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35-648: Hachiōji is located in the foothills of the Okutama Mountains of western Tokyo, about 40 kilometers west of the center of the 23 special wards of Tokyo . The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains, forming the Hachioji Basin which opens up toward the east in the direction of Tokyo. The mountain ranges in the southwest include Mount Takao (599 m) and Mount Jinba (857 m), two popular hiking destinations which can be reached by train and bus, respectively. Kanagawa Prefecture Tokyo Metropolis Hachiōji has

70-559: A humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa ) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall. The average annual temperature in Hachiōji is 13.9 °C. The average annual rainfall is 1998 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 25.3 °C, and lowest in January, at around 2.4 °C. Per Japanese census data,

105-640: A directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 40 members, whose members are elected for a four-year term. Hachiōji contributes five members to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is divided between the Tokyo 21st district and Tokyo 24th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan . During the Meiji period , Hachiōji prospered as an important location for

140-522: A large area, combining such diverse parts as the densely populated city center and its shopping district with the hardly populated rural areas in the west. Special wards of Tokyo Special wards ( 特別区 , tokubetsu-ku ) are a special form of municipalities in Japan under the 1947 Local Autonomy Law . They are city-level wards: primary subdivisions of a prefecture with municipal autonomy largely comparable to other forms of municipalities. Although

175-413: A new 2012 law, – sometimes informally called "Osaka Metropolis plan law", but not specifically referring to Osaka – major cities and their surrounding municipalities in prefectures other than Tokyo may be replaced with special wards with similar functions if approved by the involved municipal and prefectural governments and ultimately the citizens of the dissolving municipalities in a referendum. Prerequisite

210-405: Is a population of at least 2 million in the dissolving municipalities; three cities (Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka) meet this requirement on their own, seven other major city areas can set up special wards if a designated city is joined by neighboring municipalities. However, prefectures ( 道府県 , -dō/-fu/-ken ) where special wards are set up cannot style themselves metropolis ( 都 , -to ) as

245-521: Is similar between the Federal District and its 35 administrative regions in Brazil . To finance the joint public services it provides to the 23 wards, the metropolitan government levies some of the taxes that would normally be levied by city governments, and also makes transfer payments to wards that cannot finance their own local administration. Waste disposal is handled by each ward under direction of

280-501: The 23 wards ( 23区 , nijūsan-ku ) or just Tokyo ( 東京 , Tōkyō ) if the context makes obvious that this does not refer to the whole prefecture. Today, all wards refer to themselves as a city in English, but the Japanese designation of special ward ( tokubetsu-ku ) remains unchanged. They are a group of 23 municipalities; there is no associated single government body separate from

315-596: The Constitution of Japan . This means that they had no constitutional right to pass their own legislation, or to hold direct elections for mayors and councilors. While these authorities were granted by statute during the US-led occupation and again in 1975, they could be unilaterally revoked by the National Diet ; similar measures against other municipalities would require a constitutional amendment. The denial of elected mayors to

350-838: The Local Autonomy Law only allows Tokyo with that status. In Osaka , a 2015 referendum to replace the city with five special wards was defeated narrowly. Many important districts are located in Tokyo's special wards: Yokohama Line The Yokohama Line ( Japanese : 横浜線 , romanized :  Yokohama-sen ) is a Japanese railway line of the East Japan Railway Company (JR East) connecting Higashi-Kanagawa Station in Yokohama , Kanagawa and Hachiōji Station in Hachiōji, Tokyo . The line forms part of what JR East refers to as

385-438: The National Diet designated the special wards as local public entities ( 地方公共団体 , chihō kōkyō dantai ) , giving them a legal status similar to cities. The wards vary greatly in area (from 10 to 60 km ) and population (from less than 40,000 to 830,000), and some are expanding as artificial islands are built. Setagaya has the most people, while neighboring Ōta has the largest area. The total population census of

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420-700: The Sagami Line began on 16 March 1991, when that line was fully electrified. Station numbering was introduced on 20 August 2016 with stations being assigned station numbers between JH13 and JH32. Numbers increase towards in the westbound direction towards Hachioji. Through service operation from the Sagami Line onto the Yokohama Line ended on 11 March 2022. Despite the line's name, only approximately half of all trains run as far as Yokohama Station . Rapid ( 快速 , Kaisoku ) trains operate every 20 minutes during

455-567: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government , which governs all 62 municipalities of Tokyo, not just the special wards. Analogues exist in historic and contemporary Chinese and Korean administration: "Special wards" are city-independent wards, analogously, " special cities /special cities" (teukbyeol-si/tokubetsu-shi) are province-/prefecture-independent cities and were intended to be introduced under SCAP in Japan, too; but in Japan, implementation

490-550: The prefectural government , then renamed to "Metropolitan". During the Occupation of Japan , municipal autonomy was restored to former Tokyo City by the establishment of special wards, each with directly elected mayor and assembly, as in any other city, town or village in Tokyo and the rest of the country. In Japanese, they are collectively also known as "Wards area of Tokyo Metropolis" ( 東京都区部 , Tōkyō-to kubu ) , "former Tokyo City" ( 旧東京市 , kyū-Tōkyō-shi ) , or less formally

525-519: The "Tokyo Mega Loop" (Japanese: 東京メガループ ) around Tokyo, consisting of the Keiyo Line , Musashino Line , Nambu Line , and Yokohama Line. The line's name comes from the section between Nagatsuta and Higashi-Kanagawa that runs through the city of Yokohama. Nicknamed the Hama-sen ( 浜線 ) by locals, the line serves commuters in the southwestern suburbs of Tokyo and northeastern suburbs of Yokohama. The line

560-401: The 23 special wards had fallen under 8 million as the postwar economic boom moved people out to suburbs, and then rose as Japan's lengthy stagnation took its toll and property values drastically changed, making residential inner areas up to 10 times less costly than during peak values. Its population was 8,949,447 as of October 1, 2010, about two-thirds of the population of Tokyo and a quarter of

595-411: The administrative wards of cities (that unlike Tokyo City retained their elected mayors and assemblies) but still less than other municipalities in Tokyo or the rest of the country, making them less independent than cities, towns or villages, but more independent than city subdivisions. Today, each special ward has its own elected mayor ( 区長 , kuchō ) and assembly ( 区議会 , kugikai ) . In 2000,

630-458: The autonomy law today allows for special wards to be established in other prefectures, to date they exist only in Tokyo , which consists of 23 special wards and 39 other, ordinary municipalities ( cities , towns , and villages ). The special wards of Tokyo occupy the land that was Tokyo City in its 1936 borders before it was abolished under the Tōjō Cabinet in 1943 to become directly ruled by

665-677: The city government, as well as four public combined elementary/junior high schools. Combined public elementary and junior high schools: Municipal junior high schools: Municipal elementary schools: Former: [REDACTED] JR East - Chūō Main Line [REDACTED] JR East - Yokohama Line [REDACTED] JR East - Hachikō Line [REDACTED] Keio Corporation - Keiō Line [REDACTED] Keio Corporation - Keiō Takao Line [REDACTED] Keio Corporation - Sagamihara Line [REDACTED] Tokyo Tama Intercity Monorail - Tama Toshi Monorail Line Hachioji stretches over

700-510: The current city area. On March 15, 1943, as part of wartime totalitarian tightening of controls, Tokyo's local autonomy (elected council and mayor) under the Imperial municipal code was eliminated by the Tōjō cabinet and the Tokyo city government and ( Home ministry appointed) prefectural government merged into a single (appointed) prefectural government; the wards were placed under the direct control of

735-536: The daytime. SH Tōkyū Shin-Yokohama Line (SH01) [REDACTED] Sōtetsu Shin-Yokohama Line (SO52) [REDACTED] Yokohama Municipal Subway Blue Line (B25) Local and Rapid services Sagami Line through services 8-car 205 series EMU trains were introduced in 1988. In these sets, the second car from the Higashi-Kanagawa end had six pairs of doors on each side to allow rapid boarding and disembarking during peak periods. The last 205 series set on

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770-514: The metropolitan government. For example, plastics were generally handled as non-burnable waste until the metropolitan government announced a plan to halt burying of plastic waste by 2010; as a result, about half of the special wards now treat plastics as burnable waste, while the other half mandate recycling of either all or some plastics. Unlike other municipalities (including the municipalities of western Tokyo ), special wards were initially not considered to be local public entities for purposes of

805-517: The population of Hachiōji has recently plateaued after nine decades of strong growth. The area of present-day Hachiōji was part of ancient Musashi Province . It has been an important junction point and post town along the Kōshū Kaidō , the main road that connected the historical Edo (today's Tokyo) with western Japan. Hachiōji Castle was built during the Sengoku period in 1584 by Hōjō Ujiteru , but

840-500: The population of the Greater Tokyo Area . As of December 2012, the population passed 9 million; the 23 wards have a population density of 14,485 people/km (37,520 people/sq mi). The Mori Memorial Foundation put forth a proposal in 1999 to consolidate the 23 wards into six larger cities for efficiency purposes, and an agreement was reached between the metropolitan and special ward governments in 2006 to consider realignment of

875-431: The prefecture. The 35 wards of the former city were integrated into 22 on March 15, 1947, just before the legal definition of special wards was given by the Local Autonomy Law , enforced on May 3 the same year. The 23rd ward, Nerima, was formed on August 1, 1947, when Itabashi was split again. The postwar reorganization under the US-led occupation authorities democratized the prefectural administrations but did not include

910-629: The production of silk and silk textiles. The industry faded away, however, in the 1960s. Today, Hachiōji mainly serves as a commuter town for people working in Tokyo, and as a location for many large colleges and universities. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education operates nine public high schools, and the Hachioji School for the Blind. There are also eleven private high schools. Metropolitan high schools: Hachiōji has 70 public elementary schools and 37 public junior high schools operated by

945-478: The reinstitution of Tokyo City. Seiichirō Yasui , a former Home Ministry bureaucrat and appointed governor, won the first Tokyo gubernatorial election against Daikichirō Tagawa, a former Christian Socialist member of the Imperial Diet, former vice mayor of Tokyo city and advocate of Tokyo city's local autonomy. Since the 1970s, the special wards of Tokyo have exercised a considerably higher degree of autonomy than

980-465: The same way as Tokyo City, making the boroughs top-level divisions of England or New York state. Although special wards are autonomous from the Tokyo metropolitan government, they also function as a single urban entity in respect to certain public services, including water supply, sewage disposal, and fire services. These services are handled by the Tokyo metropolitan government, whereas cities would normally provide these services themselves. This situation

1015-766: The special wards was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in the 1963 decision Japan v. Kobayashi et al. (also known as Tokyo Ward Autonomy Case). In 1998, the National Diet passed a revision of the Local Autonomy Law (effective in the year 2000) that implemented the conclusions of the Final Report on the Tokyo Ward System Reform increasing their fiscal autonomy and established the wards as basic local public entities. The word "special" distinguishes them from

1050-505: The wards ( 区 , ku ) of other major Japanese cities. Before 1943, the wards of Tokyo City were no different from the wards of Osaka or Kyoto . These original wards numbered 15 in 1889. Large areas from five surrounding districts were merged into the city in 1932 and organized in 20 new wards, bringing the total to 35; the expanded city was also referred to as "Greater Tokyo" ( 大東京 , Dai-Tōkyō ) . By this merger, together with smaller ones in 1920 and 1936, Tokyo City came to expand to

1085-464: The wards, but there has been minimal further movement to change the current special ward system. Special wards do not currently exist outside Tokyo; however, several Osaka area politicians, led by Governor Tōru Hashimoto , are backing an Osaka Metropolis plan under which the city of Osaka would be replaced by special wards, consolidating many government functions at the prefectural level and devolving other functions to more localized governments. Under

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1120-569: Was destroyed in 1590 by Toyotomi Hideyoshi . During the Edo period , the area was tenryō controlled directly by the Tokugawa shogunate . In the post- Meiji Restoration cadastral reform of July 22, 1878, the area became part of Minamitama District in Kanagawa Prefecture . The town of Hachiōji was created on April 1, 1889, with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. Minaitama District

1155-579: Was opened by the private Yokohama Railway ( 横浜鉄道 , Yokohama Tetsudō ) on 23 September 1908 and leased to the government in 1910. The line was nationalized on 1 October 1917. The Higashi-Kanagawa to Haramachida (now Machida) section was electrified on 1 October 1932, with the Haramachida to Hachiōji section electrified on 14 April 1941. The Higashi-Kanagawa to Kozukue section was double-tracked by 1968, extended to Aihara by 1980, and completed to Hachiōji on 6 March 1988. Through service trains from

1190-531: Was stalled, and in 1956 special cities were replaced in the Local Autonomy Law with designated major cities which gain additional autonomy, but remain part of prefectures. In everyday English, Tokyo as a whole is also referred to as a city even though it contains 62 cities, towns, villages and special wards. The closest English equivalents for the special wards would be the London boroughs or New York City boroughs if Greater London and New York City had been abolished in

1225-425: Was transferred to the administrative control of Tokyo Metropolis on April 1, 1893. Hachiōji gained city status on September 1, 1917. During the 1964 Summer Olympics , the city played host to the road cycling events. A velodrome in the city played host to the track cycling events. Hachiōji became a Core city on April 1, 2015 with increased local autonomy. Hachiōji has a mayor-council form of government with

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