The Halchidhoma ( Maricopa : Xalychidom Piipaa or Xalychidom Piipaash – 'people who live toward the water') are a Native American tribe now living mostly on the Salt River reservation, but formerly native to the area along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona when first contacted by Europeans. In the early nineteenth century, under pressure from their hostile Mohave and Quechan neighbors, they moved to the middle Gila River , where some merged with the Maricopa , and others went on to Salt River and maintained an independent identity.
22-620: The Halchidhoma currently speak the Maricopa language . The Halchidhoma entered written history in 1604–1605, when a Spanish expedition coming overland from New Mexico under Juan de Oñate encountered the "Alebdoma" on the lower Colorado River, below its junction with the Gila River. When the Jesuit missionary-explorer Eusebio Francisco Kino returned to the river in 1700, the Halchidhoma had moved to
44-454: A portion of the river 100 miles farther north. A system of military alliances and traditional hostilities seems to have prevailed among the relatively warlike tribes of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers. This may account for the Halchidhoma's move during the seventeenth century. The Halchidhoma were part of an alliance that also included the Maricopa and Cocopa , among others, and was opposed by
66-449: Is inserted: Maricopa has a subject marker -sh but no marker for the direct object . mat-v-sh earth- DEMONSTRATIVE - SUBJECT 'or'or-m round- REAL mat-v-sh 'or'or-m earth-DEMONSTRATIVE-SUBJECT round-REAL "The world (near) is round." 'iipaa-ny-sh man- DEMONSTRATIVE - SUBJECT qwaaq deer kyaa-m shoot- REAL 'iipaa-ny-sh qwaaq kyaa-m man-DEMONSTRATIVE-SUBJECT deer shoot-REAL "The man shot
88-863: Is spoken by the Native American Maricopa people on two reservations in Arizona: the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community and the Gila River Indian Community . Most speakers live in Maricopa Colony . The language is considered severely endangered by UNESCO . Although the Maricopa now live among the Pima , their language is completely unrelated. It is a Yuman language, related to other languages such as Mohave , Cocopah , Havasupai , Yavapai and Kumeyaay , while
110-511: The Chemehuevi . Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California .) The Franciscan missionary-explorer Francisco Garcés estimated the Halchidhoma population in 1776 as 2,500. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Halchidhoma at 1,000. Historical records indicate that there once
132-522: The Maricopa language . The Halchidhoma entered written history in 1604–1605, when a Spanish expedition coming overland from New Mexico under Juan de Oñate encountered the "Alebdoma" on the lower Colorado River, below its junction with the Gila River. When the Jesuit missionary-explorer Eusebio Francisco Kino returned to the river in 1700, the Halchidhoma had moved to a portion of the river 100 miles farther north. A system of military alliances and traditional hostilities seems to have prevailed among
154-426: The cross-linguistically common five-way quality contrast : There are falling diphthongs that glide from one vowel sound into another. Diphthongs can also be long or short: /ej/ and /eːj/ are both found. Diphthongs are as in kwidui /kwiduj/ and mahai /maxaj/ . Stress within a word falls on the final root vowel (they are capitalized): Declarative sentences have a falling intonation toward
176-961: The Gila River Indian Community, and most Xalychidom reside at Salt River. However, all remaining dialect differences are fairly minor. Xalychidom is the dialect spoken by the formerly distinct Xalychidom people . There is a language revitalization program at Salt River, the O'odham Piipaash Language Program, offering immersion classes, language-based cultural arts classes, community language-based social activities, and assistance with translation, cultural information and language learning. All claims and examples in this section come from Gordon (1986) unless otherwise noted. Phonemes /f/ and /ŋ/ occur only in loanwords like kafe /kafe/ ' coffee ' and narangk /naraŋk/ ' orange ' , both from Spanish. [ŋ] also occurs as an allophone of /ɲ/ . Maricopa has 10 phonemic vowels made up of 5 pairs of corresponding long and short vowels with
198-576: The Halchidhoma population in 1776 as 2,500. Alfred L. Kroeber (1925:883) put the 1770 population of the Halchidhoma at 1,000. Historical records indicate that there once was a separate Halchidhoma language within the Yuman family , in the River Yuman subdivision. Due to war and conflict with European settlers, the Halchidhoma settled in with the Maricopa people , in their current location around Greater Phoenix . The Halchidhoma currently identify themselves with
220-502: The Pima speak a Uto-Aztecan language . According to the Ethnologue, language shift is occurring at Maricopa Colony: "The child-bearing generation can use the language among themselves, but it is not being transmitted to children." At Salt River, it is nearly extinct: "The only remaining users of the language are members of the grandparent generation or older who have little opportunity to use
242-579: The Quechan and Mohave. In the 1820s, the Halchidhoma were finally driven from the Colorado River. They took refuge with the Maricopa on the middle Gila River. In the following decades, some continued on to Lehi on the Salt River and maintained a separate identity, while others stayed and became assimilated to the Maricopa. The territory on the Colorado River vacated by the Halchidhoma was subsequently occupied by
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#1732851966334264-417: The corresponding mid vowel. [u] is inserted between a rounded consonant and a round or labial consonant. A rounded consonant can delabialize before any other consonant. /ɲ/ assimilates to [ŋ] before a velar or post-velar consonant. After a morpheme boundary, [ŋ] is preceded by [ɪ] . Between a back vowel and any following vowel, [w] is inserted: Between a front vowel and a background vowel, /j/
286-411: The deer." There are four other cases : comitative ("with, about"), adessive / allative ("at, towards"), inessive / illative ("in, on, into"), and general locative or directional ("to, from"). -m : comitative ("with"), instrumental ("with, by means of"). Grace-sh Halchidhoma The Halchidhoma ( Maricopa : Xalychidom Piipaa or Xalychidom Piipaash – 'people who live toward
308-428: The end of the sentence. Interrogative sentences have a rising intonation toward the end of the sentence. Epenthesis of vowels to relieve consonant clusters is a major and complicated issue in Maricopa. It is not completely understood, but some general statement can be made. Epenthetic vowels can have the quality of any other vowel as well as some reduced vowel qualities. However, the form is basically predictable from
330-561: The language. There are about 100 speakers out of an ethnic population of 800. Salt River's cultural resources department estimates that there are around 15 fluent native speakers remaining in the Salt River community. There are many more with varying degrees of fluency, including many who can understand but not speak Maricopa. The modern Maricopa people are actually an amalgamation of five separate but related groups, with different dialects. There are now two dialects of Maricopa: Piipaash and Xalychidom. Most Piipaash reside at Maricopa Colony on
352-505: The local context: Sequences of three non-syllabic consonants never surface without epenthesis. Sequences of two consonants sometimes cause epenthesis, depending on the consonants in question. Nasals and liquids are least likely to accompany epenthesis, as they often syllabify instead, particularly in the following circumstances: In most other initial two-consonant cluster, epenthesis occurs: Some final clusters are allowed, but others are broken up. The distinction seems to rest partially on
374-514: The middle Gila River. In the following decades, some continued on to Lehi on the Salt River and maintained a separate identity, while others stayed and became assimilated to the Maricopa. The territory on the Colorado River vacated by the Halchidhoma was subsequently occupied by the Chemehuevi . Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. (See Population of Native California .) The Franciscan missionary-explorer Francisco Garcés estimated
396-625: The number of syllables in the word as well as the particular sequence of consonants: Non-initial sequences of identical oral consonants, other than /ʂ/ , geminate: The sequence /ʂʂ/ can surface as [tʂ] . Thus, /ʔiːpaʂ-ʂ/ may surface as [ʔiːpatʂ] or [ʔiːpaʂɪʂ] . When /t͡ʃ/ follows any segment except /ʂ/ and precedes any unstressed segment, it deaffricates to /ʂ/ : /t͡ʃmɲaː-k/ surfaces as [t͡ʃɪmɪɲaːk] , but /m-t͡ʃmɲaː-k/ surfaces as [mɪʂɪmɪɲaːk] . For less conservative speakers, /t͡ʃ/ can surface as /ʂ/ before any unstressed segment other than /s/ . Unstressed high vowels can lower to
418-401: The relatively warlike tribes of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers. This may account for the Halchidhoma's move during the seventeenth century. The Halchidhoma were part of an alliance that also included the Maricopa and Cocopa , among others, and was opposed by the Quechan and Mohave. In the 1820s, the Halchidhoma were finally driven from the Colorado River. They took refuge with the Maricopa on
440-463: The south banks of the Salt River. They continue to speak what they refer to as the Halchidhoma language. Halchidhoma people in the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community nearly universally identify themselves in English as Maricopa , although both groups testify that they are separate, maintaining separate languages and identities (Kelly 1972:264). Maricopa language Maricopa or Piipaash
462-616: The water') are a Native American tribe now living mostly on the Salt River reservation, but formerly native to the area along the lower Colorado River in California and Arizona when first contacted by Europeans. In the early nineteenth century, under pressure from their hostile Mohave and Quechan neighbors, they moved to the middle Gila River , where some merged with the Maricopa , and others went on to Salt River and maintained an independent identity. The Halchidhoma currently speak
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#1732851966334484-476: Was a separate Halchidhoma language within the Yuman family , in the River Yuman subdivision. Due to war and conflict with European settlers, the Halchidhoma settled in with the Maricopa people , in their current location around Greater Phoenix . The Halchidhoma currently identify themselves with the Maricopa tribe, and many live in Lehi , which is a small community within the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on
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