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45-484: The force has a total strength of 531 sworn officers, 151 civilian staff, 170 crossing guards, nine K-9 dogs and two horses. It is headed by Don Maclean, chief of police. HRP is also responsible for armed security and response at Halifax Stanfield International Airport. A household in the Halifax Regional Municipality typically pays around C$ 28.39 per month for police services. The Halifax Police Department

90-502: A Boston Whaler . The Digital Forensics Unit is responsible for assisting the Fraud and Internet Child Exploitation units in gathering evidence to support their investigations. There are 233 vehicles of which 118 are marked vehicles and 115 are unmarked. These include cruisers, SUVs, vans, 12 motorcycles, four boats, a mobile command vehicle, six ATVs, and a forensics vehicle. The HRP also utilizes five radar trailers, four utility trailers, and

135-928: A bomb trailer. Since 2011, the Halifax Regional Police are now responsible for bylaw enforcement for the HRM - pesticides, noise, smoking, dangerous and unsightly premises, sidewalk snow and ice removal, and curbside solid waste. Three members made history in 1999. They were the first officers from a municipal force from Atlantic Canada to serve on a United Nations peacekeeping force in Kosovo . Since then, 17 other HRP officers have served on peacekeeping missions in East Timor , Kosovo, Sierra Leone , Haiti and Sudan . 44°38′58.24″N 63°34′50.10″W  /  44.6495111°N 63.5805833°W  / 44.6495111; -63.5805833 Sunnyside Mall The Sunnyside Mall

180-468: A crime from the public. Anyone with information about a crime can call anonymously to give police tips that may help with their investigation. The polygraph unit is responsible for conducting polygraphs during the course of a police investigation, and during the hiring process. The forensic identification unit is responsible for collecting, preserving and analyzing evidence for police investigations. The national weapons enforcement support team (NWEST)

225-526: A maximum penalty of life imprisonment . If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for the first offence, and seven years for subsequent offences. Robbery is a statutory offence in the Republic of Ireland . It is created by section 14(1) of the Criminal Justice (Theft and Fraud Offences) Act 2001 , which provides: A person

270-466: A mounted unit (consisting of one horse, named “Jewelz”). In addition to the visible patrol officers, the patrol division has several specialized units: The criminal investigation division is made up of four main sections: special investigations (SIS), criminal operations (CROPS), general investigations (GIS) and special enforcement (SES). The special investigation section is an integrated unit staffed by HRP officers as well as RCMP officers. This section

315-674: A number of break and enters that hit the area in the previous year. July 1813, was marked by widespread rioting and the militia were called up to take over policing duties. They were discharged in February 1814, but quickly re-instated less than a month later when rioting resumed. In October 1864 the day watch and night watch merged to form the Halifax Police Department under City Marshall Garrett Cotter. Six divisions were formed with five men assigned to each sergeant. Halifax got its first detective in 1873. The Dartmouth Police Department

360-419: A number of offences of robbery and aggravated robbery. If a robbery is foiled before it can be completed, an alternative offence (with the same penalty, given by section 8(2) of the 1968 Act) is assault; any act which intentionally or recklessly causes another to fear the immediate and unlawful use of force, with an intent to rob, will suffice. The following cases are relevant: Assault with intent to rob

405-419: A robbery will constitute an offence of handling . Robbery is an indictable-only offence . Under current sentencing guidelines, the punishment for robbery is affected by a variety of aggravating and mitigating factors. Particularly important is how much harm was caused to the victim and how much culpability the offender had (e.g. carrying a weapon or leading a group effort implies high culpability). Robbery

450-414: A trespassory taking and carrying away of the personal property of another with the intent to steal from the person or presence of the victim by force or threat of force. The first six elements are the same as common law larceny. It is the last two elements that aggravate the crime to common law robbery. from the person or presence of the victim – robbery requires that the property be taken directly from

495-471: A year, exceeding the National Crime Survey reported estimate. Robberies have been depicted, sometimes graphically, in various forms of media, and several robbers have become pop icons , such as Bonnie and Clyde and John Dillinger . Examples of media works focused on robberies include: Video games Payday: The Heist , Payday 2 and Payday 3 are games by Overkill Software where one of

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540-482: Is imprisonment for life . It is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Current sentencing guidelines advise that the sentence should be no longer than 20 years, for a high-harm, high-culpability robbery with other aggravating factors. The "starting point" sentences are: An offender may also serve a longer sentence if they are convicted of other offences alongside

585-560: Is a 311,000 sq ft (28,900 m ) Canadian shopping mall in Bedford , Nova Scotia . This article about a building or structure in Nova Scotia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a Canadian shopping mall is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Robbery Robbery (from Old French rober ("to steal, ransack, etc."), from Proto-West Germanic *rauba ("booty"))

630-617: Is a joint unit shared between the RCMP and other police forces throughout the country, including the HRP. They focus on the illegal movement of weapons within Canada. The general investigations section is an integrated unit of HRP and RCMP officers. They are responsible for investigating all cases of robbery , break and enter and auto theft . This unit also investigates cases of arson , serious assault , and firearms complaints. The special enforcement section

675-714: Is an indictable-only offence . It is punishable with imprisonment for life or for any shorter term. Assault with intent to rob is also subject to the mandatory sentencing regime under the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . Robbery is a statutory offence in Northern Ireland . It is created by section 8 of the Theft Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 . In the United States, robbery is generally treated as an aggravated form of common law larceny. Specific elements and definitions differ from state to state. The common elements of robbery are:

720-510: Is an integrated unit of HRP and RCMP officers. The drug section is in charge of enforcing the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . Primary focus is on street and mid-level drug trafficking, and also help with federal drug investigations. Drug awareness is also a priority for this section. The combined forces intelligence unit is responsible for investigating organized crime. In addition to HRP and RCMP officers, this unit includes members of

765-409: Is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury. This approach was confirmed in R v Clouden (1985) and Corcoran v Anderton (1980), both handbag-snatching cases. Stealing may involve a young child who is not aware that taking other persons' property is not in order. The victim must be placed in apprehension or fear that force would be used immediately before or at the time of

810-575: Is differentiated from other forms of theft (such as burglary , shoplifting , pickpocketing , or car theft ) by its inherently violent nature (a violent crime ); whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors , robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way , whereas robbery is triable only on indictment . The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g., deraubare ) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft". Among

855-414: Is divided into three categories which are, in increasing order of seriousness: street or less sophisticated commercial; dwelling; and professionally planned commercial. Robbery generally results in a custodial sentence. Only a low-harm, low-culpability robbery with other mitigating factors would result in an alternative punishment, in the form of a high level community order . The maximum legal punishment

900-566: Is guilty of robbery if he or she steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force. Robbery is a statutory offence created by section 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which reads: A person is guilty of robbery if he steals, and immediately before or at the time of doing so, and in order to do so, he uses force on any person or puts or seeks to put any person in fear of being then and there subjected to force. Robbery

945-419: Is in a person's presence when it is within the area of their immediate control. The property has to be close enough to the victim's person that the victim could have prevented its taking if he/she had not been placed in fear or intimidation. by force or threat of force – the use of force or threat of force is the defining element of robbery. For there to be robbery there must be "force or fear" in perpetrating

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990-462: Is responsible for investigating sexual assault, proceeds of crime, financial crime, and homicide. The section also investigates cold cases , and has a high risk enforcement team which monitors high risk offenders in HRM. Within the criminal operations section is a team of quality assurance readers ; eight sergeants who are responsible for ensuring the quality of all police reports. The quality assurance readers also determine which section should handle

1035-430: Is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law , robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault . Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery

1080-493: Is the only offence of aggravated theft. There are no offences of aggravated robbery. This requires evidence to show a theft as set out in section 1(1) of the Theft Act 1968. In R v Robinson the defendant threatened the victim with a knife in order to recover money which he was actually owed. His conviction for robbery was quashed on the basis that Robinson had an honest, although unreasonable, belief (under Section 2(1)(a) of

1125-588: The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA). The vice unit investigates crimes of morality, such as gambling, prostitution, and pornography. This unit also investigates missing persons. The port investigation unit is responsible for patrolling the lakes in HRM. The unit is also partners with the coast guard and the ports harbourmaster to patrol the Halifax Harbour, Bedford Basin, and Northwest Arm. The unit consists of about 20 HRP officers who patrol on jet skis and

1170-733: The Theft Act 1968 . See sections 40 to 43 of the Larceny Act 1861 . Section 23 of the Larceny Act 1916 read: 23.-(1) Every person who - shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for life, and, in addition, if a male, to be once privately whipped. (2) Every person who robs any person shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding fourteen years. (3) Every person who assaults any person with intent to rob shall be guilty of felony and on conviction thereof liable to penal servitude for any term not exceeding five years. This section provided maximum penalties for

1215-456: The Act) in his legal right to the money. See also R v Skivington [1968] 1 QB 166, [1967] 2 WLR 655, 131 JP 265, 111 SJ 72, [1967] 1 All ER 483, 51 Cr App R 167, CA. In R v Hale (1978) the application of force and the stealing took place in many different locations, and it was not possible to establish the timing; it was held that the appropriation necessary to prove theft was a continuing act, and

1260-431: The investigation, if a follow-up is necessary. The investigative call back unit is responsible for contacting people involved in a police incident to ensure that all necessary information has been obtained or given out. The crime analysis team monitors crime trends in the HRM, allowing police to have a better understanding of crime in the community. The Crime Stoppers unit is responsible for obtaining information about

1305-407: The jury could correctly convict of robbery. This approach was followed in R v Lockley (1995) when the force was applied to a shopkeeper after property had been taken. It was argued that the theft should be regarded as complete by this time, and R v Gomez (1993), should apply; the court disagreed, preferring to follow R v Hale . The threat or use of force must take place immediately before or at

1350-447: The legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also not every single crime is reported, meaning two things; (1) robbery rates are going to appear lower than they actually are and; (2) the percentage of crime that is not reported is going to be higher in some countries then others, for example – in one country 86% of the robberies were reported, whereas in another country only 67% of

1395-463: The new Halifax Regional Police (HRP). Policing in the new municipality was split between HRP covering the boundaries of the former cities of Halifax and Dartmouth and town of Bedford, while the RCMP covered Sackville and rural areas in the rest of the municipality. The patrol division is divided up into three divisional areas: The patrol division has a special eight-car traffic unit, a park patrol unit, and

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1440-508: The offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions. Criminal slang for robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery, usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and " steaming " (organized robbery on underground train systems). In Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence , subject to

1485-403: The person of the victim or from their presence. This is different from larceny which simply requires that property be taken from the victim's possession, actual or constructive. Property is "on the victim's person" if the victim is actually holding the property, or the property is contained within clothing the victim is wearing or is attached to a victim's body such as a watch or earrings. Property

1530-501: The robberies were reported. The last thing to note is that crime will vary by certain neighborhoods or areas in each country, so, just because a nationwide rate is a specified rate, does not mean that everywhere in that country retains the same amount of danger or safety. A 1983 study by the Department of Justice estimated that the amount of robberies in the US at schools alone may reach one million

1575-485: The robbery, such as assault and grievous bodily harm . Robbery was an offence under the common law of England. Matthew Hale provided the following definition: Robbery is the felonious and violent taking of any money or goods from the person of another, putting him in fear, be the value thereof above or under one shilling. The common law offence of robbery was abolished for all purposes not relating to offences committed before 1 January 1969 by section 32(1)(a) of

1620-403: The taking of the property. A threat is not immediate if the wrongdoer threatens to use force of violence some future time. Robbery occurs if an aggressor forcibly snatched a mobile phone or if they used a knife to make an implied threat of violence to the holder and then took the phone. The person being threatened does not need to be the owner of the property. It is not necessary that the victim

1665-500: The theft. Questions concerning the degree of force necessary for robbery have been the subject of much litigation. Merely snatching the property from the victim's person is not sufficient force unless the victim resists or one of the items is attached or carried in such a way that a significant amount of force must be used to free the item from the victim's person. For robbery the victim must be placed in "fear" of immediate harm by threat or intimidation. The threat need not be directed at

1710-442: The time of the theft . Force used after the theft is complete will not turn the theft into a robbery. The words "or immediately after" that appeared in section 23(1)(b) of the Larceny Act 1916 were deliberately omitted from section 8(1). The book Archbold said that the facts in R v Harman , which did not amount to robbery in 1620, would not amount to robbery now. It was held in R v Dawson and James (1978) that "force"

1755-421: The time of the theft. Force used after the theft will turn the theft into a robbery unless the theft is complete. The theft is considered completed when the perpetrator reaches a place of temporary safety with the property. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between

1800-434: The types of robbery are armed robbery , which involves the use of a weapon , and aggravated robbery , when someone brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or

1845-481: The victim personally. Threats to third parties are sufficient. The threat must be one of present rather than future personal harm. Fear does not mean "fright", it means apprehension – an awareness of the danger of immediate bodily harm. The maximum sentence for robbery in California is 9 years, according to Penal Code section 213(a)(1)(A). The threat or use of force does not have to take place immediately before or at

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1890-416: Was actually frightened, but the defendant must have put or sought to put the victim or some other person in fear of immediate force. The force or threat may be directed against a third party, for example a customer in a jeweller's shop. Theft accompanied by a threat to damage property will not constitute robbery, but it may disclose an offence of blackmail . Dishonestly dealing with property stolen during

1935-662: Was established in 1874 following the City of Dartmouth's incorporation the previous year. The Dartmouth Police Department worked out of the Dartmouth Town Hall until the 1940s where it was moved to Wentworth Street. In the early 1990s, the Dartmouth force moved to a new headquarters at 21 Mount Hope Avenue. The Dartmouth Police Department had a number of "firsts" for Nova Scotia. Those include, first with winter and summer issued clothing, air conditioned cars, and dress uniforms. The force also

1980-400: Was officially formed on October 28, 1864, although a system of constables had been operated in an unofficial manner since the first days of settlement, on July 18, 1749. Each ship arriving in the port city of Halifax would appoint one member of the crew to act as a constable responsible for the actions of the crew and passengers on board. In January 1799, the "night patrol" was formed to address

2025-573: Was the first to have a K9 unit in the province as well as outfit its members with bullet proof vests. The town of Bedford did not have its own police force until 1982. The Bedford Police Station was located in the current day Cascade Spa building on the Bedford Highway and later relocated to Sunnyside Mall . With the April 1, 1996, creation of the Halifax Regional Municipality, the police forces of Halifax, Dartmouth and Bedford were dissolved and merged into

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