Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz . Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension with water. Silt usually has a floury feel when dry, and lacks plasticity when wet. Silt can also be felt by the tongue as granular when placed on the front teeth (even when mixed with clay particles).
136-687: The Haldia Port ( Bengali : হলদিয়া বন্দর , romanized : Holdiẏa Bondor ), officially Haldia Dock Complex ( HDC ), is a port on the confluence of the Haldi River and the Hooghly River . The port is located at Haldia in West Bengal , about 130 kilometres (81 mi) from the sandheads–deep sea area of the Bay of Bengal, 45 kilometres (28 mi) upstream from Pilotage Station at Sagar and 104 km (65 mi) downstream of Kolkata . In 1968, an oil jetty
272-492: A bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from
408-805: A connecting channel between the Eastern Channel and the Western Channel, connecting Middletongue Point in the Eastern Channel–the northern end of the Gaspar Channel–and the southern end of the Upper Auckland Channel. The Gasper Channel-Auckland Channel-Jellingham Channel-Haldia Channel route was used for shipping to the Haldia Dock Complex, but later Eden Channel was used to avoid the dredging costs required to remove excess silt from
544-566: A deeper navigability than the Eastern Channel, thus the Haldia Dock Complex is able to handle larger ships than the Kolkata Dock System . The Western Channel is divided into four smaller channels, namely Eden Channel, Auckland Channel (upper part), Jellingham Channel and Haldia Channel. The southern end of the Eden Channel lies in the deep sea, and the northern end is connected to the Upper Auckland Channel. The Lower Auckland Channel acts as
680-590: A different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is লবণ lôbôṇ in the east which corresponds to নুন nun in the west. Bengali exhibits diglossia , though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or heteroglossia between the written and spoken forms of the language. Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and syntax : Linguist Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar categorises
816-480: A diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following: In standard Bengali, stress is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all trochaic ; the primary stress falls on the initial syllable of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in সহযোগিতা shô -hô- jo -gi- ta "cooperation", where
952-672: A large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in Midnapore , which borders Odisha , have used the Odia script to write in Bengali. In the border areas between West Bengal and Bihar , some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in Devanagari , Kaithi and Tirhuta . In Sylhet and Bankura , modified versions of
1088-786: A major generator of silt, which accumulated to form the fertile soils of north India and Bangladesh, and the loess of central Asia and north China. Loess has long been thought to be absent or rare in deserts lacking nearby mountains (Sahara, Australia). However, laboratory experiments show eolian and fluvial processes can be quite efficient at producing silt, as can weathering in tropical climates. Silt seems to be produced in great quantities in dust storms, and silt deposits found in Israel, Tunisia, Nigeria, and Saudi Arabia cannot be attributed to glaciation. Furthermore, desert source areas in Asia may be more important for loess formation than previously thought. Part of
1224-660: A majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the Chittagong region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB. The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis. The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one variety – often, speakers are fluent in Cholitobhasha (SCB) and one or more regional dialects. Even in SCB,
1360-492: A maximum draft depth of 9 metres (30 ft) and can accommodate Panamax vessels up to 230 metres (750 ft) long with cargoes of 40 to 50 percent of its capacity. The port operates floating crane facilities at the deep drafted anchorages located at Sagar and sandheads to accommodate large vessels for discharging bulk cargoes, liquid products are discharged in the Sandheads through Ship-to-ship cargo transfer. The Haldia Port
1496-440: A number of mechanisms. However, the main process is likely abrasion through transport, including fluvial comminution , aeolian attrition and glacial grinding. Because silt deposits (such as loess , a soil composed mostly of silt ) seem to be associated with glaciated or mountainous regions in Asia and North America, much emphasis has been placed on glacial grinding as a source of silt. High Asia has been identified as
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#17328595374931632-677: A part in the adoption of the English alphabet to write Bengali, with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali. Silt Silt is a common material, making up 45% of average modern mud . It is found in many river deltas and as wind-deposited accumulations, particularly in central Asia, north China, and North America. It is produced in both very hot climates (through such processes as collisions of quartz grains in dust storms ) and very cold climates (through such processes as glacial grinding of quartz grains.) Loess
1768-482: A platy or bladed shape. This may be characteristic of how larger grains abrade, or reflect the shape of small quartz grains in foliated metamorphic rock , or arise from authigenic growth of quartz grains parallel to bedding in sedimentary rock . Theoretically, particles formed by random fracturing of an isotropic material, such as quartz, naturally tend to be blade-shaped. The size of silt grains produced by abrasion or shattering of larger grains may reflect defects in
1904-674: A pollutant in water the phenomenon is known as siltation . Silt deposited by the Mississippi River throughout the 20th century has decreased due to a system of levees , contributing to the disappearance of protective wetlands and barrier islands in the delta region surrounding New Orleans . In southeast Bangladesh, in the Noakhali district , cross dams were built in the 1960s whereby silt gradually started forming new land called "chars". The district of Noakhali has gained more than 73 square kilometres (28 sq mi) of land in
2040-562: A rounded total of 280 million) worldwide. The Bengali language is native to the region of Bengal , which comprises the present-day nation of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal . Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura , southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Bengali is also spoken in
2176-408: A special diacritic, called the hôsôntô (্) , may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in ম্ [m] ). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a hôsôntô , may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in
2312-575: A state language of the then Dominion of Pakistan . On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the University of Dhaka ; they were the first ever martyrs to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan. 21 February has since been observed as Language Movement Day in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as International Mother Language Day by UNESCO every year since 2000. In 2010,
2448-441: A total cost of ₹26 crore. By 1978, the total amount of dredging was 82 million cubic metres, including 50 million cubic meters at Auckland, 21 million cubic meters at Jellingham and 11 million cubic meters at Midleton. However, despite dredging above the estimated value, the improvement in navigability was not consistent. The Haldia project was designed for a draft of 12.2 metres (40 ft), but even after more dredging than required,
2584-463: A vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in মই [moj] "ladder" and in ইলিশ [iliʃ] "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel ই is used (cf. the dependent form ি) . A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô , three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are
2720-715: A water depth of 40–50 metres (130–160 ft), capable of anchoring the world's largest ships; On the other hand, the Sagar anchorage has a water depth of 9–10 metres (30–33 ft), where mainly small capesize ships anchor. In addition to dry products, the Sandheads anchorage also has facilities of ship-to-ship (STS) operation to transshipment of liquid cargoes such as naphtha , propane , butane ; floating crane facilities are primarily used to discharge dry cargoes like coal , but transshipment of liquid cargoes do not need floating crane facilities. There are floating fender facilities for ship-to-ship liquid cargo transfer activities, which
2856-522: Is detritus (fragments of weathered and eroded rock) with properties intermediate between sand and clay . A more precise definition of silt used by geologists is that it is detrital particles with sizes between 1/256 and 1/16 mm (about 4 to 63 microns). This corresponds to particles between 8 and 4 phi units on the Krumbein phi scale . Other geologists define silt as detrital particles between 2 and 63 microns or 9 to 4 phi units. A third definition
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#17328595374932992-772: Is 330 metres (1,080 ft) and 345 metres (1,132 ft) respectively; these Oil Jetties allow berthing of vessels with a maximum length of 250 metres (820 ft) and a minimum length of 160 metres (520 ft). There are three oil jetties with an annual capacity of 10.7 million tons of liquid cargos, Of which HOJ-I, HOJ-II and HOJ-III are able to handling 2.6 million tons, 3.7 million tons and 4.4 million tons of liquid cargos annually respectively. HOJ-I has petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL) handling facilities, while HOJ-II and HOJ-III have infrastructure for importing crude oil . Crude oil, petroleum products, naphtha , liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) , para-xylene , liquid ammonia , FO, various chemicals and edible oils are transported through
3128-501: Is 6.2 metres (20 ft) in the northern part and 6.9 metres (23 ft) in the lower part. During high tides the channel depth exceeds 9 metres (30 ft) with tidal support; Capable of navigating vessels with a maximum draft of 9 metres (30 ft) and a minimum draft of 7.6 metres (25 ft). The average draft of approach channel—Western Channel—leading to Haldia varies between 8.2 metres (27 ft) to 8.6 metres (28 ft). Haldia Dock Complex has its own railway system to cater
3264-400: Is 9,000 square meters and 3,000 square meters respectively. The combined cargo capacity of the berths is 5.1 million tonnes per annum, of which berth no. 3, berth no. 9 and berth no. 12 are capable of handling 2.3 million tonnes, 0.9 million tonnes and 1.9 million tonnes per annum respectively. Berths no. 5, no. 6 and no. 7 have liquid cargo handling infrastructure, the three berths are part of
3400-494: Is Bangladesh's national march, written by The National Poet Kazi Nazrul Islam in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the Bangladeshi government in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of Vande Mataram , a patriotic song written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee , was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it
3536-536: Is a classical Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia. With over 237 million native speakers and another 41 million as second language speakers as of 2024, Bengali is the fifth most spoken native language and the seventh most spoken language by the total number of speakers in the world. It is the fifth most spoken Indo-European language . Bengali
3672-468: Is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs , and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers. There are no distinct upper and lower case letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words . Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra . Since
3808-1016: Is a jetty known as the approach jetty parallel to the banks of the Hooghly River, which primarily provides mooring facilities to ships before entering the lock-gate. The dock has only one turning basin, which is 545 meters in diameter . The impounded dock has a total of 14 berths, out of which 3 berths are fully mechanized for cargo handling. Berths at the dock include 6 dry bulk cargo berths, 3 liquid cargo berths, 3 multipurpose berths and 2 dedicated container berths. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 2 to 13. Dry cargo handling facilities are available at berths no. 2, no. 4, no. 4A, no. 4B, no. 8 and no. 13, of which no. 4 and no. 4A handle cargoes through fully mechanized systems. There are two mobile harbor cranes (MHC) at berth no. 2 for loading and unloading of cargoes on Panamax and Handymax vessels and sufficient number of equipment like dumpers, pay loaders and bulldozers required for handling cargoes at
3944-615: Is a particular challenge for civil engineering . The failure of the Teton Dam has been attributed to the use of loess from the Snake River floodplain in the core of the dam. Loess lacks the necessary plasticity for use in a dam core, but its properties were poorly understood, even by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation , with its wealth of experience building earthen dams . Silt is susceptible to liquefaction during strong earthquakes due to its lack of plasticity. This has raised concerns about
4080-419: Is also handled through pipelines laid at this berth. Berth No. 9 has dry bulk cargoes loading/unloading facilities, while Berth No. 12 has semi-mechanized infrastructure for cargo loading/unloading, equipped with mobile harbor cranes, hoppers etc. Operations on shore are carried out with dumpers , payloaders etc. berths no. 9 and berth no. 12 each have one warehouse for storing cargos, area of their storage area
4216-400: Is an abugida , a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô ) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). It
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4352-668: Is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ( Sri Lanka Matha ) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by Rabindranath Tagore , while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into Sinhala . After the contribution made by the Bangladesh UN Peacekeeping Force in the Sierra Leone Civil War under the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone ,
4488-489: Is capable of handling 10,000-12,000 DWT vessels. The terminal's jetty has a 66 metres (217 ft) long berth, with 3 mooring dolphins, and two reinforced cement concrete (RCC) decks known as crane deck and hopper deck. The crane deck contains a Liebherr CBG 300 crane, and the hopper deck mounted with a hopper that is connected to the conveyor belt. Cargoes transported by barges and mini bulk carriers (MBC) from Sandheads and Sagar anchorages are unloaded at this terminal, which
4624-703: Is carried through the vadose zone to be deposited in pore space. ASTM American Standard of Testing Materials: 200 sieve – 0.005 mm. USDA United States Department of Agriculture 0.05–0.002 mm. ISSS International Society of Soil Science 0.02–0.002 mm. Civil engineers in the United States define silt as material made of particles that pass a number 200 sieve (0.074 mm or less) but show little plasticity when wet and little cohesion when air-dried. The International Society of Soil Science (ISSS) defines silt as soil containing 80% or more of particles between 0.002 mm to 0.02 mm in size while
4760-589: Is common throughout the geologic record , but it seems to be particularly common in Quaternary formations. This may be because deposition of silt is favored by the glaciation and arctic conditions characteristic of the Quaternary. Silt is sometimes known as rock flour or glacier meal , especially when produced by glacial action. Silt suspended in water draining from glaciers is sometimes known as rock milk or moonmilk . A simple explanation for silt formation
4896-646: Is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in Kolkata , a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the West-Central dialect of Nadia and Kushtia District . There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in West Bengal will use
5032-478: Is directly connected to National Highway 116 (Old, NH-41). This National Highway connects with National Highway 16 (Old, NH-6)—part of Golden Quadrilateral —at Kolaghat , which makes the dock complex accessible to other states of the country including Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Odisha . The Haldia Dock Complex is connected to National Waterway 1 , which provides connectivity with North India . The Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal has been constructed by
5168-404: Is known as Apabhraṃśa , by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating. The local Apabhraṃśa of
5304-445: Is located at 21.20 north and 88.06 east. It is 156 nautical miles (289 km; 180 mi) north of Paradip Port by sea and river route, and 104 kilometres (65 mi) south of Kolkata Dock System by river route. The port is situated about 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of the deep sea (Sandhead) and 30 kilometres (19 mi) inland from the Bay of Bengal by river. It is developed on
5440-413: Is often found in mudrock as thin laminae , as clumps, or dispersed throughout the rock. Laminae suggest deposition in a weak current that winnows the silt of clay, while clumps suggest an origin as fecal pellets . Where silt is dispersed throughout the mudrock, it likely was deposited by rapid processes, such as flocculation . Sedimentary rock composed mainly of silt is known as siltstone . Silt
5576-467: Is one of the ports that support the hinterland of Central , East and Northeast India. It mainly transports bulk cargoes ; handled 49.54 million metric tonnes of cargoes in the 2023–24 financial year. It also handled over 0.1 million (1 lakh ) TEUs containers in 2022–23. The Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata) handles most of the cargoes through the Port. Haldia port is eight meters above sea level and
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5712-477: Is set out below in the International Phonetic Alphabet (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme). Bengali is known for its wide variety of diphthongs , combinations of vowels occurring within the same syllable . Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/ , are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively. /e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/ may all form the glide part of
5848-528: Is soil rich in silt which makes up some of the most fertile agricultural land on Earth. However, silt is very vulnerable to erosion, and it has poor mechanical properties, making construction on silty soil problematic. The failure of the Teton Dam in 1976 has been attributed to the use of unsuitable loess in the dam core, and liquefication of silty soil is a significant earthquake hazard. Windblown and waterborne silt are significant forms of environmental pollution, often exacerbated by poor farming practices. Silt
5984-634: Is that it is a straightforward continuation to a smaller scale of the disintegration of rock into gravel and sand. However, the presence of a Tanner gap between sand and silt (a scarcity of particles with sizes between 30 and 120 microns) suggests that different physical processes produce sand and silt. The mechanisms of silt formation have been studied extensively in the laboratory and compared with field observations. These show that silt formation requires high-energy processes acting over long periods of time, but such processes are present in diverse geologic settings. Quartz silt grains are usually found to have
6120-443: Is that silt is fine-grained detrital material composed of quartz rather than clay minerals . Since most clay mineral particles are smaller than 2 microns, while most detrital particles between 2 and 63 microns in size are composed of broken quartz grains, there is good agreement between these definitions in practice. The upper size limit of 1/16 mm or 63 microns corresponds to the smallest particles that can be discerned with
6256-545: Is the official , national , and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh , with 98% of Bangladeshis using Bengali as their first language. It is the second-most widely spoken language in India . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura and the Barak Valley region of the state of Assam . It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. It
6392-455: Is the most widely spoken language in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal , and is spoken by significant populations in other states including Bihar , Arunachal Pradesh , Delhi , Chhattisgarh , Meghalaya , Mizoram , Nagaland , Odisha and Uttarakhand . Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ( Bangladeshi diaspora and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America,
6528-489: Is transloading from larger vessels to barges and mini bulk carriers (MBC) by floating crane facilities. For discharge of cargoes, mainly coal , has a crane on the fixed RCC jetty, which transfers the cargoes from the moored barge or mini bulk ship to the hopper. The terminal's jetty has a minimum water depth of 8 metres (26 ft), which can easily handle mini bulk ships. The terminal is capable of handling 4 million tonnes of cargoes annually. The cargoes are transported from
6664-499: Is used to avoid collision between mother vessel and daughter vessel or small vessel. Floating fenders and tug boats are provided by the Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port or Port of Kolkata has two entrances from the sea, one is the Eastern Channel and the other is the Western Channel; whereas the western channel is used for navigation by vessels bound for Haldia Dock Complex. The Western Channel has
6800-500: The Aesop's Fables in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on English phonology by the Scottish linguist John Gilchrist . Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of Suniti Kumar Chatterji , Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda , and Muhammad Enamul Haq . The Digital Revolution has also played
6936-660: The Arabic , Persian , and Turkic languages . The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and Turkestan into the Buddhist -ruling Pala Empire , from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region. In the 13th century, subsequent Arab Muslim and Turco-Persian expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population. Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including
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#17328595374937072-560: The Barauni refinery . On 12 August 1968, the oil jetty began operations with the loading of 6,500T of motor oil on the IOC -chartered tanker Ampuria ; motor spirit was transported from Barauni refinery. In 1966, Calcutta Port Commissioners entrusted dredging work under Haldia Port project to Ivan Milutinnovic – PIM; the company had successfully completed dredging for the Paradip port project . ₹2.86 crore
7208-468: The Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. The Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987 , made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh. It is also the de facto national language of
7344-515: The Government of West Bengal , the Geonkhali project was not implemented but Haldia on the right bank of the river was alternatively selected as the subsidiary port of Kolkata. It was located in relatively more navigable waterways, and was closer to the sea than the proposed Geonkhali area; in addition, there were only three submerged sandbars in fairly straight waterways and shipping channel . In 1959,
7480-580: The Inland Waterways Authority of India on the land of the dock complex, through which cargoes are transported directly from the port to Varanasi and Sahebganj terminals. On the other hand, the port is connected with the riverine ports of Bangladesh and Indian state of Assam by National Waterway 97 (Sunderbans Inland Waterways) and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Waterway. Bengali language Bengali , also known by its endonym Bangla ( বাংলা , Bāṅlā , [ˈbaŋla] ),
7616-564: The Kaithi script had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of Hindustani with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing matra . Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in c. 1869 . Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the Arabic script had been used across Bengal from Chittagong in
7752-520: The Nadia region . Bengali shows a high degree of diglossia , with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Modern Bengali vocabulary is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with tatsamas and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from Persian , Arabic , Austroasiatic languages and other languages with which it has historically been in contact. In
7888-583: The Nile and Niger River deltas. Bangladesh is largely underlain by silt deposits of the Ganges delta. Silt is also abundant in northern China, central Asia, and North America. However, silt is relatively uncommon in the tropical regions of the world. Silt is commonly found in suspension in river water, and it makes up over 0.2% of river sand. It is abundant in the matrix between the larger sand grains of graywackes . Modern mud has an average silt content of 45%. Silt
8024-590: The University of Karachi (established by East Pakistani politicians before Independence of Bangladesh ) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature. The national anthems of both Bangladesh ( Amar Sonar Bangla ) and India ( Jana Gana Mana ) were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore . Notuner Gaan known as " Chol Chol Chol"
8160-499: The boldface represents primary and secondary stress. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters ; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as গেরাম geram (CV.CVC) for গ্রাম gram (CCVC) "village" or ইস্কুল iskul (VC.CVC) for স্কুল skul (CCVC) "school". The Bengali-Assamese script
8296-557: The phonology of Eastern Bengali is seen through the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some varieties of Bengali, particularly Sylheti , Chittagonian and Chakma , have contrastive tone ; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, Hajong
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#17328595374938432-608: The 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as Lisbon in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of
8568-637: The 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali: In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose Urdu as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the Bengali language movement . This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former East Bengal (today Bangladesh ), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the Bengalis and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as
8704-576: The 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time. The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the Pala Empire and the Sena dynasty . During the medieval period, Middle Bengali was characterised by the elision of the word-final অ ô and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the Sanskrit Schwa . Slowly, the word-final ô disappeared from many words influenced by
8840-451: The Bengali equivalent of a full stop – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra . The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example,
8976-426: The Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments , but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a back vowel , either [ɔ] as in মত [m ɔ t] "opinion" or [o] , as in মন [m o n] "mind", with variants like the more open [ɒ] . To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it,
9112-579: The Jellingham and Auckland sandbars in the port's channel. The ideal navigable depth at these two locations was 6.1 metres (20 ft) and 6.3 metres (21 ft) respectively at zero tide. A survey conducted in October 2008 by the Kolkata Port Trust showed that the depth at the two locations had decreased to 3.9 metres (13 ft) and 4.3 metres (14 ft) respectively. To address the navigability crisis,
9248-477: The Lower Auckland Channel; the current navigation route is Eden Channel-Auckland Channel (upper part)-Jellingham Channel-Haldia Channel. Balari Channel lies upstream of Haldia Channel. The Ballari Channel was formerly navigable, serving as a link between the Eastern Channel and the Western Channel; but towards the end of the last century (1986) it was declared unnavigable for large vessels and abandoned by
9384-520: The Middle East and other regions. Bengali was accorded the status of a classical language by the government of India on 3 October 2024. It is the second most spoken and fourth fastest growing language in India , following Hindi in the first place, Kashmiri in the second place, and Meitei ( Manipuri ), along with Gujarati , in the third place, according to the 2011 census of India . Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. Bengali literature , with its millennium-old literary history,
9520-430: The U.S. Department of Agriculture puts the cutoff at 0.05mm. The term silt is also used informally for material containing much sand and clay as well as silt-sized particles, or for mud suspended in water. Silt is a very common material, and it has been estimated that there are a billion trillion trillion (10 ) silt grains worldwide. Silt is abundant in eolian and alluvial deposits, including river deltas , such as
9656-409: The annual capacity is 4 million metric tons. From the mid-2010s, it is planned to end the dependence on lock-gate and dock for handling liquid cargo vessels to increase the port's cargo handling. A decision was taken to shift the liquid cargo unloading facility operated within the dock to the river bank. The construction of Outer Terminal-2 started on 5 September 2019 with a target of opening in 2021, but
9792-536: The basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ( Barisal , Chittagong , Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions of Bangladesh), many of the stops and affricates heard in West Bengal and western Bangladesh are pronounced as fricatives . Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ [ tɕɔ ] , ছ [ tɕʰɔ ] , জ [ dʑɔ ] correspond to eastern চ [tsɔ] , ছ [tsʰɔ~sɔ] , জ [dzɔ~zɔ] . The influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on
9928-451: The coast. Average monthly rainfall is less than 50 mm from November to February under the influence of northwest monsoon . It is situated on alluvial plain , mainly formed from silt carried by the Hooghly and Haldi rivers. The area surrounding the port falls under Seismic Zone III indicating a moderate risk of earthquakes. As there is no natural harbour, the dock is constructed by excavating
10064-469: The consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist a few visual formulas to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in
10200-439: The construction design and infrastructure, HOJ-I is capable of handling tankers up to 89,000 DWT, and HOJ-II and HOJ-III of up to 1,50,000 DWT. The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins at HOJ-I is 290 metres (950 ft), allowing vessels with a maximum length of 200 meters and a minimum length of 84 metres (276 ft). On the other hand, the distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins at HOJ-II and HOJ-III
10336-503: The country. In India, Bengali is one of the 23 official languages . It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal , Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam . Bengali has been a second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011. In Pakistan , Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan . The Department of Bengali in
10472-513: The crystal structure of the quartz, known as Moss defects. Such defects are produced by tectonic deformation of the parent rock, and also arise from the high-low transition of quartz: Quartz experiences a sharp decrease in volume when it cools below a temperature of about 573 °C (1,063 °F), which creates strain and crystal defects in the quartz grains in a cooling body of granite. Mechanisms for silt production include: Laboratory experiments have produced contradictory results regarding
10608-587: The development of Dobhashi . Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the Sultans of Bengal with the ascent of Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah . Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian , which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on
10744-415: The dock are operated by 12 locomotives under the dock's own railway, and annual capacity of transportation of cargos is 30 million metric tonnes. This railway system has general marshalling yard and bulk handling yard. Through the rail link, the cargoes are mainly transported to the manufacturing units of the port's customers like Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and NTPC etc. Haldia Dock Complex
10880-409: The dock basin is 12.5 meters (41 ft), providing the ability to anchorage for ships up to 277 meters (909 ft) long. The average depth of the channel from the pilot station to the dock is 8.3 m (27 ft); therefore, the dock is capable of anchoring ships up to 230 meters (750 ft) long. The lock-gate of the dock is 330 metres (1,080 ft) long and 39 metres (128 ft) wide. Along with the lock-gate there
11016-528: The dock began in 1967. In the first phase, only 7 berths and a single oil jetty were taken under construction. The need for an oil jetty at Haldia arose in the mid-1960s, as the Barauni refinery, established in 1964 with the help of the Soviet Union , needed to be serviced by tankers through the nearest port. Construction of the first oil jetty began in 1965, which was completed in 1968 with a pipeline connecting it to
11152-482: The dock occurs only during high tide, which occurs twice a day, causing port users to shift to other east-coast deep-water ports in India. In March 2018, The Kolkata Port Trust launched a floating jetty known as the Haldia Floating Terminal under the Haldia Dock Complex, which completely ending the dependence on the lock-gate. It is capable of discharging cargo from 10-12 thousand DWT barges/mini bulk carriers;
11288-524: The draft did not exceed 9.67 metres (31.7 ft). As a result, capital dredging has stopped; later dredging continued only for channel maintenance. Later, the Haldia city and the Haldia Industrial Belt were developed around the port. The import of crude oil through the port began in the 1960s, leading Haldia to develop into the first petrochemical hub of West Bengal and the entire eastern India in
11424-548: The earthquake damage potential in the silty soil of the central United States in the event of a major earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone . Silt is easily transported in water and is fine enough to be carried long distances by air in the form of dust . While the coarsest silt particles (60 micron) settle out of a meter of still water in just five minutes, the finest silt grains (2 microns) can take several days to settle out of still water. When silt appears as
11560-672: The east to Meherpur in the west. The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, Nur Qutb Alam , composed Bengali poetry using the Persian alphabet . After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan ; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. In
11696-549: The eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or Abahatta (lit. 'meaningless sounds'), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the Bengali–Assamese languages , the Bihari languages , and the Odia language . The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around
11832-466: The effectiveness of various silt production mechanisms. This may be due to the use of vein or pegmatite quartz in some of the experiments. Both materials form under conditions promoting ideal crystal growth, and may lack the Moss defects of quartz grains in granites. Thus production of silt from vein quartz is very difficult by any mechanism, whereas production of silt from granite quartz proceeds readily by any of
11968-466: The final ন in মন [m o n] or the medial ম in গামলা [ɡamla] ). A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent [ɔ] is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures . These allographs, called কার kar , are diacritical vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example,
12104-443: The fine silt produced in dust storms and the coarse silt fraction possibly representing the fine particle tail of sand production. Loess underlies some of the most productive agricultural land worldwide. However, it is very susceptible to erosion. The quartz particles in silt do not themselves provide nutrients, but they promote excellent soil structure , and silt-sized particles of other minerals, present in smaller amounts, provide
12240-405: The following decades. Thus, long before the economic liberalisation was adopted by the Government of India in the early 1990s, the Haldia port and industrial area became an oasis for private entrepreneurs and foreign capital. The port's navigable channel faced a navigability crisis in the late 2000s, which affected the port's normal shipping operations. The navigability crisis mainly occurred at
12376-435: The global COVID-19 pandemic including in West Bengal in 2020 delayed the construction. It was finally commissioned on 23 March 2022. Liquid cargos at Haldia port are primarily handling by three oil jetties on the west bank of the Hooghly River, which have a draft of 12.5 metres (41 ft). These oil jetties are known as Haldia Oil Jetty I (HOJ-I), Haldia Oil Jetty II (HOJ-I) and Haldia Oil Jetty III (HOJ-III). According to
12512-714: The government of Ahmad Tejan Kabbah declared Bengali as an honorary official language in December 2002. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations . Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum . Linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: Rarhi , Vangiya , Kamrupi and Varendri ; but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed. The south-western dialects ( Rarhi or Nadia dialect) form
12648-499: The graph মি [mi] represents the consonant [m] followed by the vowel [i] , where [i] is represented as the diacritical allograph ি (called ই-কার i-kar ) and is placed before the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs মা [ma] , মী [mi] , মু [mu] , মূ [mu] , মৃ [mri] , মে [me~mɛ] , মৈ [moj] , মো [mo] and মৌ [mow] represent the same consonant ম combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures,
12784-412: The graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden. Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke । daṛi –
12920-502: The help of floating cranes . Through this system, cargoes are transferred from large ships to smaller ships or barges and unloaded at the Haldia Dock Complex. The agency appointed by the Kolkata Port Trust executes the deep sea unloading operations. Floating cranes–cranes mounted on barges–are in service for this work. MV Yugalraj and MV Viganraj are the two floating cranes used for deep sea cargo unloading. Sandheads anchorage has
13056-599: The jetty is 80 metres (260 ft). The service deck is 12 metres (39 ft) long and 16 metres (52 ft) wide, and has a height of 8.70 metres (28.5 ft) above the water line (CD). The terminal is capable of accommodating vessels up to 9 metres (30 ft) in draft and 185 metres (607 ft) in length. As per construction design and infrastructure, Outer Terminal-II is capable of handling tankers of maximum size of 40,000 DWT. It mainly handling edible oil . The floating cargo handling terminal has infrastructure to handle barges and mini bulk carriers (MBC), and its jetty
13192-445: The jetty to the riverside yard through conveyor belts . The storage yard is spread over 4000 square meters. There is a 1.30 km long road network of 10.5 m width carriageway inside the boundary wall of the terminal to ensure smooth movement of vehicles for transportation of cargoes from storage yard. The port's impounded dock is enclosed by lock-gate, and mainly bulk cargos and containers are handle here. The maximum depth of water in
13328-401: The laboratory using the pipette method, which is based on settling rate via Stokes' law and gives the particle size distribution accordingly. The mineral composition of silt particles can be determined with a petrographic microscope for grain sizes as low as 10 microns. Vadose silt is silt-sized calcite crystals found in pore spaces and vugs in limestone . This is emplaced as sediment
13464-412: The land along the river. The maximum depth is up to 12.5 metres (41 ft) and the soil in the dock entrance basin is mainly composed of silt . Visibility in the harbor area is good throughout the year and low visibility is usually associated with heavy rains caused by the southwest monsoon . On average, there are five to seven morning fogs every month from November to February. The Kolkata Dock System
13600-483: The language as: While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However,
13736-510: The language movement. Although Sanskrit has been spoken by Hindu Brahmins in Bengal since the 3rd century BC, the local Buddhist population spoke varieties of the Prakrit . These varieties are generally referred to as "eastern Magadhi Prakrit ", as coined by linguist Suniti Kumar Chatterji , as the Middle Indo-Aryan dialects were influential in the first millennium when Bengal
13872-535: The language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include Yusuf-Zulekha by Shah Muhammad Sagir and Srikrishna Kirtana by the Chandidas poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the Mughal Empire conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century. The modern literary form of Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in
14008-428: The letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra , as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e , also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô . The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between
14144-762: The necessary nutrients. Silt, deposited by annual floods along the Nile River , created the rich, fertile soil that sustained the Ancient Egyptian civilization. The closure of the Aswan High Dam has cut off this source of silt, and the fertility of the Nile delta is deteriorating. Loess tends to lose strength when wetted, and this can lead to failure of building foundations. The silty material has an open structure that collapses when wet. Quick clay (a combination of very fine silt and clay-sized particles from glacial grinding)
14280-585: The neighbouring states of Odisha , Bihar , and Jharkhand , and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi , Mumbai , Thane , Varanasi , and Vrindavan . There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the Middle East , the United States , Singapore , Malaysia , Australia , Canada , the United Kingdom , and Italy . The 3rd article of
14416-514: The parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language. As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India. In 2024, the government of India conferred Bengali with the status of classical language . Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming
14552-507: The past 50 years. With Dutch funding, the Bangladeshi government began to help develop older chars in the late 1970s, and the effort has since become a multi-agency operation building roads, culverts , embankments, cyclone shelters, toilets and ponds, as well as distributing land to settlers. By fall 2010, the program will have allotted some 100 square kilometres (20,000 acres) to 21,000 families. A main source of silt in urban rivers
14688-411: The port authorities due to excessive siltation. The depth of the Western Channel is not uniform at all locations due to the presence of submerged sandbars . The 110 km (68 m) long channel up to Haldia has a minimum depth of 4.3 m (14 ft) and a minimum width of 345 m (1,132 ft). The natural navigability of the Western Channel's submerged sandbars is greater than 5 m, out of which the depth of Eden Channel
14824-452: The port authority conducted a survey in 2011 to introduce Eden channel as an alternative channel to Lower Auckland. The Eden channel was fully opened in 2016, which is deeper than Lower Auckland; depth of its shallow part is 6.2–6.9 metres (20–23 ft) at zero tide. Factors such as navigable crisis in the channel, dependence on tides and lockgate for shipping led to a rapid decline in cargo volume at Haldia Dock since 2009. Vessel movement at
14960-539: The port's liquid bulk cargo terminal. Berths no. 6 and no. 7 have a finger jetty, which provide vessel mooring facilities for both berths. Berths are equipped to transport edible oil , carbon black feed stock (CBFS) , phosphoric acid and various non-dangerous liquid cargoes. These three berths have the capacity to handle 4.2 million tons of cargo annually. Berths no. 6 and no. 7 have an open storage area of 19,000 square meters for storage of cargoes. Berths no. 10 and no. 11 have infrastructure for handling container ships ,
15096-461: The possibility of establishing a subsidiary port of Kolkata Dock System. In the 1950s, the search was on for a suitable location for a port near the estuary of the Hooghly River , which would not pose navigational problems and would provide sufficient draft for larger ships. Among the various possible sites, Geonkhali , 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Kolkata , was a serious contender for Haldia. Jeonkhali had 26 feet (7.9 m) draft all-round
15232-440: The problem may be the conflation of high rates of production with environments conducive to deposition and preservation, which favors glacial climates more than deserts. Loess associated with glaciation and cold weathering may be distinguishable from loess associated with hot regions by the size distribution. Glacial loess has a typical particle size of about 25 microns. Desert loess contains either larger or smaller particles, with
15368-445: The project report for the new port was prepared but was delayed due to some technical problems. The master plan envisaged the construction of a Trishula shaped dock included two entrances with lock , 47 berths, two oil jetties on the river bank and two large dry docks . Posthuma, DG of the Port of Rotterdam , who advised the Government of India on the development of the country's ports,
15504-528: The service in the first phase and third rail mounted quay cranes in the second phase; the third quay crane has a lifting capacity of 40 tonnes and is capable of handling containers with an outreach of 40 meters by crane arm. The terminal has ground slots of around 1500 TEUs with stacking facilities of equivalent height of 3/4 containers. It has the capacity to handling 3 lakh TEUs (0.3 million TEUs) annually. Transloading facilities are available at Sandheads anchorage and Sagar anchorage, which are operated with
15640-427: The so-called "inherent" vowel [ɔ] is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign ম [mɔ] . The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent
15776-536: The superposed chôndrôbindu (ঁ) , denoting a suprasegmental for nasalisation of vowels (as in চাঁদ [tʃãd] "moon"), the postposed ônusbar (ং) indicating the velar nasal [ŋ] (as in বাংলা [baŋla] "Bengali") and the postposed bisôrgô (ঃ) indicating the voiceless glottal fricative [h] (as in উঃ! [uh] "ouch!") or the gemination of the following consonant (as in দুঃখ [dukʰːɔ] "sorrow"). The Bengali consonant clusters ( যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn ) are usually realised as ligatures, where
15912-421: The terminal. berth no. 3, berth no. 9 and berth no. 12 are used as multi-purpose berths, the three berths collectively known as multi-purpose terminal. Dry bulk cargoes, clean dry bulk cargoes and break-bulk cargoes are handling through the terminal. Berth no. 3 has facilities for loading/unloading of dry bulk as well as break-bulk cargoes, cargoes loading/unloading is mainly done using ship's gear. Edible oil
16048-435: The three jetties. Outer Terminal-II is located in the river between lock-gate and HOJ-II. The berth or jetty of the terminal consists of 4 mooring dolphins and a service deck. The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins is 270 metres (890 ft), while the distance between the inner mooring and the outermost mooring dolphin is 55 metres (180 ft) and the distance between the inner mooring and centre line of
16184-605: The traffic demand for warehouses and sidings. Each berth of the dock has railway connectivity. The dock's rail system is connected to the Panshkura-Haldia broad gauge railway section at Gaurich near Durgachak station under the South Eastern Railway Zone of Indian Railways through a fully electrified single line rail corridor. The railway system consists of 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) railway with 115 kilometres (71 mi) track and 2 yards. Freight trains within
16320-673: The two berths are collectively referred to as the Container Terminal by the Port Authority. The terminal is operated and maintained by Haldia International Container Terminal Limited, a subsidiary of International Cargo Terminal and Infrastructure Pvt. The quay of the terminal is 432 metres (1,417 ft) long. The terminal is operated with state-of-the-art systems and equipment. There are 3 rail mounted quay cranes for handling container ships and 4 rubber tyred gantry cranes for stacking containers. 2 rail mounted quay cranes were added to
16456-699: The unaided eye. It also corresponds to a Tanner gap in the distribution of particle sizes in sediments : Particles between 120 and 30 microns in size are scarce in most sediments, suggesting that the distinction between sand and silt has physical significance. As noted above, the lower limit of 2 to 4 microns corresponds to the transition from particles that are predominantly broken quartz grains to particles that are predominantly clay mineral particles. Assallay and coinvestigators further divide silt into three size ranges: C (2–5 microns), which represents post-glacial clays and desert dust; D1 (20–30 microns) representing "traditional" loess ; and D2 (60 microns) representing
16592-413: The very coarse North African loess. Silt can be distinguished from clay in the field by its lack of plasticity or cohesiveness and by its grain size. Silt grains are large enough to give silt a gritty feel, particularly if a sample is placed between the teeth. Clay-size particles feel smooth between the teeth. The proportions of coarse and fine silt in a sediment sample are determined more precisely in
16728-484: The visible matra and an invisible baseline). There is yet to be a uniform standard collating sequence (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on
16864-435: The vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ( tadbhava ), whereas Hindus are more likely to use tatsama (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit). For example: The phonemic inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 nasalised vowels . The inventory
17000-403: The warmest months, while December and January are the coldest months. The highest temperature recorded so far is 44.90°C (May) and the lowest temperature is 6.90°C (December), which was recorded in 1975. The port area receives most of its seasonal rainfall from the southwest monsoon from June to September, with an average rainfall of 250 mm. Occasionally, cyclones formed in the Bay of Bengal hit
17136-679: The western bank of the Hooghly River at the confluence of the Hooghly and Haldi rivers in the Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district in the southern part of the state of West Bengal in eastern India . The Haldia port is located on the eastern coast of India in the Lower Gangetic Plain which is part of a flat plain known as the Gangetic Plain ; the land slope is fairly flat. Haldia has seasonal temperature variations; April and May are
17272-500: The year, and was able to accommodate ships over 530 feet (160 m) long. In 1959, The Haldia Project Report was prepared by Rendell Palmer Triton (RPT), a UK-based port consultant. Haldia had draft of 30 feet (9.1 m) for all days, 32 feet (9.8 m) for 238 days and 35 feet (11 m) for 39 days in a year. It was expected that with dredging and river training works, the navigability would increase and by 1985, 80,000 DWT ships would be able to come to Haldia. The Barauni refinery
17408-552: The year. Finally in 1977, the port gained momentum with the opening of the Haldia Dock Complex. Haldia Dock Complex, a modern dock complex of Kolkata Port Trust, was set up in 1977 to handle larger vessels, carrying bulk cargo with optimum economy. Cargo projection for the first financial year (1975-76) at Haldia Dock Complex was 21 million metric tonnes, which is 2.5 times more than the Kolkata dock system. The Dutch dredging company had dredged 50 million cubic meters of silt up to 1977, at
17544-554: Was a part of the Greater Magadhan realm. The local varieties had no official status during the Gupta Empire , and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of Sanskrit literature for Hindu priests, the vernacular of Bengal gained a lot of influence from Sanskrit. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam , and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi . Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what
17680-518: Was commissioned at Haldia, and officially in 1977 the port facility of Haldia started functioning as a subsidiary port of the Port of Kolkata under the name Haldia Dock Complex. The port consists of a dock enclosed by lock and riverside jetties. The dock have container terminal, dry cargo terminal and bulk cargo terminal, and river jetties mainly handle liquid products. The port is mainly handles fully loaded Handy size (not Handymax)–carriers of 28,000–40,000 deadweight tonnage (DWT)–vessels. It has
17816-550: Was extensively developed during the Bengali Renaissance and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of
17952-576: Was fixed at ₹1.49 lakh . The Dredger Ham-308 was deployed at Auckland (a submerged sandbars on the Hooghly River) and the Dredger Delta Bay at Middleton (another Submerged Sandbars on the Hooghly River). The proposed estimate was that dredging 76 million cubic meters of sediment would provide 12.2 metres (40 ft) of navigability for 320 days a year, and dredging 30 million cubic meters of sediment would provide 10.67 m of navigability throughout
18088-406: Was involved in the outline of the Haldia project; dutch hydrologist Jansen, who examined river regimes. The port engineering aspect was overseen by the internationally renowned French harbor engineer Larras. Due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal , Haldia was designed in the early 1960s to accommodate large ships. In the late 1960s, the Haldia was first developed as a river port. Construction for
18224-477: Was paid to the company under the dredging contract. The contract involved the dredging of 1.5 million cubic meters of silt in front of the oil jetty, at approaches to the lock-gate and the dock. The dredged silt was deposited in low-lying land near the docks. The dredging work was supposed to start in 1966 and finish in 1969, but the dredgers of the Dutch company were deployed from 1973 to 1975. The daily rent for dredging
18360-547: Was set up in Bihar in the 1960s, an immediate need for an oil jetty was felt to import crude oil and petroleum products, the main raw materials required for the refinery, which fueled plans to build a new port. In the initial period, the then Chief Minister Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy selected Geonkhali as a suitable location for setting up a satellite port of Kolkata and planned to connect it with Kolaghat through rail connectivity for improved transportation. Despite various efforts by
18496-439: Was unable to handle large sea-going vessels due to the low navigability of the navigable channel of the century-old Port of Kolkata under Kolkata Port Trust. This inability threatened the economy of Kolkata and eastern India . Port of Kolkata had been facing navigability problems for long due to silting and submerged sandbar , and an alternative route was needed for shipping, which led the Government of West Bengal to consider
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