Early research and development:
30-548: HPCA may refer to: High Performance Computing Act of 1991 , a U.S. act of Congress Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association , a sports body in India HPCA (gene) , which encodes the protein hippocalcin Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title HPCA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
60-667: A claim that he had personally invented the Internet. George W. Bush , Gore's opponent in the 2000 presidential election , mocked Gore's claim during his acceptance speech before the Republican National Convention that year. The meaning of the statement, which referred to his legislative support of key technologies in the development of the Internet, was widely reaffirmed by notable Internet pioneers, such as Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn , who stated, "No one in public life has been more intellectually engaged in helping to create
90-419: A clear vision of how to get from the present to the future. The proposal was titled "A Center for Scientific and Engineering Supercomputing", and was ten pages long. The proposal's vision of the computing future were then unusual or non-existent, but elements of it are now commonplace, such as visualization , workstations , high-speed I/O , data storage , software engineering , and close collaboration with
120-598: A fifth (Pittsburgh) added later. The Black Proposal was approved in 1985 and marked the foundation of NCSA, with $ 42,751,000 in funding from 1 January 1985 through 31 December 1989. This was also noteworthy in that the NSF's action of approving an unsolicited proposal was unprecedented. NCSA opened its doors in January 1986. In 2007, NCSA was awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation to build " Blue Waters ",
150-414: A multi-architecture hardware strategy, deploying both clusters and shared memory systems to support high-end users and communities on the architectures best-suited to their requirements. Nearly 1,360 scientists, engineers and students used the computing and data systems at NCSA to support research in more than 830 projects. NCSA is led by Professor Bill Gropp . NCSA is one of the five original centers in
180-778: A professor in the School of Art and Design at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , and her team created visualizations for the Oscar-nominated IMAX film "Cosmic Voyage", the PBS NOVA episodes "Hunt for the Supertwister" and "Runaway Universe", as well as Discovery Channel documentaries and pieces for CNN and NBC Nightly News. Cox and NCSA worked with the American Museum of Natural History to produce high-resolution visualizations for
210-460: A supercomputer capable of performing quadrillions of calculations per second, a level of performance known as petascale. The 'Black Proposal' was a short, ten-page proposal for the creation of a supercomputing center that eventually led to funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to create supercomputing centers, including the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at
240-646: The Hayden Planetarium 's 2000 Millennium show, "Passport to the Universe", and for "The Search for Life: Are We Alone?" She produced visualizations for the Hayden's "Big Bang Theatre" and worked with the Denver Museum of Nature and Science to produce high-resolution data-driven visualizations of terabytes of scientific data for "Black Holes: The Other Side of Infinity", a digital dome program on black holes. Referred to as
270-663: The Mosaic web browser , the first popular graphical Web browser , which played an important part in expanding the growth of the World Wide Web . NCSA Mosaic was written by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina , who went on to develop the Netscape Web browser. Mosaic was later licensed to Spyglass, Inc. which provided the foundation for Internet Explorer . The server -complement was called NCSA HTTPd , which later became known as Apache HTTP Server . Other notable contributions by NCSA were
300-480: The National Science Foundation 's Supercomputer Centers Program . The idea for NCSA and the four other supercomputer centers arose from the frustration of its founder, Larry Smarr , who wrote an influential paper, "The Supercomputer Famine in American Universities", in 1982, after having to travel to Europe in summertime to access supercomputers and conduct his research. Smarr wrote a proposal to address
330-744: The Siebel Center for Computer Science , on the site of a former baseball field, Illini Field. NCSA's supercomputers are at the National Petascale Computing Facility. The latest supercomputing system at NCSA today is the DeltaAI, funded by the National Science Foundation. NCSA's visualization department is internationally well-known. Donna Cox , leader of the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at NCSA and
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#1733124788928360-568: The 1980s. The renewed effort became known in popular language as building the Information superhighway . It also included the High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative and spurred many significant technological developments, such as the Mosaic web browser , and the creation of a high-speed fiber optic computer network . Senator Al Gore developed the Act after hearing
390-596: The 1988 report Toward a National Research Network submitted to Congress by a group chaired by UCLA professor of computer science Leonard Kleinrock , one of the creators of the ARPANET , which is regarded as the earliest precursor network of the Internet. The bill was enacted on December 9, 1991, and led to the National Information Infrastructure (NII) which Gore referred to as the "Information superhighway". President George H. W. Bush predicted that
420-580: The Act would help "unlock the secrets of DNA," open up foreign markets to free trade, and a promise of cooperation between government, academia, and industry. The Gore Bill helped fund the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the University of Illinois , where a team of programmers, including Netscape founder Marc Andreessen , created the Mosaic Web browser in 1993, the commercial Internet's technological springboard credited as beginning
450-499: The Black Proposal had a primary role in shaping the computer technology of today, and its impact on research (both scientific and otherwise) has been profound. The proposal's description of the leading edge of scientific research may be sobering, and the limitations on computer usage at major universities may be surprising. A comprehensive list of the world's supercomputers shows the best resources that were then available. The thrust of
480-487: The Industrial Partners program when it began in 1986, NCSA's collaboration with major corporations ensured that its expertise and emerging technologies would be relevant to major challenges outside of the academic world, as those challenges arose. Business partners had no control over research or the disposition of its results, but they were well-situated to be early adopters of any benefits of the research. This program
510-520: The Internet boom of the 1990s. Andreessen later remarked that 'If it had been left to private industry, it wouldn't have happened ... at least, not until years later.' Gore reiterated the role of government financing in American success in a 1996 speech when he, as vice president, said, "That's how it has worked in America. Government has supplied the initial flicker—and individuals and companies have provided
540-538: The Internet: Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet: Examples of Internet services: The High Performance Computing Act of 1991 (HPCA) is an Act of Congress promulgated in the 102nd United States Congress as (Pub.L. 102–194) on December 9, 1991. Often referred to as the Gore Bill , it was created and introduced by then Senator Al Gore , and led to
570-491: The NSF had no organization in place to support it, and the proposal itself did not contain a clearly defined home for its implementation. The NSF established an Office of Scientific Computing in 1984 and, with strong congressional support, it announced a national competition that would fund a set of supercomputer centers like the one described in the Black Proposal. The result was that four supercomputer centers would be chartered (Cornell, Illinois, Princeton, and San Diego), with
600-602: The United States. NCSA operates as a unit of the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , and provides high-performance computing resources to researchers across the country. Support for NCSA comes from the National Science Foundation , the state of Illinois, the University of Illinois, business and industry partners, and other federal agencies. NCSA provides leading-edge computing, data storage, and visualization resources. NCSA computational and data environment implements
630-513: The University of Illinois. In this sense, the significant role played by the U.S. Government in funding the center, and the first widely popular web browser (NCSA's Mosaic), cannot be denied. The Black Proposal described the limitations on any scientific research that required computer capabilities, and it described a future world of productive scientific collaboration, centered on universal computer access, in which technical limitations on scientific research would not exist. Significantly, it expressed
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#1733124788928660-568: The black hole simulations supporting the development of LIGO in 1992, the tracking of Comet Hale–Bopp in 1997, the creation of a PlayStation 2 Cluster in 2003, and the monitoring of the COVID-19 pandemic and creation of a COVID-19 vaccine . Initially, NCSA's administrative offices were in the Water Resources Building and employees were scattered across the campus. NCSA is now headquartered within its own building directly north of
690-607: The climate for a thriving Internet than the Vice President". PITAC was started in 1991 under the High Performance Computing Act of 1991 . On May 28, 2003, President George W. Bush extended the committee. National Center for Supercomputing Applications The National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) is a state-federal partnership to develop and deploy national-scale cyberinfrastructure that advances research, science and engineering based in
720-420: The creativity and innovation that kindled that spark into a blaze of progress and productivity that's the envy of the world." Following a 1999 CNN interview , then-Vice President Gore became the subject of some controversy and ridicule when his claim that he "took the initiative in creating the Internet" was widely quoted out of context or misquoted, with comedians and the popular media taking his expression as
750-585: The development of the National Information Infrastructure and the funding of the National Research and Education Network (NREN). The funding allocation was approximately $ 600 million. The act built on prior U.S. efforts of developing a national networking infrastructure, starting with the technological foundation of the ARPANET in the 1960s and continuing through the funding of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFnet) in
780-405: The future needs of scientific research. Seven other University of Illinois professors joined as co-principal investigators, and many others provided descriptions of what could be accomplished if the proposal were accepted. Known as the Black Proposal (after the color of its cover), it was submitted to the NSF in 1983. It met the NSF's mandate and its contents immediately generated excitement. However,
810-419: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HPCA&oldid=932881132 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages High Performance Computing Act of 1991 Merging the networks and creating
840-415: The multi-disciplinary user community. Modern readers of the Black Proposal may gain insight into a world that no longer exists. Today's computers are easy to use, and the web is omnipresent. Employees in high-tech endeavors are given supercomputer accounts simply because they are employees. Computers are universally available and can be used by almost anyone of any age, applicable to almost anything. At
870-452: The proposal may seem obvious now, but was then novel. The National Science Foundation announced funding for the supercomputer centers in 1985; The first supercomputer at NCSA came online in January 1986. NCSA quickly came to the attention of the worldwide scientific community with the release of NCSA Telnet in 1986. A number of other tools followed, and like NCSA Telnet, all were made available to everyone at no cost. In 1993, NCSA released
900-531: The time the proposal was written, computers were available to almost no one. For scientists who needed computers in their research, access was difficult if available at all. The effect on research was crippling. Reading publications from that time gives no hint that scientists were required to learn the arcane technical details of whatever computer facilities were available to them, a time-consuming limitation on their research, and an exceedingly tedious distraction from their professional interests. The implementation of
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