Interneurons (also called internuncial neurons , association neurons , connector neurons , or intermediate neurons are neurons that are not specifically motor neurons or sensory neurons . Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits , enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the central nervous system (CNS). They play vital roles in reflexes , neuronal oscillations , and neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain.
11-534: HVC may refer to: HVC (avian brain region) , an area in the avian brain involved in song production and vocal learning HVC, the product code used by Nintendo for Famicom hardware and software in Japan Haitian Vodou Culture Language (ISO 639-3 code) High-velocity cloud , a common astronomical phenomenon Himachal Vikas Congress , an Indian political party Holographic Versatile Card ,
22-555: A piece of computer hardware Hypervisor call, the interface between virtual machine software and a guest running under it. Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title HVC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HVC&oldid=1122809309 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
33-438: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages HVC (avian brain region) HVC (formerly, hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis ( HVc ), and high vocal center ) is a nucleus in the brain of the songbirds (order passeriformes) necessary for both the learning and the production of bird song . It is located in the lateral caudal nidopallium and has projections to both
44-410: The direct and the anterior forebrain pathways . It is notable that both of the other orders of birds that learn song, the hummingbirds and parrots , also seem to have structures similar to HVC. Since it is believed that all three of these groups independently derived the ability to learn song, it is believed that these other HVC-like structures are examples of homoplasy . HVC was originally called
55-557: The hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis ( HVc ). Later neuroanatomy revealed this name to be incorrect, however, and many researchers referred to it as the high vocal center due to its important function in vocal learning. Following the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum held at Duke University in July 2002 the nomenclature of the avian brain was officially revised in 2004, these names were officially dropped in order to correct
66-483: The CNS are primarily inhibitory , and use the neurotransmitter GABA or glycine . However, excitatory interneurons using glutamate in the CNS also exist, as do interneurons releasing neuromodulators like acetylcholine . In addition to these general functions, interneurons in the insect CNS play a number of specific roles in different parts of the nervous system, and also are either excitatory or inhibitory. For example, in
77-430: The brain with those in other regions. However, interneurons are generally considered to operate mainly within local brain areas. The interaction between interneurons allows the brain to perform complex functions such as learning and decision-making . In the human brain , approximately 20–30% of the neurons in the neocortex are interneurons, and the remaining majority of neurons are pyramidal . Investigations into
88-435: The historical inaccuracies. The forum suggested, "For the sake of consistency ... using HVC as the proper name and recommends against using HVc or any form of the term “higher vocal center.” As there was "No easy solution for correcting original naming error for this structure" HVC was established as the formal name for the region and no longer stands for anything . HVC is located in the caudal nidopallium . It projects to
99-434: The molecular diversity of neurons is impeded by the inability to isolate cell populations born at different times for gene expression analysis. An effective means of identifying coetaneous interneurons is neuronal birthdating. This can be achieved using nucleoside analogs such as EdU . In 2008, a nomenclature for the features of GABAergic cortical interneurons was proposed, called Petilla terminology . Interneurons in
110-488: The olfactory system, interneurons are responsible for integrating information from odorant receptors and sending signals to the mushroom bodies, which are involved in learning and memory. In the visual system, interneurons are responsible for processing motion information and sending signals to the optic lobes, which are involved in visual navigation. Interneurons are also important for coordinating complex behaviors, such as flight and locomotion. For example, interneurons in
121-1083: The song motor pathway via the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and to the Anterior Forebrain Pathway via the basal ganglia nucleus Area X. It receives recurrent motor activity through the thalamic nucleus Uvaformis (Uva) and input from the auditory system through projections from the caudalateral mesopallium (CMM) and through the nucleus interfacialis (NIf). Four distinct types of neurons have been identified in HVC, each with unique anatomical and physiological properties: interneurons , RA-projecting cells (HVC RA ), and X-projecting cells (HVC X ), and Nucleus Avalanche (Av) projecting cells (HVC AV ). Interneuron Interneurons can be further broken down into two groups: local interneurons and relay interneurons . Local interneurons have short axons and form circuits with nearby neurons to analyze small pieces of information. Relay interneurons have long axons and connect circuits of neurons in one region of
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