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47-472: The Habbaris were based in the city of Mansura , and ruled central and southern Sindh south of Aror , near the modern-day metropolis of Sukkur . The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid Empire , thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh. The region of Greater Sindh

94-405: A Buddhist stupa or shrine, surrounded by piles of red bricks and spanning an area of over four kilometers. The city lies upon the open sandy plain amongst rolling heaps of brick debris, crisscrossed with the depressions of its original streets and surrounded by the ruins of its once massive walls and bastions. Shaped like a boot with the sole facing north-west and the leg stretching south-east,

141-484: A Hindu-convert, Nawasa Khan, to rule the region in Mahmud's absentia. After being granted power, Niwasa Khan renounced Islam, and attempted to secure control of the region in collusion with Abdul Fateh Daud. Mahmud of Ghazni then led another expedition to Multan in 1007 C.E. against Niwasa Khan, who was then captured and forced to relinquish his personal fortune to Ghazni. Fateh Daud was then deposed by Mahmud of Ghazni , in

188-664: A large number of ancient books of South Asia on mathematics, astronomy, astrology, medicine, literature and ethics into Arabic . According to geologists an earthquake struck both Debal and Mansura in the year 893.AD, the city was later ruled by the Soomro Emirs . Mansura was sacked by the forces of Mahmud of Ghazni because the inhabitants feared his reputation and refused to open the gates. The city never recovered and its Soomro Emirs were deposed. The city now lies 18 kilometres (11 mi) south-east of Shahdadpur and 75 kilometres (47 mi) north-east of Hyderabad . This city

235-540: A proselytizing Da'i that had been dispatched to the region by the Fatimid Caliph Imam al-Mu'izz , was dispatched to replace the city's previous Da'i who had been accused of promoting a syncretic version of Islam that incorporated Hindu rites – though his replacement was likely the result of doctrinal differences regarding succession in the Ismaili Imamate . It was during the later part of his rule , that

282-573: A prosperous city, as witness by famous geographer and traveller Al-Muqadassi in 985; "The people of Multan are Shi'a...... In Multan the Khutba is read in the name of the Fatimid Caliph of Egypt and the place is administered by his orders. Gifts are regularly sent from here to Egypt". Multan is smaller than Mansurah in size. but has a large population. Fruits are not found in plenty.. yet they are sold cheaper.... like Siraf, Multan has wooden homes. There

329-557: A short-lived revolt against the Abbasid caliph, but quickly surrendered in exchange for a pardon. Abbasid rule continued to weaken, however, leading to the establishment of five semi-independent Arab principalities in Greater Sindh, based in Mansura , Multan , Qusdar (modern Khuzdar ), and Mashkey . The Habbari were a Quraysh tribe that had played an active role in the politics of Nejd in

376-402: Is no bad conduct and drunkenness here, and people convicted of these crimes are punished with death or by some heavy sentence. Business is fair and honest. Travellers are looked after well. . Most of the inhabitants are Arabs. They live by a river. The place in abounds vegetation and wealth. Trade flourishes here. Good manners and good living are noticed everywhere. The Government is just. Women of

423-729: The Arabian Peninsula since Pre-Islamic times, and gained prominence during Umayyad rule. The ancestors of 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz, the founder of the Habbari emirate, came to Greater Sindh as Arab settlers almost five or six generations prior to the establishment of Habbari rule in Sindh. The Habbari family acquired an agricultural estate in the village of Baniya , where they engaged in agriculture and in commerce, later achieving prominence among Sindh's Arab settlers. Arab tribes became rebellious in Sindh in

470-555: The Ghaznavids , destabilizing the Ismaili state. Mahmud of Ghazna invaded Multan in 1005, conducting a series of campaigns during which some Ismailis were massacred while most later converted to Sunni Hanafi fiqh . The city was surrendered, and Abdul Fateh Daud was permitted to retain control over the city with the condition that he adhere to the Sunni interpretation of Islam. Mahmud appointed

517-565: The Multan Sun Temple was destroyed (alongside another long-established Sunni Jama Mosque) and a new mosque erected at the site. The Lodi/Lawi dynasty was founded by Sheikh Hamid , Hamid's origins are disputed. According to some scholars, Hamid was supposedly a descendant of Sama (or Usama) Lawi who was son of Ghalib Lawi. Other sources state that he was from the Lodi tribe of Pashtuns . Al-Masudi who visited Multan after 912 AD states that

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564-644: The Emirate was abolished and annexed into Ghaznavid Empire. The economy of Multan at that time period seems to be rather vibrant. The 10th century Arab historian Al-Masudi noted Multan as the city where Central Asian caravans from Islamic Khorasan would assemble. The 10th century Persian geographer Estakhri noted that the city of Multan along with Sindh's Mansura were the only two Arab principalities in South Asia. During reign of Jalam Bin Shayban, Multan continued to be

611-567: The Emirate, which ruled for the next century. At the opening of 10th century, Ibn Rusta was first to report a well established Emirate in Multan. Muhammad III, whose full name was Muhammad bin al-Qasim bin Munabbih, was reported by Al-Biruni to be the first of the Banu Munabbih (Samid) rulers of Multan - he conquered Multan and issued silver dammas bearing his Hindu epithet "Mihiradeva" ("Sun god") on

658-559: The Kingdom of Sindh convulsed by internal strife, the Arabs seized their chance and renewed their attacks. Thereafter it was captured by Muhammad ibn Qasim , nephew of al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf , the governor of Iraq and Khurasan with the army. Qasim's successors attempted to expand from Sindh into the Punjab and other regions. Al-Masudi ascribed the foundation of the city to Governor Mansur ibn Jamhur,

705-606: The Sunni school of thought, and pledged allegiance to the Sunni caliphs in Baghdad, although the last Habbari ruler, Khafif , may have converted to Isma'ili Islam. Under Habbari rule, Ismaili missionaries, who pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Caliphate in Cairo , became active in Sindh, which became one of 12 jaza'ir, or "islands" in the Islamic world in which Ismaili missionary activity

752-522: The city which was designated their capital in 883. The Mansura state ruled by Umar bin Abdul Aziz Habbari controlled the region between the Arabian Sea and Aror , and Khuzdar in central Balochistan. The region around the city of Aror continued to be ruled by its local Hindu Raja, who acted as a subordinate of the Habbari emirate. Other parts of Greater Sindh did not fall under Habbari rule after

799-563: The city, Mansura produced the first translation of the Quran in the Sindhi language, it was used widely throughout the Indus valley region. The city was the hometown of famous historical figures such as Abu Mashar Sindhi is described by many historians and chroniclers as a pioneer in the compilation of Hadith ; Abu Raja Sindhi lived in Baghdad and engaged in scientific and literary pursuits they translated

846-559: The collapse of direct Abbasid rule. The Banu Munabih established an emirate in Multan , the Banu Ma'dan established an emirate in Makran before annexing the short-lived emirate of Mashkey. The Habbari ruled over the area of Turan (modern Khuzdar ), until the end of the 9th century, when its chief Mughira bin Ahmad established his independence and moved his capital to Kijkanan (modern Kalat ). After

893-563: The conquest of Multan by Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1005, who is noted to have massacred the Ismaili population, large numbers of Ismailis fled south to Mansura, where Ismailism continued even after the Ghaznavid invasion, and became the religion of the Soomra dynasty that would rule Sindh in later centuries. Central and southern Sindh was largely Buddhist south of Aror , but during the Arab rule of Sindh, Buddhism

940-459: The course of his conquest of Multan. He fled to a fort where he immured himself and was finally pardoned by Mahmud of Ghazni on the promise of payment of ransom. Abul Fatah Daud offered a yearly tribute of 200,000 golden dirhams and conversion from Shia Ismaili fiqh to Sunni Hanafi fiqh . The terms were accepted, and Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi also exacted two million dirhams from the population of Multan by force. After death of Fateh Daud,

987-663: The course of the mid-ninth century, Abbasid authority in Sind gradually waned. As the central government's authority over Sind declined, the region underwent a period of decentralization. Multan also became capital of an independent emirate under an Arab tribe Banu Munabbih. By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also known as the Banu Sama ), who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad 's Quraysh tribe came to rule Multan, and established

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1034-454: The early 9th century during the Abbasid period. During a period of strife in 841-2 between Yemeni and Hijazi tribes, 'Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari's Hijazi faction assassinated the pro-Yemeni Abbasid governor of Sindh, Imran bin Musa Barmaki , leaving Umar bin Abdul Aziz al-Habbari as the de facto governor of Sindh. According to al-Ya'qubi , Umar's request to be formally appointed governor

1081-521: The first to be built by Arabs according to the principles of town-planning. Seventeen years later, lessons learned in Mansura were applied in Baghdad where there were once numerous Sindhi inspired buildings and monuments. Mansura's history began under the Umayyad Caliphs, when Muslim Arabs attempted to conquer the frontier kingdoms of India , Kabul , Zabul , and Sindh. In the early 8th Century, with

1128-626: The former presence of woodwork. The cement used in the brickwork appears to have been mud which forms the greater mass of the present mounds. As per historian Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai,"Brahmanabad town was located within 4 miles area, where in the temple named Nu Wihar there was an idol of Buddha. In various history books on Sindh said temple was also written as Nu Bahar which is varied form of Nu Wihar. As Byblion temple priests were astrologers or fortune tellers like priests of Brahmanabad were also great astrologers. The staunch Brahaman king like Chach had to kneel before them and constrained to renovate

1175-756: The former was a base for the Yamani troops of the Caliphate and the latter was for the Mudari troops. By the time of Al-Baladhuri , the old Brahamanabad was in ruins, and the new city itself was referred to by the name Brahmanabad. The city was further developed by Khalid ibn Barmak (705–782), a member of the Iranian Barmakids family, during the Abbasid Caliphate . The city holds an important position in Muslim history as

1222-623: The importance of the temple to the city's economy. By the mid 10th century, Multan had come under the influence of the Qarmatians . The Qarmatians had been expelled from Egypt and Iraq following their defeat at the hands of the Abbasids there. They wrested control of the city from the pro-Abbasid Amirate of Banu Munabbih, and pledged allegiance to the Fatimid Caliphate based in Cairo instead of Abbasid Caliphate at Baghdad . Jalam bin Shayban ,

1269-527: The last Umayyad governor of Sindh . Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who belonged to the Banu Habar tribe, the clan of Banu Asad, was the first governor of al-Mansura. Under the Caliphate of al-Mansur , Khalid was appointed governor of Fars and, after helping obtain Prince Isa ibn Musa 's renunciation of his succession to the caliphate in 765, became governor of Tabaristan . Around the same time, his son Yahya ibn Khalid ,

1316-900: The northwest Indian subcontinent that was centred around city of Multan (present-day Punjab, Pakistan ). It initially extended towards parts of Kashmir, and included parts of present day Punjab. It was initially ruled by the tribe of Banu Munabbih . In 959 CE , Ismaili Qarmatians under Banu Lawi gained control of the Emirate and in 1010, it was conquered by Ghaznavid Empire. The Emirate of Multan became independent after Disintegration of Abbasid Caliphate . Principally located in South Punjab, it bordered Hindu Shahi Kingdom at north in Punjab and Habbarid Emirate at south in Sindh . Multan along with Sindh came under rule of Muslims by conquest of Umayyad Caliphate under General Muhammad Bin Qasim . Over

1363-531: The reign of Sheikh Hamid , the Ghaznavid Amir Sabuktagin invaded Multan in 381/991 during his era, but later made a truce with Hamid Lodi, as Isma'ili Multan served as a buffer-state between the rising Turkish power of Ghazna and the old Hindu rulers-the Imperial Pratiharas of Kanauj . Abul Fateh Daud was the grandson and successor of Hamid Lodi. During his reign, Multan was attacked by

1410-423: The reverse. During this era, the Multan Sun Temple was noted by the 10th century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi to have been located in a most populous part of the city. The Hindu temple was noted to have accrued the Muslim rulers large tax revenues, by some accounts up to 30% of the state's revenues. During this time, the city's Arabic nickname was Faraj Bayt al-Dhahab , ("Frontier House of Gold"), reflecting

1457-518: The rule of the first 3 Habbari rulers, caravan routes from Persia were routed into the Habbari capital of Mansura, before continuing westward into the rest of the Indian Subcontinent. The routing of trade through Mansura made it a wealthy city, as confirmed by the accounts of Istakhri , Ibn Hawqal , and Al-Maqdisi , who had all visited the city. Five more members of the Habbari family held the office of Emir of Mansura until 1025 C.E. The state

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1504-708: The ruler Abu Lahab al-Munabbah bin Asad al-Qarshi was descended from the clan of Usama or Sama bin Lu'ayy bin Ghalib. Hudud al-'Alam mentions that the ruler was a Quraishite. Ibn Hawqal who visited Multan in 367 AH also mentions that the rulers were the descendant of Sama bin Loi bin Ghalib. According to Samuel Miklos Stern , the Lodi dynasty itself might have been fabricated as its mention only starts appearing with later historians like Firishta. During

1551-653: The secession of Greater Sindh from the Caliphate, there was no basic change in the character of the regime and the newly established Habbari state continued to function on the lines set by the Umayyads and the Abbasids. 'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari ruled until around 884, when his son Abdullah bin Umar took power until around 914. He, in turn, was followed by 'Umar bin Abdullah until around 943. During

1598-510: The temple. The number of the priests in the town was around 1000'. In the initial excavation of the urban complex of Brahmanabad-Mansurah-Mahfuzah, A. P. Bellasis uncovered a seal bearing the Arabic inscription "Imam al-Baqir" which appear to belong to the fifth Shi'ite Imam Muhammad al-Baqir (677–733 AD). Emirate of Multan The Emirate of Multan was a medieval kingdom in Punjab region in

1645-406: The town are modestly dressed with no make-up and hardly found talking to any one in the streets. The water is healthy and the standard of living high. There is happiness, well-being and culture here, Persian is understood. Profits of business are high. People are healthy, but the town is not clean. Houses are small. The climate is warm and arid. The people are of darkish complexion. In Multan, the coin

1692-425: The whole area has a circumference of 5.75 miles (9.25 km). Apart from a considerable area towards the south-east end, the whole space is covered with billowing mounds of brick ruins. Nothing now stands above the surface, except in one place, where an unrecognizable tower-like core of brick masonry remains. There is a total absence of stone masonry of any kind, but lumps of charred wood dotted here and there indicate

1739-711: Was a capital of Lohana dynasty. There was a powerful king named Agham Lohana who ruled this city before Chach of Aror invaded the area and defeated Lohanas and made under his sway. Erstwhile name of this city was Brahmanabad , which was renamed as Mansura by the Arab Conquerors. The Umayyad governor of Sind, Al-Hakam, founded a city called al-Mahfuza later called Brahminabad . Historical sources state that he found there were "no places in Sind where Muslims were safe", which indicates there were unrest and rebellions before his arrival. His deputy Al-Thaqafi founded Al-Masura "opposite Al-Mahfuza". Historian Blankship believes that

1786-532: Was also noted by Xuanzang , who visited Sindh shortly before the Arab conquest, and by the Korean monk Hyecho , who travelled in Sindh shortly after the Arab conquest. Umayyad rule over Sindh was quickly supplanted by the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad in 750. The new Abbasid governor of Sindh, Hisham bin 'Amr al-Taghlibi further consolidated Abbasid power in the region. In the early 9th century, Abbasid authority began to weaken. Sindh's governor, Bishr ibn Dawud , led

1833-549: Was appointed governor of Adharbayjan . According to historians , Mansura was a beautiful town with vast orchards of mangoes and groves of date palms. Today the ruins of Mansura are spread over an area 4 miles (6.4 km) in circumference near the modern city of Shahdadpur . The most significant ruin found in Mansura is the large courtyard of a Jamia Masjid (mosque). There is a stupa in Brahmanabad , described by some historians as

1880-570: Was first brought under Arab Islamic rule after the conquest of the Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Qasim in 711 CE, and formed the easternmost province of the Muslim Empire . The region corresponded to an area greater in area than the modern Pakistani province of Sindh , and included the Makran coast , central Balochistan , and southern Punjab , which in sum correspond to much of the territory of modern Pakistan. The province's internal administration

1927-574: Was granted in 854 by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mutawakkil . Following the death of Al-Mutawakkil in 861, 'Umar bin Aziz al-Habbari then established himself as an independent ruler, although he continued to read the Friday prayers in the name of the Abbasid caliph, thereby nominally pledging allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. The state established by the Habbaris came to be known as Mansura, named after

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1974-406: Was largely delegated to the natives, rather than the Arab conquerors. According to Arab accounts of the initial conquest, central and southern Sindh was largely Buddhist - corresponding to the regions south of the old capital of Aror , although these regions had a large Hindu population as well. Upper Sindh, however, had few Buddhists, and was overwhelmingly Hindu. The accounts of Buddhists in Sindh

2021-617: Was largely extinguished, while Hinduism continued on. Note: the dates below are only approximate. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was the founder of Habbari Dynasty in Sind at 9th Century . He ruled for over 30 years between 854 to his death in 883 Mansura (Brahmanabad) Mansura ( Arabic : المنصورة , romanized :  al-manṣūra , lit.   'the triumphant [city]'; Sindhi : منصوره ‎ ), referred to as Brahmanabad or Bahmanabad ( Sindhi : برهمڻ آباد ‎ , romanized :  barhamaṇabād , pronounced [ˈbəɾɦəmnɑːˈbɑːd̪] ) in later centuries,

2068-564: Was successful. In 957, al-Qadi al-Nu'man recorded that an Ismaili da'i travelled throughout Sindh in the mid-10th century, and successfully converted large numbers of non-Muslims to Ismaili Islam. By 985, Al-Maqdisi noted that the population of Multan (in northern Greater Sindh , ruled by the Banu Munnabih) was largely Shia, although the population of Mansura pledged allegiance to the Sunni Imam Daud Zahiri ibn Athir . Following

2115-744: Was the first capital established by the Muslims in the Indian subcontinent after Muhammad bin Qasim seized the Brahmanabad territory. Mansura was built on the shores of the Indus River , it was surrounded by fertile farmland, Ibn Hauqal mentioned the wealthy local merchants who wore Baghdad Costume and were of Sindhi - Arab origins, houses were made of clay, baked bricks and plaster. Mansura exported herbs and spices, textiles, ivory, metals and mirrors to Baghdad . There were some renowned educational institutions in

2162-585: Was the historic capital of the caliphal province of Sindh , during the eighth century under the Umayyad Caliphate and then Abbasid Caliphate from the year 750 AD to 1006 AD. The city was founded as a central garrison by the Umayyad Forces in Sindh, the city transformed into a very vibrant metropolis during the Abbasid Era surpassing the wealth of Multan in the north and Debal in the south. Mansura

2209-523: Was then under the rule of the Saffarids , and the Samanids , until being conquered by the Ghaznavids in 1026. Mahmud Ghaznavi considered the Abbasids the true Caliphs, and regarded the Habbaris as representative of ongoing Umayyad rule, despite their nominal allegiance to the Abbasid caliph, since they had originally migrated and gained prominence in Sindh under Umayyad rule. The first Habbaris were followers of

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