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68-465: He is revered among Alevis for an Islamic understanding that is esoteric , rational and humanistic . Alevi and Bektashi Muslims believe the path of Bektash is the path of Haqq-Muhammad-Ali since they were the source of Bektash's teachings. He was one of the many figures who flourished in the Sultanate of Rum and had an important influence on the culture of Anatolian nomads of Asia Minor. Bektash

136-421: A müsahiplik relationship for at least twelve years. Entry into the third gate dissolves the müsahiplik relationship (which otherwise persists unto death), in a ceremony called Öz Verme Âyini ("ceremony of giving up the self"). The value corresponding to the second gate (and necessary to enter the third) is âşinalık ("intimacy," perhaps with God). Its counterpart for the third gate is called peşinelik ; for

204-591: A divinely illuminated mole of emerald tint between his brow. All of the erenler begged for forgiveness, saying, "O Dervish of the Dervishes, we have been sorely mistaken." They surrendered to him asserting, "These are indeed miracles." Bektashism spread from Anatolia through the Ottomans primarily into the Balkans , where its leaders (known as dedes or babas ) helped convert many to Islam . The Bektashi Sufi order became

272-556: A fast for the first twelve days, known as the Mourning of Muharram ( Turkish : Muharrem Mâtemi , Yâs-ı Muharrem , or Mâtem Orucu ; Kurdish : Rojîya Şînê or Rojîya Miherremê ). This culminates in the festival of Ashura ( Aşure ), which commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn at Karbala . The fast is broken with a special dish (also called aşure ) prepared from a variety (often twelve) of fruits, nuts, and grains. Many events are associated with this celebration, including

340-562: A rose tree in the evening of every 6 May. The festival is also celebrated in parts of the Balkans by the name of "Erdelez," where it falls on the same day as George's Day in Spring or Saint George's Day . Khidr is also honored with a three-day fast in mid-February called Hızır Orucu . In addition to avoiding any sort of comfort or enjoyment, Alevis also abstain from food and water for the entire day, though they do drink liquids other than water during

408-539: A unique belief system tracing back to Kaysanites and Khurramites . The Alevi spiritual path ( yol ) is commonly understood to take place through four major life-stages, or "gates". These may be further subdivided into " four gates , forty levels" ( Dört Kapı Kırk Makam ). The first gate (religious law) is considered elementary (and this may be perceived as subtle criticism of other Muslim traditions). The following are major crimes that cause an Alevi to be declared düşkün (shunned): Most Alevi activity takes place in

476-461: Is a created body just like him and therefore inappropriate to worship. He remains at God's service, but rejects the final test and turns back to darkness. From this primordial decline, the devil's enmity towards Adam emerged. (The archangels constitute of the same four archangels as within orthodox Islam. The fifth archangel namely Azâzîl fell from grace, thus not included among the canonical archangels apart from this story). Another story features

544-488: Is at least as strong as it is for blood relatives, so much so that müsahiplik is often called spiritual brotherhood (manevi kardeşlik). The children of covenanted couples may not marry. Krisztina Kehl-Bodrogi reports that the Tahtacı identify müsahiplik with the first gate (şeriat), since they regard it as a precondition for the second (tarikat). Those who attain to the third gate (marifat , " gnosis ") must have been in

612-587: Is believed to be a reflection of Ali ibn Abu Talib , the first Imam of the Shi'ites, and there are references to the "First Ali" (Birinci Ali) , Imam Hasan the "Second 'Ali" (İkinci Ali) , and so on up to the "Twelfth 'Ali" (Onikinci Ali) , Imam Mehdi . The Twelfth Imam is hidden and represents the Messianic Age . The plurality in nature is attributed to the infinite potential energy of Kull-i Nafs when it takes corporeal form as it descends into being from Allah. During

680-406: Is by the blessings of Hunkar Haji Bektash." The erenler asked, "Who is this Hunkar Haji Bektash?" Lokman Perende said, "Haji Bektash Hunkar is this beloved one," and he then pointed to the young Bektash. The erenler said, "That one is still a child. How on earth could he become a haji?" Lokman Perende then described to the gathering all of the miracles of Haji Bektash one by one and then said, "While I

748-635: Is considered a renowned figure in the history and culture of both the Ottoman Empire and the modern nation-state of Turkey . On the other hand, Ibn Khallikan reports that Shī'ite tendencies belonged not to him but rather to his murids , who took refuge in his tekke at Suluca Kara Oyuk in Kırşehir after the Babai Revolt . Bektash was born in Nishapur . It is reported in some Bektashi legends that Bektash

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816-415: Is considered one of the four poles ( aqtab ) of Anatolia by all tariqa circles, the others being Mawlana Rumi , Shaban-i Veli , and Haji Bayram-i Veli . Alevism Alevism ( / æ ˈ l ɛ v ɪ z ə m / ; Turkish : Alevilik ; Kurdish : Elewîtî ) is a syncretic Islamic tradition, whose adherents follow the mystical Islamic teachings of Haji Bektash Veli , who taught

884-671: Is currently open as a museum and his resting place is still visited by both Sunni and Alevi Muslims. Large festivals are held there every August. Also the Göztepe and Shahkulu tekkes in Istanbul are now used as meeting places for Alevis. The biggest Bektashi tekke is said to be in Albania. There is also a Bektashi tekke in Taylor , Michigan, US, founded by Baba Rexheb , who was a famous Bektashi writer on Islamic mysticism and Bektashism. Haji Bektash Veli

952-590: Is generally believed to be of Iranian or Turkic origin. Bektash belonged to a group of Khorasani migrants in Anatolia who had left their homeland during the Mongol conquests . According to the Vilâyet-Nâme , Bektash was the son of Sayyed Muhammad ibn Musa, a great-grandson of Musa al-Kazim ; this is impossible, given the fact that Bektash lived in the 7th/13th century. Genealogies encountered in later sources and designed to fill

1020-408: Is no set formula or prescribed amount for annual charitable donation as there is in other forms of Islam (2.5% of possessions above a certain minimum). Rather, they are expected to give the "excess" according to Qur'an 2:219. A common method of Alevi almsgiving is through donating food (especially sacrificial animals) to be shared with worshippers and guests. Alevis also donate money to be used to help

1088-411: Is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem". A Dede (literally meaning grandfather) is a traditional leader that is claimed to be from the lineage of Muhammad that performs ritual baptisms for newborns, officiates at funerals, and organises weekly gatherings at cemevis. Alevi religious, cultural and other social activities take place in assembly houses ( Cemevi ). The ceremony's prototype

1156-606: Is rooted more in nature veneration . In Alevi cosmology , God is also called Al-Haqq (the Truth) or referred to as Allah . God created life, so the created world can reflect His Being. Alevis believe in the unity of Allah, Muhammad, and Ali , but this is not a trinity composed of God and the historical figures of Muhammad and Ali. Rather, Muhammad and Ali are representations of Allah's light (and not of Allah himself), being neither independent from God, nor separate characteristics of Him. In Alevi writings are many references to

1224-617: Is the Muhammad's nocturnal ascent into heaven , where he beheld a gathering of forty saints ( Kırklar Meclisi ), and the Divine Reality made manifest in their leader, Ali. The Cem ceremony features music, singing, and dancing ( Samāh ) in which both women and men participate. Rituals are performed in Turkish , Zazaki , Kurmanji and other local languages. During the Cem ceremony the Âşık plays

1292-735: The Cem ceremony ritual, the events at these cultural centers and sites are open to the public. In the case of the Hacibektaş celebration , since 1990 the activities there have been taken over by Turkey's Ministry of Culture in the interest of promoting tourism and Turkish patriotism rather than Alevi spirituality. The annual celebrations held at Hacıbektaş (16 August) and Sivas (the Pir Sultan Abdal Kültür Etkinlikleri, 23–24 June). Some Alevis make pilgrimages to mountains and other natural sites believed to be imbued with holiness. Alevis are expected to give zakat , but there

1360-489: The Bağlama whilst singing spiritual songs, some of which are centuries old and well known amongst Alevis. Every song, called a Nefes, has spiritual meaning and aims to teach the participants important lessons. A family of ritual dances characterized by turning and swirling, is an inseparable part of any cem . Samāh is performed by men and women together, to the accompaniment of the Bağlama . The dances symbolize (for example)

1428-480: The Bektashi order  – tariqa , which like other Sufi orders is based on a silsila "initiatory chain or lineage" of teachers and their students, Alevi leaders succeed to their role on the basis of family descent. Perhaps ten percent of Alevis belong to a religious elite called ocak "hearth", indicating descent from Ali and/or various other saints and heroes. Ocak members are called ocakzade s or "sons of

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1496-500: The Day of Ashure takes place. Performing ziyarat and du'a at the tombs of Alevi-Bektashi saints or pirs is quite common. Some of the most frequently visited sites are the shrines of Şahkulu and Karacaahmet (both in Istanbul ), Abdal Musa ( Antalya ), Seyyid Battal Gazi Complex ( Eskişehir ), Hamza Baba ( İzmir ), Hasandede ( Kırıkkale ). In contrast with the traditional secrecy of

1564-549: The Qalandariyya and to Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī, who was the murshid of Aybak Bābā, who was in turn the murshid of one of the leading actors of the Babai revolt , Baba Ishak , as well. Eventually, Bābā Eliyās Khorāsānī was held responsible for the Babai revolt organized by Baba Ishak, and consequently executed by Mubāriz’ud-Dīn-i Armāğān-Shāh, the supreme commander-in-chief of the armies of

1632-584: The Safavid Shia state and related sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population. Anatolia became a battlefield between Safavids and Ottomans, each determined to include it in their empire. According to Eren Sarı, Alevi saw Kemal Atatürk as a Mahdi "savior sent to save them from the Sunni Ottoman yoke". However, pogroms against Alevi did not cease after

1700-475: The Sultanate of Rum . The original Bektashi teachings in many ways resemble the teachings of the Khorasanian Qalandariyya and that of Bābā Eliyās. Haji Baktash Veli was the murid of Lokhmānn Bābā (Lokhmānn Sarakhs ī), who was one of the four most famous murids of Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī as well. Lokhmānn Bābā, on the other hand, was also a murid of the renowned Qalandari Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar , who

1768-728: The Tawrat (Torah), the Zabur (Psalms), the Injil (Gospel), and the Quran . Additionally, Alevis are not opposed to looking to other religious books outside the four major ones as sources for their beliefs including Hadiths, Nahjul Balagha and Buyruks. Alevism also acknowledges the Islamic prophet Mohammed. Unlike the vast majority of Muslims, Alevis do not regard interpretations of the Quran today as binding or infallible, since

1836-502: The evil eye . Angels feature in Alevi cosmogony. Although there is no fixed creation narrative among Alevis, it is generally accepted that God created five archangels, who have been invited to the chamber of God. Inside they found a light representing the light of Muhammad and Ali. A recount of the Quranic story, one of the archangels refused to prostrate before the light, arguing, that the light

1904-575: The Cem ceremony, the cantor or aşık sings: This is sung as a reminder that the reason for creation is love, so that the followers may know themselves and each other and that they may love that which they know. Sources differ on how important formal doctrine is among contemporary Alevi. According to scholar Russell Powell, there is a tradition of informal "Dede" courts within the Alevi society, but regarding Islamic jurisprudence or fiqh there has been "little scholarship on Alevi influences" in it. Alevism has

1972-614: The Commander of the Faithful. My origin and family line is from him. These many miracles are my inheritance which is granted by Allah. It should not be surprising to anyone that miracles like these appear from me, for this is the Power of God." The erenler of Khorasan said, "If, in reality, you are the secret of the Shah, he has marks. Show these marks to us and we shall believe." Now the sign of Hazreti Ali

2040-500: The Ottoman and later Turkish state and academia, being described as heterodox to contrast them with the "orthodox" Sunni majority. The term “Alevi-Bektashi” is currently a widely and frequently used expression in the religious discourse of Turkey as an umbrella term for the two religious groups of Alevism and Bektashism . Adherents of Alevism are found primarily in Turkey and estimates of

2108-500: The Yasawi Order through another but a similar tariqah , which is well known as the Wafā'īyyah Order of Abu’l Wafā al-Khwarazmī, who was a murid of Ahmad Yasawi and the murshid of Dede Ğarkhen, who was in turn the murshid of Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī († 1240), an influential mystic from Eastern Persia. Modern research connects him to another important religious movement of that time: to

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2176-489: The archangel Gabriel ( Cebrail ), who is asked by God, who they are. Gabriel answers: "I am I and you are you". Gabriel gets punished for his haughty answer and is sent away, until Ali reveals a secret to him. When God asks him again, he answers: "You are the creator and I am your creation". Afterwards, Gabriel was accepted and introduced to Muhammad and Ali. Alevis acknowledge the four revealed scriptures also recognized in Islam:

2244-457: The basis of selection (by a father from among several sons), character, and learning. In contrast to Alevi rhetoric on the equality of the sexes, it is generally assumed that only males may fill such leadership roles. Babai revolt#Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī The Babai revolt was a thirteenth-century rebellion that took place in the southeastern territories of the Sultanate of Rum starting in 1239 CE and lasting for three years. The revolt

2312-535: The conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottoman state became increasingly determined to assert its fiscal but also its juridical and political control over the farthest reaches of the Empire. The resulting Alevi revolts, a series of millenarian anti-state uprisings by the non-Sunni Turkmen population of Anatolia that culminated in the establishment of a militantly Shiite rival state in neighbouring Iran. The Ottoman Empire later proclaimed themselves its defenders against

2380-467: The context of the second gate (spiritual brotherhood) , during which one submits to a living spiritual guide ( dede , pir , mürşid ) . The existence of the third and fourth gates is mostly theoretical, though some older Alevis have apparently received initiation into the third. Rakia , a fruit brandy , is used as a sacramental element by the Bektashi Order , and Alevi Jem ceremonies, where it

2448-578: The drive against Byzantines and Crusaders. As in Khorasan and West Asia before, the Turkmens who spearheaded the Ottomans’ drive into the Balkans and West Asia were more inspired by a vaguely Shiite folk Islam than by formal religion. Many times, Ottoman campaigns were accompanied or guided by Bektaşi dervishes, spiritual heirs of the 13th century Sufi saint Haji Bektash Veli , himself a native of Khorasan . After

2516-553: The establishment of the Turkish Republic. In attacks against leftists in the 1970s, ultranationalists and reactionaries killed many Alevis. Malatya in 1978 , Maraş in 1979 , and Çorum in 1980 witnessed the murder of hundreds of Alevis, the torching of hundreds of homes, and lootings. Alevis have been victims of pogroms during both Ottoman times and under the Turkish republic up until the 1993 Sivas massacre . In contrast to

2584-554: The evening. Note that the dates of the Khidr holidays can differ among Alevis, most of whom use a lunar calendar, but some a solar calendar. Müsahiplik (roughly, "Companionship") is a covenant relationship between two men of the same age, preferably along with their wives. In a ceremony in the presence of a dede the partners make a lifelong commitment to care for the spiritual, emotional, and physical needs of each other and their children. The ties between couples who have made this commitment

2652-573: The fourth gate (hâkikat , Ultimate Truth), cıngıldaşlık or cengildeşlik (translations uncertain). Many folk practices may be identified, though few of them are specific to the Alevis. In this connection, scholar Martin van Bruinessen notes a sign from Turkey's Ministry of Religion, attached to Istanbul's shrine of Eyüp Sultan , which presents ...a long list of ‘superstitious’ practices that are emphatically declared to be non-Islamic and objectionable, such as lighting candles or placing ‘wishing stones’ on

2720-450: The hearth". This system apparently originated in the Safavid state. Alevi leaders are variously called murshid , pir , rehber or dede . Groups that conceive of these as ranks of a hierarchy (as in the Bektashi Order ) disagree as to the order. The last of these, dede "grandfather", is the term preferred by the scholarly literature. Ocakzade s may attain to the position of dede on

2788-510: The leaders from Khwarazm imprisoned. The revolt began in 1239 around Samsat (now in Adıyaman Province ) and spread quickly to Central Anatolia. Baba Ishak , who led the revolt, was a follower of Baba İlyas, the qadi (judge) of Kayseri . He declared himself Âmīr ’ūl- Mu’minīn Sadr’ûd- Dūnya wa’d- Dīn and Rāss’ūl - Allāh . Although the Seljuk governor of Malatya tried to suppress

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2856-453: The lives of the Alevi survivors. From the Vilayetname (or: The Saintly Exploits of Hacı Bektaş Veli ): After Lokman Perende had returned from the hajj, the erenler (saints) of Khorasan came to offer him their respects. When they saw a spring flowing from the middle of the mekteb, they said, "We have been here before many times and had never seen such spring." Lokman Perende replied, "This

2924-403: The obvious gap in time are all questionable and may well have been inspired by a wish—analogous to that of the fabricators of the Safavid genealogy—to give Bektash, as the eponym of a nominally Shia order, Imami descent. According to "The history of Aşıkpaşazade" ( Aşıkpaşazade Tarihi ), written by one of the grandsons of "Aşık Pasha" who was the son of "Muhlis Paşa" (Muhlees Pāshā) who

2992-651: The official order of the elite Janissary corps after their establishment. The Bektashi Order remained very popular among Albanians, and Bektashi tekkes can be found throughout Albania , Kosovo and the Republic of Macedonia to this day. During the Ottoman period Bektashi tekkes were set up in Egypt and Iraq , but the order did not take root in these countries. There is also a Bektashi tekke in Michigan, founded by Baba Rexheb , who

3060-503: The participants in a discussion ( chat ), this discussion is called a sohbet . There are twelve services ( Turkish : On İki hizmet ) performed by the twelve ministers of the cem. Alevis celebrate and commemorate the birth of Ali, his wedding with Fatima, the rescue of Yusuf from the well, and the creation of the world on this day. Various cem ceremonies and special programs are held. The Muslim month of Muharram begins 20 days after Eid ul-Adha ( Kurban Bayramı ). Alevis observe

3128-512: The percentage of Turkey's population that are Alevi include between 4% and 25%. According to scholar Soner Çağaptay , Alevism is a "relatively unstructured interpretation of Islam". Journalist Patrick Kingsley states that for some self-described Alevi, their religion is "simply a cultural identity , rather than a form of worship". The Alevi beliefs among Turkish Alevis and Kurdish Alevis diverge as Kurdish Alevis put more emphasis on Pir Sultan Abdal than Haji Bektash Veli, and Kurdish Alevism

3196-608: The pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina to perform Hajj . He is the eponym of the Bektashi Sufi order and is considered one of the principal teachers of Alevism . According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam , the "center and source of his teachings" was ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib , whom Alevis believe to be the righteous successor of Muhammad while also "acknowledging the twelve Shia Imams " and "holding Jafar as-Sadiq in high esteem". Despite his Shia belief and his unorthodox teachings, he

3264-476: The poor, to support the religious, educational and cultural activities of Alevi centers and organizations ( dargahs , awqaf , and meetings), and to provide scholarships for students. During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period (11–12th centuries), Turkmen and Kurdish nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs. Their conversion to Islam in this period

3332-468: The revolt he was defeated by the revolutionaries around Elbistan (in modern Kahramanmaraş Province ). The revolutionaries captured the important cities of Sivas , Kayseri and Tokat in Central and North Anatolia. The governor of Amasya killed Baba Ishak in 1240, but this did not mean the end of the revolt. The revolutionaries marched on Konya , the capital. The sultan saw that his army could not suppress

3400-530: The revolt, and he hired mercenaries of French origin. The revolutionaries were defeated in a decisive battle on the Malya plains near Kırşehir . Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī († 1240) was an influential mystic from Greater Khorasan , who was the murshid of Aybak Bābā who in turn was the murshid of one of the leading actors of the Babais Rebellion, namely Baba Ishak as well. Eventually, Bābā Eliyās Khorāsānī

3468-448: The revolution of the planets around the Sun (by man and woman turning in circles), and the putting off of one's self and uniting with God. The Rite of Integration (görgü cemi) is a complex ritual occasion in which a variety of tasks are allotted to incumbents bound together by extrafamilial brotherhood ( müsahiplik ), who undertake a dramatization of unity and integration under the direction of

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3536-445: The salvation of Husayn's son Ali ibn Husayn from the massacre at Karbala, thus allowing the bloodline of the family of Muhammad to continue. Hıdırellez honors the mysterious figure Khidr ( Turkish : Hızır ) who is sometimes identified with Elijah ( Ilyas ), and is said to have drunk of the water of life. Some hold that Khidr comes to the rescue of those in distress on land, while Elijah helps those at sea; and that they meet at

3604-425: The shrine. The list is probably an inventory of common local practices the authorities wish to prevent from re-emerging. Other, similar practices include kissing door frames of holy rooms; not stepping on the threshold of holy buildings; seeking prayers from reputed healers; and making lokma and sharing it with others. Also, Ashure is made and shared with friends and family during the month of Muharram in which

3672-451: The spiritual leader ( dede ). The love of the creator for the created and vice versa is symbolised in the Cem ceremony by the use of fruit juice and/or red wine [Dem] which represents the intoxication of the lover in the beloved. During the ceremony Dem is one of the twelve duties of the participants. (see above) At the closing of the cem ceremony the Dede who leads the ceremony engages

3740-484: The teachings of the Twelve Imams , whilst incorporating some traditions from Tengrism . Differing from Sunni Islam and Usuli Twelver Shia Islam , Alevis have no binding religious dogmas , and teachings are passed on by a spiritual leader as with Sufi orders . They acknowledge the six articles of faith of Islam , but may differ regarding their interpretation. They have faced significant institutional stigma from

3808-401: The tomb, tying pieces of cloth to the shrine or to the trees in front of it, throwing money on the tomb, asking the dead directly for help, circling seven times around the trees in the courtyard or pressing one’s face against the walls of the türbe in the hope of a supernatural cure, tying beads to the shrine and expecting supernatural support from them, sacrificing roosters or turkeys as a vow to

3876-403: The true meaning the Quran is considered to be taken as a secret by Ali and must be taught by a teacher, who transmits the teachings of Ali ( Buyruk ) to his disciple. The Twelve Imams are part of another common Alevi belief. Each Imam represents a different aspect of the world. They are realized as twelve services or On İki Hizmet which are performed by members of the Alevi community. Each Imam

3944-473: The unity of Muhammad and Ali , such as: Ali Muhammed'dir uh dur fah'ad, Muhammad Ali, ("Ali is Muhammad, Muhammad is Ali") Gördüm bir elmad ır, el- Hamd û'li llâh . ("I've seen an apple, all praise is for God") Alevis believe in the immortality of the soul, the literal existence of supernatural beings, including good angels ( melekler ) and bad angels ( şeytanlar ), bad ones as encourager of human's evil desires ( nefs ), and jinn ( cinler ), as well as

4012-572: Was a Bektashi baba and a writer in Islamic mysticism and Bektashism. When the Janissary corps were abolished in 1826 by Sultan Mahmud II the Bektashis suffered the same fate. The babas of the tekkes and their dervishes were banished to staunchly Sunni villages and towns, and their tekkes were closed or handed over to Sunni Sufi orders (mostly Naqshbandi; for example, the Goztepe Tekke in Istanbul

4080-484: Was a follower and the representative of Hoja Ahmad Yasavi , a Sufi mystic from Central Asia who had great influence on the Turkic nomads of the steppes. This claim is rejected by modern scholars, since Ahmad Yasawi lived nearly one hundred years before Haji Bektash. Not much is known about him, his origins are shrouded in mystery and much of his biography is based on legends. The sisilah of Hadji Baktāsh Wālī reaches to

4148-399: Was achieved largely through the efforts not of textual scholars (ulema) expounding the finer points of Koranic exegesis and shari‘a law, but by charismatic Sufi dervishes a belief whose cult of Muslim saint worship, mystical divination and millenarianism spoke more directly to the steppe mindset. These tribes dominated Anatolia for centuries with their religious warriors (ghazi) spearheading

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4216-665: Was given to the Naqshbandis during this period). Although the Bektashi order regained many of its lost tekkes during the Tanzimat period, they, along with all other Sufi orders, were banned in Turkey in 1925 as a result of the country's secularization policies and all Bektashi tekkes were closed once more along with all others. The main Bektashi tekke is in the town of Hacıbektaş in Central Anatolia, known as Hajibektash complex. It

4284-429: Was held responsible for the insurrection organized by Bābā Ishāq Kafarsudī, and consequently executed by Mubāriz’ud-Dīn-i Armāğān-Shāh, the supreme commander-in-chief of the armies of Rum. The revolt was suppressed with much bloodshed. However with the diversion of resources needed to suppress the revolt, the Seljuk army was severely affected. The defence of the eastern provinces was largely ignored, and most of Anatolia

4352-622: Was performing my prayer at the Kaabah, Bektash was always there praying next to me. When we completed our prayer, he would vanished." The erenler said, "Where could this boy have found this extraordinary capability?" Then Hunkar Haji Bektash opened his blessed mouth and said, "I am the secret of the exalted Imam Ali, who is the dispenser of the River Kawthar and who is the Lion of Allah, the Emperor of Sainthood and

4420-683: Was spearheaded by Baba Ishak who led the Turkomans against the authority of the Sultanate. Gıyasettin had ceded power to his ministers, notably Sa'd al-Din Köpek , who was suspicious of a rebellion by Afshar immigrants who had settled in Anatolia, migrating from Persia after the Mongol invasion. He accordingly imprisoned the suspects which led to their movement towards Aleppo in Ismaili - dominated areas. He had

4488-516: Was the murid of Ahmad Yasawi. For these reasons, his silsila gets connected to Ahmad Yasawi through two different channels, one by means of the Wafā’i and the other through Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar. He was highly respected by the Sultanate of Rum due to his amicable attitude during the Babai revolt, and his khanqah in Suluca Kara Oyuk was permitted to remain open during and after it, thereby saving most of

4556-574: Was the son of renowned Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī, "Sayyeed Muhammad ibn Sayyeed Ebrāheem Ātā" had come to Sivas , Anatolia from Khorasan with his brother "Menteş" (Mantash) to become affiliated with the tariqat of Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī . On the other hand, the famous reference book of Bektaşi order , Valāyat-Nāma-i Hādjī Baktāsh-ī Wālī, claims that "Bektash" was the murshid of Bābā (Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī) . The name attributed to him by his followers can be translated as "The Pilgrim Saint Bektash." The Haji title implies that he had made

4624-437: Was this; in the middle of his blessed hand he had a beautiful mole of emerald tone. So Hazreti Hunkar Haji Bektash Veli opened his sanctified hand and showed his palm. They all saw that there, in the middle his palm, was a beautiful emerald mole. The erenler said, "The Commander of the Faithful also had a beautiful emerald mole on his blessed forehead." Hunkar Haji Bektash Veli removed the skull cap from his blessed head and all saw

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