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79-707: According to the Bible, Hagar was the Egyptian slave of Sarai, Abram's wife (whose names later became Sarah and Abraham). Sarai had been barren for a long time and sought a way to fulfill God's promise that Abram would be father of many nations, especially since they had grown old, so she offered Hagar to Abram to be his concubine . Hagar became pregnant, and tension arose between the two women. Genesis states that Sarai despised Hagar after she had conceived and "looked with contempt" on her. Sarai, with Abraham's permission, eventually dealt harshly with Hagar and so she fled. Hagar fled into

158-531: A dual covenant theology . The Hebrew term בְּרִית bĕriyth for "covenant" is from a root with the sense of "cutting", because pacts or covenants were made by passing between cut pieces of flesh of an animal sacrifice . There are two major types of covenants in the Hebrew Bible, including the obligatory type and the promissory type. The obligatory covenant is more common with the Hittite peoples, and deals with

237-506: A "maidservant" and "slave". She sees Hagar as a model of "power, skills, strength and drive". In the article "A Mistress, A Maid, and No Mercy", Renita J. Weems argues that the relationship between Sarah and Hagar exhibits "ethnic prejudice exacerbated by economic and social exploitation". Hagar bearing a child for an infertile woman is an example of what is now called surrogacy or contractual gestation, except in Hagar's case she had no choice in

316-426: A book on Hagar entitled Reimaging Hagar: Blackness and Bible which provides a reception history of Hagar that focuses on interpretations of Hagar as a black woman and particularly those interpretations of Hagar that are made by African Americans. Since the 1970s, the custom has arisen of giving the name "Hagar" to newborn female babies. The giving of this name is often taken as a controversial political act, marking

395-516: A covenant of promise and a covenant of law. The former involved an oath taken by God – a word of promise instead of command – while the latter is known in the Bible as "the Law". The Noahic covenant recounted in Genesis 9:9-17 applies to all of humanity and all other living creatures . In this covenant with all living creatures, God promises never again to destroy all life on Earth by flood and creates

474-459: A covenant translates literally as "to cut". It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant. According to Weinfeld, the Abrahamic covenant represents a covenant of grant, which binds the suzerain. It is the obligation of the master to his servant and involves gifts given to individuals who were loyal serving their masters. In

553-514: A line from Ibrāhīm's prayer in Surah Ibrahim (14:37): "I have settled some of my family in a barren valley near your Sacred House ." While Hājar is not named, the reader lives Hājar's predicament indirectly through the eyes of Ibrāhīm. She is also frequently mentioned in the hadith . According to the Qisas Al-Anbiya , a collection of tales about the prophets, Hājar was the daughter of

632-421: A multitude of descendants but does not place any stipulations (meaning it was unconditional) on Abraham for the covenant's fulfillment: By contrast, the third covenant (called the covenant of circumcision ) is conditional: Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal, with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning to seal

711-635: A number of covenants ( Hebrew : בְּרִיתוֹת ) with God ( YHWH ). These include the Noahic Covenant set out in Genesis 9 , which is decreed between God and all living creatures, as well as a number of more specific covenants with Abraham , the whole Israelite people, the Israelite priesthood , and the Davidic lineage of kings. In form and terminology, these covenants echo the kinds of treaty agreements existing in

790-464: A protagonist named Hagar married to a man named Bram, whose life story loosely imitates that of the biblical Hagar. A character named Hagar is prominently featured in Toni Morrison 's novel Song of Solomon , which features numerous Biblical themes and allusions. In the 1979 novel Kindred , by Octavia Butler , the protagonist Dana has an ancestor named Hagar (born into slavery) whom we meet towards

869-679: A reinterpreted view of the Old Testament covenant as possessing characteristics of a 'will left after death' in Christian theology and has generated considerable attention from biblical scholars and theologians. The reason is connected with the translation of the Hebrew word for covenant, brit (בְּרִית), in the Septuagint : see ' why the word Testament ' in the New Testament article. The Mosaic covenant

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948-452: A situation wherein the inferior party delivers the animals while the superior party swears the oath. The Abrahamic covenant is part of a tradition of covenantal sacrifices that dates to the third millennium BC. The animals that are slaughtered in the covenant in Genesis 15 are considered a sacrificial offering. And it is that covenant which preserves the sacrificial element alongside the symbolic act. The Mosaic covenant made with Moses and

1027-508: A text on the wives and concubines of Abraham and traces their lineage to five different religions. Many artists have painted scenes from the story of Hagar and Ishmael in the desert, including Pieter Lastman , Gustave Doré , Frederick Goodall and James Eckford Lauder . William Shakespeare refers to Hagar in The Merchant of Venice Act II Scene 5 line 40 when Shylock says "What says that fool of Hagar's offspring, ha?" This line refers to

1106-502: Is God alone who commands Abraham to take Hagar and Ishmael down to the desert, later Mecca , and leave them there. Due to the scarcity of water in the desert, it did not take long for both mother and son to suffer from a great thirst, and so Hagar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwah in search of water for her son. After the seventh run between the two hills, an angel appeared before her. He helped her and said that God heard Ishmael cry and would provide them with water, and Hagar found

1185-693: Is believed to have then miraculously appeared from the Zamzam Well), and to symbolize the celebration of motherhood in Islam. To complete the task, some Muslims also drink from the Zamzam Well and take some of the water back home from pilgrimage in memory of Hājar. According to the Baháʼí Faith , the Báb was a descendant of Abraham and Hagar, and God made a promise to spread Abraham's seed. The Baháʼí Publishing House released

1264-524: Is better that my daughter should be a servant in the house of such a woman than mistress in another house". Sarah treated Hagar well, and induced women who came to visit her to visit Hagar also. However Hagar, when pregnant by Abraham, began to act superciliously toward Sarah, provoking the latter to treat her harshly, to impose heavy work upon her, and even to strike her (ib. 16:9). Some Jewish commentators identify Hagar with Keturah ( Jewish Babylonian Aramaic : קְטוּרָה , romanized:  Qəṭurɔ꞉ ),

1343-493: Is dying of thirst." The fact that she selected an Egyptian woman as her son's wife is also counted against her as a proof that her conversion to Judaism was not sincere, for "throw the stick into the air, it will return to its root" (Gen. R. liii., end). This Egyptian wife is explained in the Targum of pseudo-Jonathan to refer to Khadijaand Fatima, the widow and the daughter of Mohammed (see Zunz, "G. V." 2d ed., p. 288, note a). In

1422-613: Is given in the book of Deuteronomy . God gave the children of Israel the Shabbat as the permanent sign of this covenant. The priestly covenant ( Hebrew : ברית הכהונה brith ha-kehuna ) is the covenant that God made with Aaron and his descendants, the Aaronic priesthood , as found in the Hebrew Bible and Oral Torah . The Hebrew Bible also mentions another perpetual priestly promise with Phinehas and his descendants. The royal covenant

1501-672: Is known as the Brit bein HaBetarim , the "Covenant between the parts" in Hebrew (also translated as the "Covenant of the pieces"), and is the basis for brit milah (covenant of circumcision) in Judaism . The covenant was for Abraham and his seed, or offspring, both of natural birth and adoption. With Abraham multiple promised lands were given to his innumerable descendants (Gen 15:18-21; 17:1-9, 19; 22:15-18; 26:2-4, 24; 28; 35:9-13; Gal 3; Abr 2:6-11), with special 'gathering' and leadership roles assigned to

1580-621: Is mention of Hagar in the Quran without naming her, which does not declare her a free woman but as a maid of Sarah or Abraham named Hajar. Later, Sarah gave birth to Isaac , and the tension between the women returned. At a celebration after Isaac was weaned, Sarah found the teenage Ishmael mocking her son (Genesis 21:9). She was so upset by the idea of Ishmael inheriting their wealth, that she demanded that Abraham send Hagar and her son away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham

1659-456: Is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood". Christians see Jesus as the mediator of this New Covenant, and that his blood, shed at his crucifixion is the required blood of the covenant : as with all covenants between God and man described in the Bible, the New Covenant is considered "a bond in blood sovereignly administered by God". It has been theorized that the New Covenant is

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1738-510: Is referenced and alluded to via the story of her husband. She is a revered woman in the Islamic faith. According to Muslim belief, she was the Egyptian wife of Ibrāhīm. She eventually settled in the Desert of Paran with her son Ismā'īl. Hājar is honoured as an especially important matriarch of monotheism , as it was through Ismā'īl that Muhammad would be born. Some Modern Muslim scholars are of

1817-644: Is referred to in a number of places in the Quran as a reminder for the Jews, of whom two tribes inhabited Medina at the time of Muhammad . The verses also mention particular commandments of the Decalogue and, in God's words, admonishes the Jews for being insolent about it and displaying violence against the prophets – a group of them they called liars, and other prophets among them they killed – , even though they agreed to keep them at

1896-767: Is related to the biblical concept of the Kingdom of God . Generally, Christians believe that the New Covenant was instituted at the Last Supper as part of the Eucharist , which in the Gospel of John includes the New Commandment . A connection between the Blood of Christ and the New Covenant is seen in most modern English translations of the New Testament with the saying: "this cup that

1975-527: Is repeated in Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's play Zapolya , whose heroine is assured that she is "no Hagar's offspring; thou art the rightful heir to an appointed king." In the 19th century a more sympathetic portrayal became prominent, especially in America. Edmonia Lewis , the early African-American and Native American sculptor, made Hagar the subject of one of her most well-known works. She said it

2054-480: Is that God tested Ibrāhīm by ordering this task. Hājar soon ran out of water, and Ismā'īl, an infant by that time, began to cry from hunger and thirst. Hājar panicked and ran between two nearby hills, Al-Safa and Al-Marwah , repeatedly in search for water. After her seventh run, an angel appeared over the location of the Zamzam and then hit the ground with his heel (or his wing) and caused a miraculous well to spring out of

2133-672: The Law of Christ as spoken during his Sermon on the Mount . In the Christian context, this New Covenant is associated with the word ' testament ' in the sense of a 'will left after the death of a person', the instructions for the inheritance of property (Latin testamentum), the original Greek word used in Scripture being diatheke (διαθήκη) which in the Greek context only meant 'will (left after death)' and virtually never 'covenant, alliance'. This fact implies

2212-698: The New Testament , Paul the Apostle made Hagar's experience an allegory of the difference between law and grace in his Epistle to the Galatians . Paul links the laws of the Torah , given on Mount Sinai , to the bondage of the Israelite people, implying that it was signified by Hagar's condition as a bondswoman, while the "free" heavenly Jerusalem is signified by Sarah and her child. The Biblical Mount Sinai has been referred to as "Agar", possibly named after Hagar. In addition, in

2291-831: The messiah is believed to be a future Jewish king from the Davidic line , who will be anointed with holy anointing oil , gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel , usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple , have a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age . The tablets of the Ten Commandments were kept in the Ark of the Covenant , and this became

2370-591: The new covenant of the gospel [of Jesus Christ]. But older than the Mosaic covenant was the royal covenant [of Abraham extended through David], which promised stability to the royal house." Christian theologian John F. Walvoord maintains that the Davidic covenant deserves an important place in determining the purposes of God and that its exegesis confirms the doctrine of a future reign of Christ on earth . While Jewish theologians have always held that Jesus did not fulfill

2449-432: The rainbow as the sign of this "everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth". Ahead of the covenant (in Genesis 9:1-7), Noah and the generations of his posterity were required by God to procreate, and not to shed human blood (murder), because mankind was made in the image of God. Jews are forbidden to consume meat with the blood in it, but Bnei Noah Noahidism are allowed

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2528-636: The Israelite people at Horeb-Sinai, which is found in Exodus 19–24 and the book of Deuteronomy , contains the foundations of the written Torah. In this covenant, God promises to make the Israelites his treasured possession among all people and "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation", if they follow God's commandments. As part of the terms of this covenant, God gives Moses the Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17); these are later embellished or elaborated on in

2607-453: The King of Maghreb, a descendant of Islamic prophet Salih . Her father was killed by Pharaoh Dhu l-'arsh (Arabic: ذُوالْعَرْش , romanized:  dhu 'l-'arsh , meaning "he/master of the throne") and she was captured and taken as a slave. Later, because of her royal blood, she was made mistress of the female slaves and given access to all of Pharaoh's wealth. Upon conversion to Ibrāhīm's faith,

2686-427: The Mosaic covenant to legitimize their unity. They believed that to obey the law was to obey God. They also believed that the king was put into power as a result of God's benefaction, and that this accession was the fulfillment of God's promise of dynasty to David. Mendenhall also notes that a conflict arose between those who believed in the Davidic covenant, and those who believed that God would not support all actions of

2765-522: The Mosaic covenant, which, according to Weinfeld, is an example of a suzerainty treaty . He goes on to argue that phrases about having a "whole heart" or having "walked after me [God] with all his heart" strongly parallels with Neo-Assyrian grant language, such as "walked with royalty". He further argues that in Jeremiah, God uses prophetic metaphor to say that David will be adopted as a son. Expressing legal and political relationships through familial phraseology

2844-603: The Pharaoh gave Hājar to Sarah who gave her to Ibrāhīm. In this account, the name "Hājar" (called Hajar in Arabic) comes from Hā ajru-ka (Arabic: هَا أَجْرُكَ ), the Arabic for "here is your recompense". According to another tradition, Hājar was the daughter of the Egyptian king, who gave her to Ibrāhīm as a wife, thinking Sarah was his sister. According to Ibn Abbas , Ismā'īl 's birth to Hājar caused strife between her and Sarah, who

2923-481: The Rabbis say that she gossiped about Sarah, saying: "She is certainly not as godly as she pretends to be, for in all the years of her married life she has had no children, while I conceived at once" (Gen. R. xlv.; Sefer ha-Yashar, Lek Leka). Sarah took revenge (Gen. xvi.) by preventing her intercourse with Abraham, by whipping her with her slipper, and by exacting humiliating services, such as carrying her bathing-materials to

3002-590: The bath (l.c.);she further caused Hagar by an evil eye to miscarry, and Ishmael, therefore, was her second child, as is inferred from the fact that the angel prophesied that she would bear a child (Gen. xvi. 11), while it had been narrated before that she was pregnant (Gen. xvi. 4). It is further inferred, from the words "she went astray" (Gen. xxi. 14, Hebr.), that as soon as she had reached the wilderness she relapsed into idolatry, and that she murmured against God's providence, saying: "Yesterday thou saidest: 'I will multiply thy seed exceedingly' [Gen. xvi. 10]; and now my son

3081-402: The blood of a living animal (Maimonides, Laws of Kings and Wars, Chapter IX Law 10). Alexander Maclaren notes that while the term covenant "usually implies a reciprocal bond, both parties to which come under obligations by it, each to the other. But, in this case, there are no obligations on the part of man or of the creatures. This covenant is God's only." The covenant found in Genesis 15

3160-411: The character Launcelot, whom Shylock is insulting by comparing him to the outcast Ishmael. It also reverses the conventional Christian interpretation by portraying the Christian character as the outcast. Hagar's destitution and desperation are used as an excuse for criminality by characters in the work of Daniel Defoe , such as Moll Flanders , and the conventional view of Hagar as the mother of outcasts

3239-491: The covenant with Abraham in Genesis 15, it is God who is the suzerain who commits himself and swears to keep the promise. In the covenant there are procedures for taking the oath, which involve a smoking oven and a blazing torch. There are many similarities between Genesis 15 and the Abba-El deed. In Genesis 15 and similarly in the Abba-El deed, it is the superior party who places himself under oath. The oaths in both, moreover, involve

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3318-405: The death of Sarah, went to bring back Hagar to the house of his father; the Rabbis infer this from the report that Isaac came from Beer-lahai-roi, the place which Hagar had named (Gen. xvi. 14, xxiv. 62; Gen. R. lx.; see commentaries ad loc.). Other homilies, however, take an unfavorable view of Hagar's character. Referring to the report that when she had conceived she began to despise her mistress,

3397-435: The descendants of Joseph and his son Ephraim (Gen 48 and 50; Deut 33:17; 1 Chron 5:1-2; Psalm 80:2; Isaiah 11:13; Jer 31:6, 9; Ezek 37:15-19; Zech 10:6-12), and circumcision marking them as a peculiar people set apart (Gen 17:10-13). In Genesis chapters 12, 15, and 17, three covenants can be distinguished based on the differing Jahwist , Elohist and Priestly sources. For the first two covenants, God grants Abraham land and

3476-423: The desert on her way to Shur . At a spring en route, an angel appeared to Hagar, who instructed her to return to Sarai and submit to her mistress. Then she was told to call her son Ishmael . Afterward, Hagar referred to God as " El Roi " (variously "god of sight"; "god saw me"; "god who appears"). She then returned to Abram and Sarai, and soon gave birth to a son, whom she named as the angel had instructed. There

3555-411: The earthly city (symbolised by Hagar) [...] we find two things, its own obvious presence and the symbolic presence of the heavenly city. New citizens are begotten to the earthly city by nature vitiated by sin but to the heavenly city by grace freeing nature from sin." This view was expounded on by medieval theologians such as Thomas Aquinas and John Wycliffe . The latter compared the children of Sarah to

3634-541: The end of the novel, as part of Dana's time travel back to Maryland in the 19th century. Hagar is mentioned briefly in Salman Rushdie 's controversial novel The Satanic Verses , where Mecca is replaced with ' Jahilia ', a desert village built on sand and served by Hagar's spring. Hagar is mentioned, along with Bilhah and Zilpah , in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid's Tale , a dystopian novel which centres around

3713-558: The expectations of a Jewish messiah , Dispensational (historically grammatically literal) biblical theologians are almost unanimous that Jesus will fully fulfill the Davidic covenant, the provisions of which Walvoord lists as: The New Covenant is a biblical interpretation originally derived from a phrase in the Book of Jeremiah , in the Hebrew Scriptures . It is often thought of as an eschatological Messianic Age or world to come and

3792-499: The genealogies in the Book of Chronicles (1 Chronicles 1:29–33). According to the Midrash (Gen. R. xlv.), Hagar was the daughter of Pharaoh, who, seeing what great miracles God had done for Sarah's sake (Gen. xii. 17), said: "It is better for Hagar to be a slave in Sarah's house than mistress in her own." In this sense Hagar's name is interpreted as "reward" ("Ha-Agar" = "this is reward"). She

3871-612: The ground. This is called the Zamzam Well and is located a few metres from the Kaaba in Mecca. The incident of her running between the Al-Safa and Al-Marwah hills is remembered by Muslims when they perform their pilgrimage ( Hajj ) at Mecca. Part of the pilgrimage is to run seven times between the hills, in commemoration of Hājar's courage and faith in God as she searched for water in the desert (which

3950-528: The highest-paid magazine writer of his day; and Hagar's Farewell by Augusta Moore. In 1913 this was joined by the overtly feminist novel Hagar , by the American Southern socialist and suffragist Mary Johnston. Hall Caine gave the name A Son of Hagar to 1885 book set in contemporary England and dealing with the theme of illegitimacy . A similarly sympathetic view prevails in more recent literature. The novel The Stone Angel by Margaret Laurence has

4029-500: The introduction of his Keli Yekar he relates that the name Shlomo was added to his name during life-threatening illness, a common practice in Judaism. Luntschitz is best remembered for his homiletical work, most prominently Keli Yekar ( ' precious vessel ' , an allusion to Proverbs 20:15) on the Torah which first appeared in Lublin in 1602. It is still printed in many editions of

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4108-434: The loosely bound Israelite tribes to converge into monarchical unity for stability and solidarity. He also argues that during this consolidation, the new state also had to unify the religious traditions that belonged to the different groups to prevent dissent from those who might believe that the formation of a state would replace direct governance from God. Therefore, Mendenhall continues, these loosely bound tribes merged under

4187-406: The master could reward a servant for being loyal. God rewarded Abraham, Noah, and David in his covenants with them. As part of his covenant with Abraham, God has the obligation to keep Abraham's descendants as God's chosen people and be their God. God acts as the suzerain power and is the party of the covenant accompanied by the required action that comes with the oath whether it be fire or animals in

4266-545: The matter. Critics of this and other assisted reproductive technologies have used Hagar in their analysis. As early as 1988, Anna Goldman-Amirav in Reproductive and Genetic Engineering wrote of Hagar within "the Biblical 'battle of the wombs' [which] lay the foundation for the view of women, fertility, and sexuality in the patriarchal society". Covenant (biblical)#Abrahamic covenant The Hebrew Bible makes reference to

4345-468: The opinion that she was never a handmaid of Sarah, rather she was a princess of Egypt who willingly followed Abraham and later married him. They further argue that Hagar and Ishmael were not cast out as claimed by Biblical narrative, but they were settled at Makkah (Paran) for the sake of Allah. Neither Sarah nor Hājar is mentioned by name in the Qur'an, but the story is traditionally understood to be referred to in

4424-784: The parents as being supporters of reconciliation with the Palestinians and the Arab world, and is frowned upon by many, including nationalists and the religious. The connotations of the name were represented by the founding of the Israeli journal Hagar: Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities in 2000. Several black American feminists have written about Hagar, comparing her story to those of slaves in American history . Wilma Bailey, in an article entitled "Hagar: A Model for an Anabaptist Feminist", refers to her as

4503-411: The redeemed, and those of Hagar to the unredeemed, who are "carnal by nature and mere exiles". The story of Hagar demonstrates that survival is possible even under harshest conditions. Hājar or Haajar ( Arabic : هاجر ) is the Arabic name used to identify the wife of Abraham (Arabic: Ibrāhīm ) and the mother of Ishmael (Arabic: Ismā'īl ). Although not mentioned by name in the Qur'an , she

4582-417: The relationship between two parties of equal standing. In contrast, the promissory type of covenant is seen in the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants. Promissory covenants focus on the relationship between the suzerain and the vassal and are similar to the "royal grant" type of legal document, which include historical introduction, border delineations, stipulations, witnesses, blessings, and curses. In royal grants,

4661-413: The rest of the Torah. The blood of sacrificial oxen is thereafter sprinkled on the altar (Exodus 24:6) and on the people (Exodus 24:8) to seal the covenant. Beyond its central religious purpose, the Mosaic covenant was also political. It established Israel as a holy nation, God's special possession (Exod 19:5-6). The form of the covenant resembles the suzerainty treaty in the ancient Near East. Like

4740-425: The sacred Zamzam Well . Mecca was later known for its perfection and abundant water and an Arab tribe called the Banu Jurhum settled there with Hagar and her son Ishmael, because of the presence of the water. Rabbinical commentators asserted that Hagar was Pharaoh 's daughter. The midrash Genesis Rabbah states it was when Sarah was in Pharaoh's harem that he gave her his daughter Hagar as servant, saying: "It

4819-433: The sacrificial oaths. In doing this, God is the party taking upon the curse if he does not uphold his obligation. Through history there were also many instances where the vassal was the one who performed the different acts and took the curse upon them. Weinfeld believes that similar terminology and wording can connect the Abrahamic and Davidic covenants with ancient Near Eastern grants, as opposed to being largely similar to

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4898-448: The state. As a result, both sides became relatively aloof, and the Davidic covenant and the Mosaic covenant were almost entirely forgotten. Students of the Bible hold differing opinions as to how many major covenants were created between God and humanity, with numbers ranging from one to at least twelve. (See covenant theology and dispensationalism for further information on two of the major viewpoints.) Some scholars classify only two:

4977-489: The story of the Samaritan woman at the well the author of the Gospel of John alludes to the ancient story of Hagar to "transports meaning from one text to another". Similar to the way that Hagar names God "The God Who Sees", the Samaritan woman gives Jesus a name "by saying, 'I know that Messiah is coming,' and Jesus confirms, 'I am he, the one who is speaking to you.'" Augustine of Hippo referred to Hagar as symbolizing an "earthly city", or sinful condition of humanity: "In

5056-414: The surrounding ancient world. The Book of Jeremiah , verses 31:30–33 says that YHWH will establish a new covenant with the house of Israel and the house of Judah. Most Christians believe this New Covenant is the "replacement" or "final fulfilment" of the Old Covenant described in the Old Testament and as applying to the People of God , while some believe both covenants are still applicable in

5135-408: The symbol of the Israelite nation, and of God's presence with His people. Thus when King David wanted to establish Jerusalem as his own capital city he brought the Ark there (2 Sam 6). "It is this picture of the covenant which colours most of our thinking about covenant in the Old Testament, and in the expression 'Law and Gospel' it represents the old covenant of the law [of Moses] in contrast with

5214-602: The time the covenant was made. The Quran also states how God cursed the Children of Israel and made them suffer for breaking the covenant , while also mentioning other covenants such a prophetic covenant with the Israelites in Quran 3:81 , the Noahic and Abrahamic covenants in Quran 33:7 , and in 5:14 and 7:169 a covenant made with the followers of Jesus (apparently very different from how Christians interpret it), who likewise failed to observe it following their own desires. Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz Shlomo Ephraim ben Aaron Luntschitz (1550 – 21 February 1619)

5293-416: The treaties, the Ten Commandments begins with Yahweh 's identification and what he had done for Israel ("who brought you out of the land of Egypt"; Ex 20:2) as well as the stipulations commanding absolute loyalty ("You shall not have other gods apart from me"). Unlike the suzerainty treaty, the Decalogue does not have any witness nor explicit blessings and curses. The fullest account of the Mosaic covenant

5372-425: The woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah, stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah's death. It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar's personal name, and that "Hagar" was a descriptive label meaning "stranger". This interpretation is discussed in the Midrash and is supported by Rashi , Judah Loew ben Bezalel , Shlomo Ephraim Luntschitz , and Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura . Rashi argues that "Keturah"

5451-449: The women whose duty it is to produce children for their masters, assuming the place of their wives in a rape ceremony based upon the biblical passage. In the recent book of nonfiction, The Woman Who Named God: Abraham's Dilemma and the Birth of Three Faiths , by Charlotte Gordon provides an account of Hagar's life from the perspectives of the three monotheistic religions, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. In 2019, Nyasha Junior published

5530-423: Was a rabbi and Torah commentator , best known for his Torah commentary Keli Yekar . He served as the Rabbi of Prague from 1604 to 1619. He was born in Łęczyca (also known as Luntschitz) and studied under Solomon Luria in Lublin , and subsequently served as rosh yeshiva (dean) of the yeshiva in Lvov (Lemberg). In 1604 he was appointed rabbi of Prague , a position he filled until his death. In

5609-421: Was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense (hence: ketores ), and/or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham— קְטוּרָה derives from the Aramaic word "restrained". The contrary view (that Keturah was someone other than Hagar) is advocated by the Rashbam , Abraham ibn Ezra , David Kimhi , and Nachmanides . They were listed as two different people in

5688-458: Was at first reluctant when Sarah desired her to marry Abraham, and although Sarah had full authority over her as her handmaid, she persuaded her, saying. "Consider thyself happy to be united with this saint." Hagar is held up as an example of the high degree of godliness prevalent in Abraham's time, for while Manoah was afraid that he would die because he had seen an angel of God (Judges xiii. 22), Hagar

5767-692: Was common among Near Eastern cultures. Babylonian contracts often expressed fathership and sonship in their grants to actually mean a king to vassal relationship. Further underlying the idea that these covenants were grant-like in nature is the similar language used in both. In the grant of Ashurbanipal , an Assyrian, to his servant Bulta, he describes Bulta's loyalty with the phrase "kept the charge of my kinship". Abraham similarly kept God's charge in Genesis 26: 4–5: "I will give to your descendants all these lands...in as much as Abraham obeyed me and kept my charge, my commandments, my rules and my teachings." According to Mendenhall, pressures from outside invaders led

5846-401: Was completely consumed. In a moment of despair, she burst into tears. God heard her son crying and came to rescue them. The angel opened Hagar's eyes and she saw a well of water. He also told Hagar that God would "make a great nation" of Ishmael. Hagar found her son a wife from Egypt and they settled in the Desert of Paran . The Quranic narrative slightly differs from the Biblical account: it

5925-403: Was greatly distressed, but God told Abraham to do as his wife commanded because God's promise would be carried out through Isaac; Ishmael would be made into a great nation as well because he was Abraham's offspring. Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael out together. Abraham gave Hagar bread and water then sent them into the wilderness of Beersheba . She and her son wandered aimlessly until their water

6004-512: Was inspired by "strong sympathy for all women who have struggled and suffered". In novels and poems Hagar herself, or characters named Hagar, were depicted as unjustly suffering exiles. These include the long dramatic poem Hagar by Eliza Jane Poitevent Nicholson ( pen name Pearl Rivers), president of the National Woman's Press Association ; Hagar in the Wilderness by Nathaniel Parker Willis ,

6083-504: Was made with David (2 Sam 7). It promised to establish his dynasty forever while acknowledging that its original royal-covenant promises had been given to the ancestor of the whole nation, Abraham. The Davidic covenant establishes David and his descendants as the kings of the united monarchy of Israel (which included Judah). The Davidic covenant is an important element in Jewish messianism and Christian theology . In Jewish eschatology ,

6162-408: Was not frightened by the sight of the divine messenger (Gen. R. l.c.). Her fidelity is praised, for even after Abraham sent her away she kept her marriage vow, and therefore she was identified with Keturah (Gen. xxv. 1), with allusion to (Aramaic, "to tie"; Gen. R. lxi.). Another explanation of the same name is "to adorn," because she was adorned with piety and good deeds (l.c.). It was Isaac who, after

6241-430: Was still barren. Ibrāhīm brought Hājar and their son to a land called Paran-aram or (Faran in Arabic, in latter days held to be the land surrounding Mecca). The objective of this journey was to "resettle" rather than "expel" Hājar. Ibrāhīm left Hājar and Ismā'īl under a tree and provided them with water. Hājar, learning that God had ordered Ibrāhīm to leave her in the desert of Paran, respected his decision. The Muslim belief

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