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37-646: Haile may refer to: As a Ge'ez name, it means 'the power of'. Please note that some names in this list may be other, homonymous , names. Ge%27ez language Today, Geʽez is used as the main liturgical language of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , Ethiopian Catholic Church , Eritrean Catholic Church , and the Beta Israel Jewish community. Hawulti Obelisk

74-399: A sibilant / s / , like English s our, and a / ʃ / , like English sh oe. Prior to the advent and ascendancy of Tiberian orthography, the two were distinguished by a superscript samekh , i.e. ש ‎ vs. ש ‎, which later developed into the dot. The two are distinguished by a dot above the left-hand side of the letter for / s / and above the right-hand side for / ʃ / . In

111-402: A Proto-Semitic voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] . Like Arabic, Geʽez merged Proto-Semitic š and s in ሰ (also called se-isat : the se letter used for spelling the word isāt "fire"). Apart from this, Geʽez phonology is comparably conservative; the only other Proto-Semitic phonological contrasts lost may be the interdental fricatives and ghayn . There is no evidence within

148-523: A possible value for ḫ ( ኀ ). These values are tentative, but based on the reconstructed Proto-Semitic consonants that they are descended from. The following table presents the consonants of the Geʽ;ez language. The reconstructed phonetic value of a phoneme is given in IPA transcription, followed by its representation in the Geʽez script and scholarly transliteration. Geʽez consonants have

185-583: A separate language early on from another hypothetical unattested common language. Historically, /ɨ/ has a basic correspondence with Proto-Semitic short *i and *u , /æ ~ ɐ/ with short *a , the vowels /i, u, a/ with Proto-Semitic long *ī, *ū, *ā respectively, and /e, o/ with the Proto-Semitic diphthongs *ay and *aw . In Geʽez there still exist many alternations between /o/ and /aw/ , less so between /e/ and /aj/ , e.g. ተሎኩ taloku ~ ተለውኩ talawku ("I followed"). In

222-480: A triple opposition between voiceless, voiced, and ejective (or emphatic ) obstruents. The Proto-Semitic "emphasis" in Geʽez has been generalized to include emphatic p̣ /pʼ/ . Geʽez has phonologized labiovelars , descending from Proto-Semitic biphonemes. Geʽez ś ሠ Sawt (in Amharic, also called śe-nigūś , i.e. the se letter used for spelling the word nigūś "king") is reconstructed as descended from

259-666: A variety of different alphabets such as Greek and Latin , it is often suggested that the letter sha is directly borrowed from the Hebrew letter shin (other hypothesized sources include Coptic and Samaritan ). Shin Bet is a commonly used acronym for the Israeli Department of Internal General Security . Despite referring to a former name of the department, it remains the term usually used in English. In Modern Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic,

296-512: A word (regardless of gender, but often ኣን -ān if it is a male human noun), or by using an internal plural . Nouns also have two cases: the nominative, which is not marked, and the accusative, which is marked with final -a . As in other Semitic languages, there are at least two "states", absolute (unmarked) and construct (marked with -a as well). As in Classical/Standard Arabic , singular and plural nouns often take

333-455: Is ሊቅየ liqə́ya (i.e. the accusative is not * ሊቀየ *liqáya ), but with ከ -ka ("your", masculine singular) there's a distinction between nominative ሊቅከ liqə́ka and accusative ሊቀከ liqáka , and similarly with -hu ("his") between nominative ሊቁ liqú (< *liq-ə-hu ) and accusative ሊቆ liqó (< *liqa-hu ). Internal plurals follow certain patterns. Triconsonantal nouns follow one of

370-564: Is a formal derivative of س and that س is descended from 𐡔." In the Maghrebian abjadi order sīn is at the 21st position, represents /s/ , The Arabic letter shīn was an acronym for "something" ( شيء shayʾ(un) [ʃajʔ(un)] ) meaning the unknown in algebraic equations. In the transcription into Spanish, the Greek letter chi (χ) was used which was later transcribed into Latin x . The letter shīn , along with Ṯāʾ , are

407-660: Is also cognate. The letter šīn is the only letter of the Arabic alphabet with three dots with a letter corresponding to a letter in the Northwest Semitic abjad or the Phoenician alphabet. The Proto-Sinaitic glyph, according to William Albright , was based on a "tooth" and with the phonemic value š "corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ṯ (th), which was pronounced s in South Canaanite". However,

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444-563: Is also one of the seven letters which receive “crowns” (called tagin ) in a Sefer Torah . (See Gimmel , Ayin , Teth , Nun , Zayin , and Tzadi ). According to Judges 12:6, the tribe of Ephraim could not differentiate between Shin and Samekh ; when the Gileadites were at war with the Ephraimites , they would ask suspected Ephraimites to say the word shi bboleth ; an Ephraimite would say si bboleth and thus be exposed. This episode

481-511: Is an ancient pre-Aksumite Obelisk located in Matara , Eritrea. The monument dates to the early Aksumite period and bears an example of the ancient Geʽez script. In one study, Tigre was found to have a 71% lexical similarity to Ge'ez, while Tigrinya had a 68% lexical similarity to Geʽez, followed by Amharic at 62%. Most linguists believe that Geʽez does not constitute a common ancestor of modern Ethio-Semitic languages but became

518-486: Is lost when a plural noun with a consonant-final stem has a pronoun suffix attached (generally replaced by the added -i- , as in -i-hu , "his"), thereby losing the case/state distinction, but the distinction may be retained in the case of consonant-final singular nouns. Furthermore, suffix pronouns may or may not attract stress to themselves. In the following table, pronouns without a stress mark (an acute) are not stressed, and vowel-initial suffixes have also been given

555-781: Is seen as a fulfillment of passages such as Deuteronomy 16:2 that instructs Jews to celebrate the Pasach at "the place the LORD will choose as a dwelling for his Name" (NIV). In the Sefer Yetzirah the letter Shin is King over Fire, Formed Heaven in the Universe, Hot in the Year, and the Head in the Soul. The 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be

592-623: Is somewhat complicated, due to different mergers between Proto-Semitic phonemes. As usually reconstructed, there are seven Proto-Semitic coronal voiceless fricative phonemes that evolved into the various voiceless sibilants of its daughter languages, as follows: Based on Semitic linguists (hypothesized), Samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet , and that sīn is derived from Phoenician šīn 𐤔 rather than Phonecian sāmek 𐤎, but it corresponds exclusively to Arabic س Sīn when comparing etymologically to other Semitic languages. In

629-516: Is the origin of the English term shibboleth . Shin also stands for the word Shaddai , a Name of God. A kohen forms the letter Shin with each of his hands as he recites the Priestly Blessing . In the mid-1960s, actor Leonard Nimoy used a single-handed version of this gesture to create the Vulcan hand salute for his character, Mr. Spock , on Star Trek . The letter Shin is often written on

666-701: Is the twenty-first and penultimate letter of the Semitic abjads , including Arabic šīn ش‎‎ ‎ , Aramaic šīn 𐡔, Hebrew šīn ש ‎, Phoenician šīn 𐤔 and Syriac šīn ܫ. The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Sigma ( Σ ) (which in turn gave Latin S and the German letter ẞ and Cyrillic С ), and the letter Sha in the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts ( [REDACTED] , Ш ). The South Arabian and Ethiopian letter Śawt

703-452: The Mashriqi abjadi order س sīn takes the place of Samekh at 15th position; meanwhile, the letter variant shīn is placed at the original (21st) position, represents /ʃ/ , and is the 13th letter of the modern hijā’ī ( هِجَائِي ) or alifbāʾī ( أَلِفْبَائِي ) order and is written thus: In the Arabic alphabet, according to McDonald (1986), "there can be no doubt that ش‎‎

740-418: The Proto-Semitic word for "tooth" has been reconstructed as * š inn- . The Phoenician šin letter expressed the continuants of two Proto-Semitic phonemes, and may have been based on a pictogram of a tooth (in modern Hebrew shen ). The Encyclopaedia Judaica , 1972, records that it originally represented a composite bow . The history of the letters expressing sibilants in the various Semitic alphabets

777-502: The base በ /b/ in the script. Noun phrases have the following overall order: በዛ ba-zā in-this: F ሀገር hagar city በዛ ሀገር ba-zā hagar in-this:F city in this city ንጉሥ nəguś king ክቡር kəbur glorious ንጉሥ ክቡር nəguś kəbur king glorious a/the glorious king Adjectives and determiners agree with the noun in gender and number: ዛቲ zāti this: FEM ንግሥት Shin (letter) Shin (also spelled Šin ( šīn ) or Sheen )

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814-408: The biblical name Issachar ( Hebrew : יִשָּׂשכָר ) only, the second sin/shin letter is always written without any dot, even in fully vocalized texts. This is because the second sin/shin is always silent. In gematria , Shin represents the number 300. The breakdown of its namesake, Shin[300] - Yodh[10] - Nunh[50] gives the geometrical meaningful number 360 , which can be interpreted as encompassing

851-484: The case of a mezuzah , a scroll of parchment containing select Biblical texts. Sometimes the whole word Shaddai will be written. The Shema Yisrael prayer also commands the Israelites to write God's commandments on their hearts (Deut. 6:6); the shape of the letter Shin mimics the structure of the human heart : the lower, larger left ventricle (which supplies the full body) and the smaller right ventricle (which supplies

888-503: The consonant transliterated ḫ . Gragg notes that it corresponds in etymology to velar or uvular fricatives in other Semitic languages, but it is pronounced exactly the same as ḥ in the traditional pronunciation. Though the use of a different letter shows that it must originally have had some other pronunciation, what that pronunciation was is not certain. The chart below lists /ɬ/ and /t͡ɬʼ/ as possible values for ś ( ሠ ) and ḍ ( ፀ ) respectively. It also lists /χ/ as

925-442: The following patterns. Quadriconsonantal and some triconsonantal nouns follow the following pattern. Triconsonantal nouns that take this pattern must have at least one "long" vowel (namely /i e o u/ ). In the independent pronouns, gender is not distinguished in the 1st person, and case is only distinguished in the 3rd person singular. Suffix pronouns attach at the end of a noun, preposition or verb. The accusative/construct -a

962-509: The four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe. The corresponding letter for the / ʃ / sound in Russian is nearly identical in shape to the Hebrew shin . Given that the Cyrillic script includes borrowed letters from

999-458: The fullness of the degrees of circles . Shin as a prefix commonly used in late-Biblical and Modern Hebrew language carries similar meaning as specificity faring relative pronouns in English: "that (..)", "which (..)" and "who (..)". When used this way, it is pronounced as 'sheh-' (IPA /ʃɛ-/. In colloquial Hebrew, Kaph and Shin together are a contraction of כּאשר , ka'asher ( as, when). Shin

1036-464: The graphemes ś (Geʽez ሠ ) and ḍ (Geʽez ፀ ) have merged with ሰ and ጸ respectively in the phonological system represented by the traditional pronunciation—and indeed in all modern Ethiopian Semitic. ... There is, however, no evidence either in the tradition or in Ethiopian Semitic [for] what value these consonants may have had in Geʽez." A similar problem is found for

1073-496: The latter of which is sometimes marked with the suffix ት -t , e.g. እኅት ʼəxt ("sister"). These are less strongly distinguished than in other Semitic languages, as many nouns not denoting humans can be used in either gender: in translated Christian texts there is even a tendency for nouns to follow the gender of the noun with a corresponding meaning in Greek. There are two numbers, singular and plural. The plural can be constructed either by suffixing ኣት -āt to

1110-459: The letter shīn is Arabic for samekh , although many Semitic linguists argue this debate as samekh has no surviving descendant in the Arabic alphabet . In Aramaic , where the use of shin is well-determined, the orthography of sin was never fully resolved. To express an etymological * ś , a number of dialects chose either sin or samek exclusively, where other dialects switch freely between them (often 'leaning' more often towards one or

1147-573: The lungs) are positioned like the lines of the letter Shin. A religious significance has been applied to the fact that there are three valleys that comprise the city of Jerusalem's geography: the Valley of Ben Hinnom, Tyropoeon Valley, and Kidron Valley , and that these valleys converge to also form the shape of the letter shin, and that the Temple in Jerusalem is located where the dagesh (horizontal line) is. This

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1184-407: The only two surviving letters in Arabic with three dots above. According to some sources, this is the origin of x used for the unknown in the equations. However, according to other sources, there is no historical evidence for this. In Modern Arabic mathematical notation , س sīn , i.e. shīn without its dots , often corresponds to Latin x . This led a debate to many Semitic linguists that

1221-546: The other). For example: "ten" Regardless of how it is written, * ś in spoken Aramaic seems to have universally resolved to /s/. Hebrew spelling: שִׁין The Hebrew /s/ version according to the reconstruction shown above is descended from Proto-Semitic * ś , a phoneme thought to correspond to a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ , similar to Welsh Ll in " Llandudno " ( Welsh: [ɬanˈdɨdnɔ] ). See also Hebrew phonology , Śawt . The Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes:

1258-402: The same final inflectional affixes for case and state, as number morphology is achieved via attaching a suffix to the stem and/or an internal change in the stem. There is some morphological interaction between consonant-final nouns and a pronoun suffix (see the table of suffix pronouns below). For example, when followed by የ -ya ("my"), in both nominative and accusative the resulting form

1295-463: The script of stress rules in the ancient period, but stress patterns exist within the liturgical tradition(s). Accounts of these patterns are, however, contradictory. One early 20th-century account may be broadly summarized as follows: As one example of a discrepancy, a different late 19th-century account says the masculine singular imperative is stressed on the ultima (e.g. ንግር nəgə́r , "speak!"), and that, in some patterns, words can be stressed on

1332-454: The third-, fourth- or even fifth-to-last syllable (e.g. በረከተ bárakata ). Due to the high predictability of stress location in most words, textbooks, dictionaries and grammars generally do not mark it. Minimal pairs do exist, however, such as yənaggərā́ ("he speaks to her", with the pronoun suffix -(h)ā́ "her") vs. yənaggə́rā ("they speak", feminine plural), both written ይነግራ . Geʽez distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine,

1369-538: The transcription employed by the Encyclopaedia Aethiopica , which is widely employed in academia, the contrast here represented as a/ā is represented as ä/a. Geʽez is transliterated according to the following system (see the phoneme table below for IPA values): Because Geʽez is no longer spoken in daily life by large communities, the early pronunciation of some consonants is not completely certain. Gragg writes that "[t]he consonants corresponding to

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