion of Islamic consciousness among the masses, both on the regional, Arab and Islamic levels. It is necessary to instill the spirit of Jihad in the heart of the nation so that they would confront the enemies and join the ranks of the fighters." Some commentators argue that
6862-419: The lack of a Palestinian state as a cause of the war. The Associated Press wrote that Palestinians are "in despair over a never-ending occupation in the West Bank and suffocating blockade of Gaza". After Netanyahu invaded Gaza , he once again reiterated his opposition to the existence of a Palestinian state. Security Council resolutions dating back to June 1976 supporting the two-state solution based on
6956-561: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas_Charter&oldid=1259166771 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages 1988 Hamas charter The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement ( Arabic : ميثاق حركة المقاومة الإسلامية حماس ), referred to as
7050-425: The occupation of the West Bank and Gaza and achieve a two-state solution." WINEP says that "this is a new finding compared to similar (but not identical) questions asked in the past, when support for a two-state solution typically ranged between 40–55 percent". By 2020, 40% in Gaza and 26% in the West Bank believe that a negotiated two-state solution should solve the conflict. Another report, published also in 2021 by
7144-501: The organization's commitment to armed struggle While the 1988 Hamas Charter was widely criticized for its antisemitism, the 2017 document stated that Hamas' fight was not with Jews because of their religion, but with the Zionist project that expelled Palestinians from their homes.. Unlike the 1988 Charter, the 2017 charter accepted a Palestinian state within the borders that existed before 1967 and maintained Hamas's refusal to recognize
7238-407: The organization’s lack of reference to the charter and from the statements since made by Hamas’s leaders, the charter does not appear to be a major influence on Hamas’s actions. In 2010, Mahmoud al-Zahar , co-founder of Hamas, again indirectly defended the 1988 charter, saying: "Our ultimate plan is [to have] Palestine in its entirety." Yet, at the same time, Hamas offered to negotiate with Israel on
7332-489: The other side would never accept the existence of their independent state. At the end of October 2023, the two-state solution had the support of 71.9% of Israeli Arabs and 28.6% of Israeli Jews. Prior to the October 7 attack , according to Gallup , just 24% of Palestinians supported a two-state solution, a drop from 59% in 2012. Ehud Olmert , Israel's Prime Minister from 2006 to 2009, told Politico on 16 October 2023 that
7426-479: The possibility to “liberate” their lands. A young Hamas analyst stated in 2015: Fatah in the process of the Oslo Accords (1993–95) had changed its charter (towards nonviolence) but received very little in return; therefore, Hamas' most militant elements around 2015 were very reluctant about the then-current process within Hamas to moderate their own charter towards a less martial rhetoric. Similarly, American political scientist Richard Davis analysed in 2016 that
7520-539: The pre-1967 lines were vetoed by the United States, which supports a two-state solution but argued that the borders must be negotiated directly by the parties. After the First Intifada began in 1987, considerable diplomatic work went into negotiations between the parties, beginning with the Madrid Conference in 1991. The most significant of these negotiations was the Oslo Accords, which officially divided Palestinian land into three administrative divisions and created
7614-624: The principles of national self-determination in the UN Charter . They announced their intention to take all necessary measures to prevent the implementation of the resolution. Subsequently, the Intercommunal conflict in Palestine gave way to civil war and the plan was not implemented. At the end of the British Mandate, with the establishment of the State of Israel and entry of Arab regular armies into what had been Mandatory Palestine,
7708-498: The sovereignty of Islam in this region". The Charter adds that "renouncing any part of Palestine means renouncing part of the religion [of Islam]". The 1988 Charter draws heavily on quotations from the hadith and Qur'an and builds an argument that Jews deserve God's/Allah's enmity and wrath because they received the Scriptures but violated its sacred texts, rejected the signs of Allah, and slew their own prophets. The introduction of
7802-470: The specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the 1967 lines ), the status of Jerusalem , the Israeli settlements and the right of return of Palestinian refugees . Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and blockade of the Gaza Strip , as one of de facto Israeli sovereignty. The two-state solution
7896-460: The two-state solution "is the only real political solution for this lifelong conflict". On 6 November 2023, he told CBC that "a two-state solution should still be the goal of the Israeli government". Ehud Barak , Israel's Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001 and Minister of Defense from 2007 to 2013, told TIME on 6 November 2023 that "The right way is to look to the two-state solution". Interviewed by Ezra Klein on 8 December 2023, Nimrod Novik,
7990-401: The views of the Elders in the face of a "relentless occupation". The details of its religious and political language had not been examined within the framework of international law, and an internal committee review to amend it was shelved out of concern not to offer concessions to Israel on a silver platter, as had Fatah in the Oslo Accords (1993–95). Dutch researcher Floor Janssen compared
8084-554: The way for United Nations Security Council Resolution 1397 , supporting a two-state solution. At the Annapolis Conference in November 2007, three major parties—The PLO, Israel, and the US—agreed on a two-state solution as the outline for negotiations. However, the summit failed to achieve an agreement. Following the conflict that erupted between the two main Palestinian parties, Fatah and Hamas , Hamas took control of
8178-449: Was accepted by Jewish Agency for Palestine and most Zionist factions who viewed it as a stepping stone to territorial expansion at an opportune time. The Arab Higher Committee , the Arab League and other Arab leaders and governments rejected it on the basis that Arabs formed a two-thirds majority and owned a majority of the lands. They also indicated an unwillingness to accept any form of territorial division, arguing that it violated
8272-668: Was an apparent reversal of Saudi policy, articulated in the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative , when Saudi Arabia had offered Israel normalization with the whole Arab world if Israel allows the creation of a Palestinian state. Israeli and other officials involved in the negotiations confirmed that the Saudis were considering normalization with Israel without the creation of a Palestinian state. Many Palestinians worried that Israeli-Saudi normalization would cost them their last significant leverage for Palestinian statehood. In October 2023, Hamas launched an attack on Israel. Numerous sources identified
8366-464: Was asked: "Will it replace Hamas’ old charter?" Mashal answered: This "new document has been in the making for four years (…) This document reflects our position for now (…) The old charter was a product of its era, 30 years ago. We live in a different world today". Other Hamas leaders since then have repeated Mashal's message: the old Charter should be viewed as "a historical document and part of an earlier stage in [Hamas's] evolution". The Preamble to
8460-477: Was deemed unacceptable to Hamas, the Palestinian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood , and the charter was written to fill the ideological gap between the PLO and Muslim Brotherhood supporters. According to Hamas's Deputy Foreign Minister Dr. Ahmed Yousef , the Charter "was ratified during the unique circumstances of the Uprising in 1988 as a necessary framework for dealing with a relentless occupation". However, where
8554-588: Was far more religious, its political goals were identical to those of the PLO's charter and called for an armed struggle to retrieve the entire land of Palestine as an Islamic waqf . The original charter's tone and portrayal of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as a front in an eternal struggle between Muslims and Jews has been an obstacle for the organization's involvement in diplomatic forums involving Western nations. The updated charter published in 2017 walked back many of these assertions while adding questions regarding
8648-544: Was interviewed about the identification of Hamas' enemies as "Zionists" in the new document whereas in the 1988 charter they are also indicated as "the Jews". Mashal stated: "Yes", in the 1988 charter "the expression ['Jews'] was used", which he described as "not as accurate", emphasizing that Hamas' struggle "from the very start" was against "the Israeli occupier … not because they are Jews, (…) not because of their religion, but because (…) they have occupied our land, and attacked our people, and forced them out of their homes". In
8742-519: Was made by the British Peel Commission report of 1937 led by William Peel, 1st Earl Peel . The plan maintained a mandate covering a small area containing Jerusalem and allotted the poorest lands of Palestine, including the Negev Desert , and areas that are known today as the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the Arabs; while most of the coastline and some of Palestine's most fertile agricultural land in
8836-419: Was ranked second. Some researchers argue that the two-state solution has already been implemented because Jordan , which makes up 78% of the former Mandatory Palestine, was originally created as a state for the Arabs. In December 2022, support for a two-state solution was 33% among Palestinians, 34% among Israeli Jews, and 60% among Israeli Arabs . 82% of Israeli Jews and 75% of Palestinians believed that
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