94-548: Helston ( Standard Written Form : Hellys ) is a town and civil parish in Cornwall , England, United Kingdom. It is situated at the northern end of the Lizard Peninsula approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of Penzance and 9 miles (14 km) south-west of Falmouth . Helston is the most southerly town on the island of Great Britain and is around 1.5 miles (2.4 km) farther south than Penzance . The population in 2011
188-627: A British settlement at the top of the hill (close to which "much Romaine mony is found"), the Saxon and medieval town further south, and a more recent riverside development at Wigford. He was able to judge that the existing fabric of Ripon Minster "indubitately was made sins the Conquest ". He correctly distinguished what he called "Briton brykes" (actually Roman bricks ) at several geographically dispersed sites, including Verulamium , Richborough , Lympne , Dover Castle , Canterbury , and Bewcastle . He
282-520: A variant graph by RLC when i is diphthongised to [əɪ] in stressed open syllables. ^3 Used in hiatus. ^4 A few monosyllables may keep the more conservative pronunciation [ʊɪ] in RLC, e.g. Cornish : moy [mʊɪ] "more", Cornish : oy [ʊɪ] "egg". ^5 Given as [yʊ] in the original Specification but as [ʏʊ] in the updated online dictionary. ^6 The variant graph ew may be used instead of yw to represent
376-409: A , l , o , r and u John Leland (antiquary) John Leland or Leyland (13 September, c. 1503 – 18 April 1552) was an English poet and antiquary . Leland has been described as "the father of English local history and bibliography". His Itinerary provided a unique source of observations and raw materials for many subsequent antiquaries, and introduced the county as
470-544: A commendable seventh place. The band went on to achieve third place at the West of England First Section Championships in 2007, and were delighted to become West of England First Section Champions once again in 2008. These excellent results meant that Helston Town Band earned promotion and competed in the Championship Section in 2009 for the first time in its history. There are several churches including St Michael's Church,
564-541: A community based station. The town is served by the local newspapers, The West Briton and Falmouth Packet . In 1885 the annual custom of the beating the Helston Borough Bounds was undertaken, followed by a scrimmage for 15 dozen buns and the throwing of the hurling ball . In the same year Helston Cycling Club had their headquarters at the Globe Hotel and had a weekly evening cycle to places such as Redruth and
658-697: A double consonant or a consonant cluster, e.g. Cornish : ass RMC [as] , RLC [æs] "how"; Cornish : hons RMC [hɔns] , RLC [hɔnz] "yonder". Exceptions are that long vowels precede st , e.g. Cornish : lost RMC & RLC [lɔːst] "tail", and also sk and sp in RMC, e.g. Cornish : Pask [paːsk] "Easter". Stressed vowels in polysyllables are short except in the case of conservative RMC speakers, who may pronounce vowels long before single consonants and st (and, for some, sk and sp ), e.g. Cornish : gwagen RMC [gwa(ː)gɛn] , RLC [gwægɐn] "a blank". ^1 May be reduced to [ɐ] when unstressed, which
752-659: A few fragmentary notes survive. Leland kept notebooks on his travels, in which he entered and assessed information from personal observation, and from books, charters and oral sources. It is this material which we now know as his 'Itinerary'. In the 1906–10 edition, the Itinerary runs to five printed volumes. It comprises rough notes and very early drafts, the raw materials for a more digested description of England and Wales – Leland would not have envisaged publishing it in anything like its present form. The county on which he appears to have made greatest progress in organising his material
846-400: A formal appointment as "king's antiquary": however, it is now understood to have been merely Leland's own preferred way of describing himself. There is no evidence that he personally oversaw the relocation of the books to their new home or received a librarian's wages. What he did do was to compile his lists of important volumes, and to take measures to encourage their preservation. Even after
940-451: A hole worlde of thinges very memorable. He also described what use he intended to make of the information he had accumulated. He noted four projects: Of these projects, De uiris illustribus was already largely complete (it was written in two phases, in c. 1535 –36 and c. 1543 –46), but the others would never come to fruition. Polydore Vergil appears to have suggested that Leland had been unrealistically over-ambitious: he
1034-417: A humble church with stained-glass windows and a tall bell tower which can be heard throughout the town. In the surrounding graveyard there is a monument to Henry Trengrouse , the inventor of the rocket fired safety line — a device for aiding in the saving of lives in a shipwreck. Helston is also the birthplace of Bob "Ruby Robert" Fitzsimmons , the first triple world boxing champion. The house where he
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#17328519984041128-569: A local banker, who stopped the closure of Wheal Vor , a local mine that at the time employed over a thousand people. Helston also hosts The Flambards Experience , formerly the Helston Aero Park, which is a theme park with a selection of rides together with a few remaining aviation exhibits. Nearby Wendron is home to the Poldark Mine theme park, where visitors can go underground into the old workings. The Helston Railway , which aims to restore
1222-471: A pseudonym for Vergil, was a type-name drawn from Juvenal for a wretched and dreary hack-poet.) He followed this with a longer published work, the Assertio inclytissimi Arturii regis Britannia (1544). In both texts, Leland drew on a wide range of literary, etymological, archaeological and oral sources to defend the historicity of Arthur. Although his central belief was flawed, his work preserved much evidence for
1316-486: A series of journeys which lasted six years. Probably over the summer of 1538 (though there may also have been earlier and/or later trips), he made an extended excursion through Wales. He subsequently made a number of journeys in England: the exact sequence and their dates are again uncertain, but there seem to have been five major English itineraries, taken over the summers of the years 1539 to 1543. His one firmly dated itinerary
1410-616: A shop selling all things Cornish. There are three Cornish crosses in Helston: one in Cross Street and two in Mr. Baddeley's garden (Cross Street). One of the latter crosses was removed from Tresprison, Wendron, and other from near Trelill Holy Well, Wendron. The cross from Trelill has ornament on the front and back of the shaft. The Grylls Monument , at the end of Coinagehall Street was built by public subscription in 1834 to thank Humphry Millet Grylls,
1504-447: A single different sound in RLC, the SWF uses what it terms umbrella graphs . Where an umbrella graph is considered unworkable, variant graphs may be used to spell a word. The SWF does not stipulate that either only RMC or RLC variant graphs must be used, for instance, a typical TC speaker will choose the letters that best reflect their own pronunciation. A third set of alternative letters
1598-427: A whole leans toward a Middle Cornish base, since in many cases the correct RLC or TC pronunciation can be deduced from an RMC form, but not vice versa". Unstressed vowels are always short. Stressed vowels in monosyllables are long when followed by a single consonant or by nothing, e.g. Cornish : gwag RMC [gwaːg] , RLC [gwæːg] "empty", Cornish : lo RMC [lɔː] , RLC [loː] "spoon", and short when followed by
1692-516: Is a new and authoritative edition (with English translation) of the work previously published by Hall as Commentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis . This edition, based on Toulmin Smith's, rearranges Leland's topographical descriptions of England (with Wales added in the second edition) in county chapters, and renders them in modern English. It is less authoritative for scholarly purposes, but considerably more accessible and easier to navigate. It also corrects
1786-575: Is based at the Helston Guildhall which was completed in 1839. Helston is situated along the banks of the River Cober in Cornwall. Downstream is Cornwall's largest natural lake Loe Pool , formed when a shingle bar blocked the mouth of the river by rising sea levels forming a barrier beach. To the south is the Lizard Peninsula , an area important for its complex geology and wildlife habitats. Helston
1880-403: Is designed to "provide public bodies and the educational system with a universally acceptable, inclusive, and neutral orthography". It was the outcome of a process initiated by the creation of the public body Cornish Language Partnership , which identified a need to agree on a single standard orthography in order to end previous orthographical disagreements, secure government funding, and increase
1974-427: Is given as [ə] in the original Specification but as [ɐ] in the updated online dictionary. ^2 Unrounded to [ɛ] when unstressed. ^3 Given as [œ] in the original Specification but as [øː] in the updated online dictionary. ^4 Often realised as [əɪ] in RLC in stressed open syllables, in which case it is written with the variant graph ei . ^5 Can either represent [ɔ] ,
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#17328519984042068-700: Is initially based in The Old Cattle Market, next to Coronation Park and Boating Lake, and features some of the best artists in their field. Helston Town Band has a rich history, which can be traced back to the turn of the 20th century. Indeed, there are members of the current band whose family connections extend back four generations. Inevitably, during the War the band reformed with new members and in 1946 numbers were consolidated when most of its pre-war members returned from active service. The band enjoyed steady progress at this time, which culminated in 1951 when it reached
2162-466: Is not shown in writing. As an example, Cornish : Penn Sans has been transliterated into English as Penzance reflecting pronunciation. At times, the various varieties of revived Cornish differ in their pronunciation of sounds. A number of strategies are employed in the Standard Written Form to deal with these differences and make the system usable for all. When a RMC sound is consistently
2256-756: Is now part of the St Ives constituency , which covers the western part of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly . The current member is the Lib Dem , Andrew George . Prior to Brexit in 2020, Helston was within the South West England European Parliamentary Constituency . At local government level, the town is administered by Cornwall Council and Helston Town Council. Helston is split into three Cornwall Council wards: Helston South , Helston North , and Porthleven and Helston West . Helston Town Council
2350-647: Is on the A394 road . To the west, the A394 leads to Penzance; to the north-east it leads to Penryn where it joins the A39 , which leads south to Falmouth and north-east to Truro . The B3297 runs north from Helston to Redruth . The nearest railway station is Redruth on the Cornish main line , although the Helston branch line railway served the town until closure in the early 1960s. The branch left
2444-513: Is operated by Go Cornwall Bus . The nearest airport is Newquay Cornwall Airport which is approximately 35 miles (56 km) north-east of Helston. This is the main commercial airport for Cornwall with regular scheduled services to many parts of the UK. Helston has an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), similar to the rest of the British Isles. It is one of the mildest places in
2538-508: Is reflected in spelling, e.g. TC Cornish : menedh [ˈmɛnɐθ] , RLC Cornish : mena [ˈmɛnɐ] "mountain". ^4 [v] often occurs morpheme-initially before vowels. The mutation of [f] to [v] found in some varieties of Cornish is not shown in writing. ^5 A few words spelt with mm and nn lack pre-occlusion in RLC. These include words thought to have entered the language after pre-occlusion occurred, e.g. Cornish : gramm "gramme", and words that fell out of use by
2632-519: Is served by two local paid-for newspapers, The West Briton and The Packet : both offer a selection of news and local pictures. The area is also covered by a free delivered newspaper, the Helston Advertiser established in April 2000. Standard Written Form The Standard Written Form or SWF ( Cornish : Furv Skrifys Savonek ) of the Cornish language is an orthography standard that
2726-604: Is that of 1542, which took him to the West Country . By that date he had been on a tour to the north-west, which went via the Welsh marches to Cheshire , Lancashire and Cumberland ; while other itineraries took him to the west Midlands , the north-east (reaching Yorkshire and County Durham ), and the Bristol region. He probably explored the south-east in shorter excursions. He is not known to have toured East Anglia , for which only
2820-538: Is the traditional graphs . As the name implies, these spellings are closer to those traditionally employed by Cornish writers, and so are preferred by some Cornish speakers today. Although traditional graphs are considered correct and may be used freely by individuals, they are unlike variant graphs in that they do not have equal standing with standard graphs and "will not appear in elementary language textbooks or in official documents produced by public bodies". ^1 When unstressed and word final ^2 Before
2914-466: Is when children from the town's schools dance dressed all in white, the individual schools denoted by the head dresses that the girls wear. The premier dance follows at Midday when the "gentry of the County" dance, the ladies in long ball-type gowns topped off with picture hats and the gentlemen wearing full morning dress . The final dance of the day begins at 5 p.m., a dance historically for the tradespeople of
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3008-584: The Dissolution of the Monasteries , Leland did not abandon his hunt for books. For instance, he obtained official permission to avail himself of the library belonging to the defunct monastery of Bury St Edmunds . The descriptions of Britain which he encountered in the manuscripts, however, and his personal experiences of travel, also sparked off fresh interests. By about 1538, Leland had turned his attention to English and Welsh topography and antiquities, embarking on
3102-561: The Duke of Cornwall when a number of stannary towns were authorised by royal decree. A document of 1396 examined by Charles Henderson shows that the old form "Hellys" was still in use The manor of Helston in Kerrier was one of the seventeen Antiqua maneria of the Duchy of Cornwall. The seal of the borough of Helston was St Michael his wings expanded and standing on a gateway. The two towers domed upon
3196-577: The English Channel . Daniel Defoe describes Helston (1725) in his tour around Great Britain thus, ″ This town is large and populous, and has four spacious streets, a handsome church, and a good trade: this town also sends members to Parliament.' He also mentions that the River Cober makes a tolerable good harbour and several ships are loaded with tin, although over one hundred years before Defoe, Richard Carew (1602) described Loe Bar as "The shingle
3290-453: The ex-GWR main line at Gwinear Road station near Hayle , and ran 8.5 miles (13.7 km) south to terminate at Helston railway station . The Helston Railway Preservation Company is undertaking the restoration of part of the line. Bus services now link Helston to the rail network; First Kernow provides the (U4) bus service from Penzance station to Falmouth via Helston. The (34) bus service links Redruth station with Lizard via Helston and
3384-417: The 1530s and 1540s, the royal library was reorganised to accommodate hundreds of books that were previously kept in monastic collections. Leland himself describes how Henry's palaces at Greenwich , Hampton Court and Westminster were adapted for the purpose. Leland's part in this is uncertain. In humanist fashion, Leland styled himself antiquarius , a title which was at one time interpreted as referring to
3478-523: The Arthurian tradition that might otherwise have been lost. Leland's material provides invaluable evidence for reconstructing the lost "tomb monument" of Arthur (thought to be a fabrication of the twelfth century) at Glastonbury Abbey . He was probably also responsible for making a drawing of the lead cross that identified the grave as Arthur's, afterwards published as a woodcut in the 1607 edition of Camden's Britannia . On his itinerary of 1542, Leland
3572-507: The Cornish 'hen lis' or 'old court' and 'ton' added later to denote a Saxon manor ; the Domesday Book refers to Henliston (which survives as the name of a road in the town). Only one edition refers to 'Henlistona'. It was granted its charter by King John on 15 April 1201, for the price of forty marks of silver. It was here that tin ingots were weighed to determine the tin coinage duty due to
3666-611: The Helston Branch, is also nearby. Helston Community College has the most pupils in Cornwall. Its South Site building was formerly (1939–1972) Helston Grammar School. Formerly located at Penrose Road (which became the secondary modern school), the grammar school had a long history dating back to the 16th century. Derwent Coleridge was a headmaster there, and his pupils included Charles Kingsley , John Duke Coleridge , Richard Edmonds , Thomas Rowe Edmonds , John Rogers , Henry Trengrouse and James Trevenen . Another former headmaster
3760-638: The Helston Downs, Gweal Folds farm, the Lower Green which became Coronation Park where tournaments continued to be held, Field near While Hill, Meneage Street, Bullock Lane, Coronation Park, Monument Road, Field at the rear of the Angel Hotel which became the Sunken Gardens where tournaments continued to be held, Grange Road and Penrose Amenity Area. Helston is twinned with the following towns: Helston
3854-452: The King for January 1546, but James Carley has shown that it must have been composed in late 1543 or early 1544 (so that if it was presented at the new year, which is not certain, it would have been in 1544). In the letter, Leland reported on his endeavours to preserve books, and the extent and thoroughness of his travels through England and Wales: I have so travelid yn yowr dominions booth by
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3948-456: The Lizard. The town has an active sporting scene, with Helston RFC , Helston Athletic FC and Helston Cricket Club all having prominent roles within the community. The current rugby club was formed in 1965 but rugby was played on Helston Downs as early as 1883 when Helston beat Lanner by 6 tries and 3 touch-downs in self-defence to nil. The Swallows Gymnastics Club is also extremely popular within
4042-527: The National Third Section Finals at Belle Vue, Manchester. In 1967, the band came under the direction of Edward Ashton, with whom the band gained much success and a reputation for consistently playing music to a high standard. Edward led the band to numerous successes in both local and regional contests, until his retirement in November 2002 after an incredible 35 years. Following his retirement,
4136-544: The RLC period, e.g. Cornish : gonn "I know". ^6 The distribution of [s] and [z] differs in each variety of Cornish. Some rules are common to almost all speakers, e.g. final s and medial s between vowels or a sonorant and a vowel are usually [z] , whereas other rules are specific to certain varieties, e.g. RMC speakers usually realise initial s as [s] whereas RLC tend to prefer [z] (except in such clusters as sk , sl , sn , sp and st ). The mutation of [s] to [z] found in some varieties of Cornish
4230-583: The United States. The agreement meant that Cornish became officially accepted and funded, with support from the UK government and the European Union . In June 2009, the Gorsedh Kernow voted overwhelmingly to adopt the Standard Written Form. In 2013, the SWF was reviewed in a process intended to identify problems and issues with the orthography. A small number of changes were made to the SWF, which made
4324-790: The Yorkist claimant to the throne (d. 1525). He proceeded to Lambeth, London, serving Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk , as tutor to his son Thomas . When the duke died in 1524, the king sent Leland to Oxford , where as Anthony Wood later claimed from tradition, he became a fellow of All Souls College . He would later deplore the state of education at Oxford, which he felt was too conservative in its approach to classical studies. Between 1526 and 1528, Leland proceeded to Paris , studying along with many fellow expatriates, both English and German. His original plan to study in Italy, too, never succeeded. Leland honed his skills at composing Latin poetry and sought
4418-730: The acquaintance of humanist scholars whom he much admired, such as Guillaume Budé and Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples . A scholar of particular importance for Leland was François Dubois (Silvius), professor at the Collège de Tournai , who had a profound effect on his poetic as well as antiquarian interests. While in France, Leland kept in touch with his friends and sponsors in England, probably including Thomas Wolsey (d. 1530), Cardinal and Lord Chancellor, who made him rector at Laverstoke , Hampshire. By 1529, Leland had returned to England. When Wolsey fell from
4512-582: The antiquary, William Burton . Burton subsequently managed to recover several of the items given to Hales, and in 1632 and 1642–3 donated most of the collection—comprising the Collectanea , De scriptoribus and several of the Itinerary notebooks—to the Bodleian Library , Oxford, where the volumes remain. The Leland Trail is a 28-mile (45 km) footpath , which follows the footsteps of John Leland as he traversed South Somerset between 1535 and 1543 in
4606-429: The area. Helston holds an annual road race An Resek Helys (The Race for Helston) and an annual triathlon. The town has a King George V Playing Field , the home ground for the rugby club and finish line of An Resek Helys. Below the town is Coronation Park which has a man-made lake as its centrepiece where rowing boats can be hired in summer. A skate park is nearby in the same complex. The Penrose Amenity Area lies across
4700-620: The band appointed John Hitchens as their new Musical Director . The band has continued to flourish under John's direction: in 2003, they were crowned Cornish First Section Champions, and in 2004 they gained promotion to the National First Section. In 2006, the band were crowned West of England First Section Champions, and received an invitation to compete in the National First Section Finals in Harrogate, where they achieved
4794-464: The basic unit for studying the local history of England, an idea that has been influential ever since. Most evidence for Leland's life and career comes from his own writings, especially his poetry. He was born in London on 13 September, most probably in about 1503, and had an older brother, also named John. Having lost both his parents at an early age, he and his brother were raised by Thomas Myles. Leland
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#17328519984044888-564: The content of the verses. The costumes and the song itself represent many different historical and mythical themes. It has evolved over time, the most recent verse (about St Piran ) only appeared within the 21st century. In 2017, a new festival was established by the lutenist Ben Salfield and his promoters, Kernow Concerts, bringing international concert artists from the world of guitar music from as far away as Los Angeles to perform concerts and give free lessons in Helston each August. The festival
4982-731: The country and frosts are rarely severe. The nearest Met Office weather station is RNAS Culdrose , approximately 1 mile south-east of the town centre. Temperature extremes in the area since 1980 have ranged from −10.9 °C (12.4 °F) during January 1987, and up to 29.6 °C (85.3 °F) in August 1990. The coldest temperature in recent years was −6.2 °C (20.8 °F) in December 2009. Snow occurs in median every second year, almost in 2 – 3 days in line or one alone, most often in January or February. Flora Day occurs annually, on 8 May (except when
5076-517: The course of his investigation of the region's antiquities. The Leland Trail begins at King Alfred's Tower on the Wiltshire / Somerset border and finishes at Ham Hill Country Park . Leland's prose writings, published and unpublished, include: Leland's writings are an invaluable primary source , not only for the local history and the geography of England, but also for literary history , archaeology , social history , and economic history . This
5170-947: The custody of Sir John Cheke . John Bale consulted some of them at this time. Cheke fell from favour on the accession of Queen Mary , and departed for mainland Europe in 1554: from that point onwards, and continuing after Cheke's death in 1557, the library was dispersed. Books were acquired by collectors including Sir William Cecil , William, Lord Paget , John Dee and Archbishop Matthew Parker . Leland's own manuscript notebooks were inherited by Cheke's son, Henry, and in 1576 they were borrowed and transcribed by John Stow , allowing their contents to begin to circulate in antiquarian circles. Antiquaries who gained access to them through Stow included William Camden , William Harrison , Robert Glover and Francis Thynne . The original notebooks passed from Henry Cheke to Humphrey Purefoy, and so (following his death in 1598) to Humphrey's son Thomas, who divided many of them between his two cousins John Hales and
5264-474: The date falls on a Sunday or Monday — Monday being Market Day — when it is the preceding Saturday) Helston hosts the Furry Dance . There are four dances throughout the day, the first starting at 7 a.m. (historically for domestic servants), the ladies in summer frocks and the gentlemen in white shirts and dark grey trousers with neckties bearing the town crest, loaned for the day. The second dance at 9.50
5358-577: The earliest archaeological field report. Leland was a staunch patriot, and believed firmly in the historical veracity of King Arthur . He therefore took offence when the Italian scholar Polydore Vergil cast doubts on certain elements in the Arthurian legend in his Anglica Historia (published in 1534). Leland's first response was an unpublished tract, written perhaps in 1536, the Codrus sive Laus et Defensio Gallofridi Arturii contra Polydorum Vergilium . ("Codrus",
5452-678: The ex- Carmelite churchman and fellow antiquary John Bale , who much admired his work and offered his assistance. In 1536, not long after the Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535 commanding the dissolution of lesser monasteries was passed, Leland lamented the spoliation of monastic libraries and addressed Thomas Cromwell in a letter seeking aid for the rescue of books. He complained that The Germans perceive our desidiousness, and do send daily young scholars hither that spoileth [books], and cutteth them out of libraries, returning home and putting them abroad as monuments of their own country. In
5546-470: The existence of a port at Helston* and there is no primary evidence to support Defoe's account. Leland's description of the Loe Pool is thus: "Lo Poole is a 2 miles in lenght, and betwixt it and the mayn se, is but a barre of sand: and ons in 3 or 4 yeres, what by the wait of the fresch water and rage of the se, it brekith out, and then the fresch and salt water metyng makith a wonderful noise. But sone after,
5640-410: The famous tune and accompany all four dances on a long route around the town. The dwellings and shops of the town are festooned with bluebells , campions and whatever green foliage is available. Specific dances (not including the children's dance) go into and out of various private buildings, shops and grounds. The origins of the dance are not known but appear to represent a pre-Christian celebration of
5734-492: The king appears to have entrusted Leland with a document, "a moste gratius commission" (or principis diploma as he called it in Latin), which authorized him to examine and use the libraries of all religious houses in England. Leland spent the next few years travelling from house to house, for the most part shortly before they were dissolved, compiling numerous lists of significant or unusual books in their libraries. About 1535, he met
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#17328519984045828-523: The king's favour in that year, Leland appears to have sought the patronage of Thomas Cromwell , a relationship which would help explain his rising fortunes over the next few years. He was appointed one of the chaplains to King Henry VIII , who gave him the rectory of Peuplingues (Pepeling), in the marshes of Calais (though he may never have visited the place). In 1533, Leland received papal dispensation for four benefices, on condition that he became subdeacon within two years and priest within seven. He
5922-402: The mid-1540s, Leland wrote a letter to Henry VIII in which he outlined his achievements so far, and his future plans. It was subsequently published by John Bale in 1549 (with Bale's own additional commentary) under the title The laboryouse journey & serche of Johan Leylande for Englandes antiquitees . The letter has traditionally (following Bale) been regarded as a "New Year's gift" to
6016-403: The mouth is barrid again with sande. At other tymes the superfluite of the water of Lo Poole drenith out through the sandy barre into the se. If this barre might be alway kept open, it wold be a goodly haven up to Hailestoun." However, contributing to the belief of a port at Helston was the discovery of what some people believe to be slipways and mooring rings, during excavations around 1968. There
6110-402: The mouth of the River Cober cutting the town off from the sea. Geomorphologists believe the bar was most likely formed by rising sea levels , after the last ice age , blocking the river and creating a barrier beach . The beach is formed mostly of flint and the nearest source is found offshore under the drowned terraces of the former river that flowed between England and France, and now under
6204-653: The original Specification but as [ʏ] in the updated online dictionary. Reduced to [ɪ] when unstressed. ^10 Changed to [ɪʊ] when stressed and word-final or before gh . In a small number of words, u can represent [ʊ] when short or [uː] or [ɪʊ] when long in TC and RLC. The 2013 Review recommends these be spelt optionally as ù and û respectively in "dictionaries and teaching materials". ^11 Can be pronounced [ɛ, eː] and therefore spelt e in TC and RLC. ^1 Loanword spelt with aw are often pronounced [ɒ(ː)] in TC and RLC . ^2 Used as
6298-582: The orthography easier for learners and went some way to reducing the spelling difference between dialects. In 2021, a third edition of the SWF was published by the Akademi Kernewek , incorporating the decisions of the 2014 review and work over the subsequent decade. The Standard Written Form recognises Revived Middle Cornish ( RMC ), Tudor Cornish ( TC ), and Revived Late Cornish ( RLC ) as variants of equal standing on which it bases its system. The original 2008 Specification states that "[t]he orthography as
6392-480: The passage of shipping up the Cober. At the same time it was recorded that the burgesses of Helston exercised jurisdiction over the ships anchored at Gweek, but no mention was made of ships at Helston, and no customs records or other documentation of port traffic relating to Helston survives; thus confirming the fact that Gweek has for centuries been the recognized port of Helston. There is no known archaeological evidence for
6486-561: The passing of winter. On the same day the " Hal an Tow ", another celebration of the coming of spring, is performed upon the streets of the town. This is a morning ritual that is traditionally more boisterous than the dance. It is a moving street theatre that appears to have its origins in the Middle Ages, and the themes tend to be more English than uniquely Cornish. The theatre consists of the Hal-an-tow song accompanied by dancing and acting out
6580-401: The pronunciation [ɛʊ] . ^1 Used solely in words whose status as borrowings is in no doubt. ^2 In certain borrowed words, such as Cornish : fondacyon RMC [fɔnˈdasjɔn] , RLC [fənˈdæʃjɐn] "foundation". ^3 TC speakers realise dh as [θ] and v as [f] word-finally in an unstressed syllable. RLC speakers may not even realise these sounds at all, although this
6674-489: The road from Coronation Park. National Trust -owned, this area, once part of the Penrose Estate, offers walks alongside the River Cober which leads down to Loe Pool and the sea beyond Loe Bar. Just off the main path is a bird-watching hide offering views over Loe Pool. Helston has been a centre for Cornish wrestling for centuries. Over this time there were a large number of sites where tournaments were held. These include:
6768-429: The se costes and the midle partes, sparing nother labor nor costes, by the space of these vi. yeres paste, that there is almoste nother cape, nor bay, haven, creke or peere, river or confluence of rivers, breches, waschis, lakes, meres, fenny waters, montaynes, valleis, mores, hethes, forestes, wooddes, cities, burges, castelles, principale manor placis, monasteries, and colleges, but I have seene them; and notid yn so doing
6862-629: The short version of long o [ɔː/oː] , or [ɤ] , the short counterpart to oo [oː/uː] . When representing [ɤ] , the 2013 Review suggests o could be written as ò for clarity in "dictionaries and teaching materials". ^6 Used as a variant graph by RLC speakers in a few words where RMC and TC speakers use long a , [aː] and [æː] respectively. After the 2013 Review, used solely in Cornish : boas "be", Cornish : broas "big", Cornish : doas "come", Cornish : moas "go", and their derivatives. ^7 Used in word only when both Kernewek Kemmyn (KK) writes oe and RLC realises
6956-451: The sound [uː] . Therefore, oo does not always correspond to KK, e.g. SWF Cornish : loor , KK Cornish : loer "moon" both [loːr] , but SWF Cornish : hwor [ʍɔːr] , KK Cornish : hwoer [hwoːr] "sister". This is because evidence suggests the second group of words with o underwent a different phonological development to the first group with oe . ^8 Pronounced solely as [uː] in RLC. ^9 Given as [y] in
7050-483: The surrounding villages. There is also a primary school at Trannack . All three primary schools dance on Flora Day, as does Helston Community College. Local TV coverage is provided by BBC South West and ITV West Country . Television signals are received from the Redruth and local relay transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cornwall , Heart West , Greatest Hits Radio South West , Pirate FM and Coast FM ,
7144-636: The time of Henry's death, "he fell besides his wits". Leland was certified insane in March 1550 and died, still mentally deranged, on 18 April 1552, aged about 48. Leland was buried in the church of St Michael-le-Querne near his home. However the church was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, and not rebuilt, and so Leland's tomb has been lost. Following Leland's death or (more probably) his descent into madness, King Edward VI arranged for Leland's library, including many medieval manuscripts, to be placed in
7238-437: The town. Participants in this dance are the only dancers to dance around the town twice, having already danced in the 7 a.m. dance. Only Helston-born people can dance in the lead set in each dance and the first male and female will only lead that dance once in their lifetime. Flora Day is administered by Stewards who elect stewards therefore continuing this wonderful occasion without outside interference. Helston Town Band play
7332-399: The up-turned dragon, impaling it with his spear and bearing upon his left arm an escutcheon of the arms of England, viz Gu three lions passant guardant in pale Or, with the legend " Sigillum comunitatis helleston burg ". It is a matter of debate as to whether Helston was once a port, albeit no actual records exist. A common belief is that in the 13th century Loe Bar formed a barrier across
7426-448: The use of Cornish in Cornwall . The new form was agreed in May 2008 after two years of negotiations, and was influenced by all the previous orthographies. The negotiating teams comprised members of all the main Cornish language groups, Kesva an Taves Kernewek , Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek , Agan Tavas , and Cussel an Tavas Kernuak , and received input from experts and academics from Europe and
7520-563: The valuable rectory of Great Haseley , Oxfordshire . The year following he preferred him to a canonry of King's College, now Christ Church, Oxford , and about the same time, collated him to a prebend in the church of Sarum . He was an absentee pluralist, with the income and leisure to pursue his interests. He retired with his collections to his house in the parish of St Michael-le-Querne , adjoining Cheapside , London, where he intended to work on his various projects. However, in February 1547 near
7614-482: Was Kent . "Let this be the firste chapitre of the booke", he wrote; "The King hymself was borne yn Kent. Kent is the key of al Englande." John Bale later listed an Itinerarium Cantiae (Itinerary of Kent) among Leland's writings. Although Leland's Itinerary notes remained unpublished until the eighteenth century, they provided a significant quarry of data and descriptions for William Camden 's Britannia (first edition, 1586), and many other antiquarian works. In
7708-417: Was "a vaynegloryouse persone, whyche woulde promyse more, than ever he was able or intended to perfourme". Leland was concerned to record evidence for the history of England and Wales as it was visible in the landscape, and he therefore took pains to note all kinds of archaeological remains, including megaliths , hillforts , and Roman and medieval ruins. He came across several Roman inscriptions , though he
7802-549: Was 11,700. The former stannary and cattle market town is best known for the annual Furry Dance (known locally as the Flora Dance), said to originate from the medieval period . However, the Hal-an-Tow is reputed to be of Celtic origin . The associated song and music, The Floral Dance , is known to have been written in 1911. In 2001, the town celebrated the 800th anniversary of the granting of its Charter. The name comes from
7896-550: Was appointed prebendary of Wilton Abbey in Wiltshire in 1535 and received two adjacent benefices. Leland and Nicholas Udall composed verses to be read or recited at the pageant of Anne Boleyn 's arrival in London in 1533, which was staged for the occasion of her coronation. Their common patron was probably Thomas, Duke of Norfolk and Cornwall. The poets worked together again during 1533 and 1534, when Leland contributed verses for Udall's Floures for Latine Spekynge . In 1533,
7990-424: Was born and lived in Helston is still standing and is indicated by a plaque above the door. The Helston Museum , founded in 1949, occupies the building originally designed as the town's Market House in 1837, with two separate buildings—one for butter and eggs, the other the meat market. The exhibits are mostly concerned with Helston's agricultural and market town history. The museum also hosts art exhibitions and has
8084-538: Was dissolved by the chantries act 1547 and turned into Helston's coinage hall . This was later demolished by public subscription raised by Helston's sitting M.P. , Charles Abbot , following his return in the 1796 general election . The Helston parliamentary constituency was created in 1298 and elected two members to the Unreformed House of Commons ; the Reform Act 1832 reduced the number elected to one. Helston
8178-404: Was educated at St Paul's School , London, under its first headmaster, William Lily . It was here that he already met some of his future benefactors, notably William Paget . Leland was subsequently sent to Christ's College, Cambridge , graduating in 1522 (BA). While studying there, he was for a short time imprisoned, having accused a certain knight of collaborating with Richard de la Pole ,
8272-424: Was no known shipping from the sea after 1260, but before 1200, in 'the 1182 record of Godric of Helleston paying a fine of ten marks for exporting his corn out of England from Helston without a licence.' This could be considered the most significant piece of documentary evidence signifying Helston's former port days, though it does not prove the case. At the time of Domesday Book, Gweek had no inhabitants whilst Helston
8366-456: Was normally content to record surface remains and recovered artefacts, but on one occasion he adopted a more interventionist approach. At the hillfort at Burrough Hill , Leicestershire, he pulled some stones from the gateway to establish whether it had been walled or not: they were mortared with lime, which persuaded him that it had been. The account included in Leland's Itinerary may be regarded as
8460-399: Was relatively porous and fresh water could leave and seawater enter depending, on the relative heights of the pool and sea" . Defoe's description seems to be the first and possibly the origin of other sources claiming Helston to be a port in the historic period. Loe Pool is referred to in a document of 1302, implying the existence of Loe Bar at this date, if not much earlier, and thus precluding
8554-414: Was the botanist and author Charles Alexander Johns (1843–47), who was also a former pupil. The School Houses in grammar school days were Coleridge, Kingsley and Tennyson. Alfred Tennyson 's local connection was through his writing. Helston has three primary schools. These are Parc Eglos, St. Michael's and Nansloe. The catchment area of Helston Community College includes these and many other schools from
8648-577: Was the first to record the tradition (possibly influenced by the proximity of the villages of Queen Camel and West Camel ) identifying the hillfort of Cadbury Castle in Somerset as Arthur's Camelot : At the very south ende of the chirch of South-Cadbyri standeth Camallate, sumtyme a famose toun or castelle, apon a very torre or hille, wunderfully enstregnthenid of nature.... The people can telle nothing ther but that they have hard say that Arture much resortid to Camalat. In 1542, Henry presented Leland with
8742-585: Was the largest settlement in the west of Cornwall, with 113 households. In 1837 a plan was drawn up to open Loe Pool to shipping using a pier to counteract siltation, but it was never carried out. The site of Helston Castle is now a bowling green near the Grylls Monument, which has been there since 1760. The castle was built in 1280 as a simple stone structure for Edmund, Earl of Cornwall . By 1478 it had fallen into disuse and ruin. A free chapel of ease perhaps also built for Edmund, Earl of Cornwall before 1283
8836-539: Was unable to read most of them, complaining of one that it was made up of "letters for whole words, and 2. or 3. letters conveid in one". He often reported finds of coins, writing of Richborough , Kent, for example, that more Roman money had been discovered there "then in any place els of England". He investigated and recorded building materials in some detail. He was sometimes able to make astute and informed deductions from what he saw. At Lincoln , for example, he identified three phases of urban development, beginning with
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