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39-476: The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003. The series includes the HP ;48S , HP 48SX , HP 48G , HP 48GX , and HP 48G+ , the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular,

78-607: A 20-bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally. In both the HP ;48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . The codename of the IC is Clarke in

117-653: A computer algebra system are called symbolic or CAS calculators. Many graphing calculators can be attached to devices like electronic thermometers , pH gauges, weather instruments, decibel and light meters , accelerometers , and other sensors and therefore function as data loggers , as well as WiFi or other communication modules for monitoring, polling and interaction with the teacher. Student laboratory exercises with data from such devices enhances learning of math, especially statistics and mechanics. Since graphing calculators are typically user-programmable, they are also widely used for utilities and calculator gaming , with

156-475: A computer can be programmed in assembly language and machine code, although on some calculators this is only possible through using exploits. The most common assembly and machine languages are for TMS9900 , SH-3 , Zilog Z80 , and various Motorola chips (e.g. a modified 68000 ) which serve as the main processors of the machines although many (not all) are modified to some extent from their use elsewhere. Some manufacturers do not document and even mildly discourage

195-756: A dedicated keyboard, they are mostly preferred only by high school students. However, for developers and advanced users like researchers, analysts and gamers, third-party software development involving firmware modifications, whether for powerful gaming or exploiting capabilities beyond the published data sheet and programming language, is a contentious issue with manufacturers and education authorities as it might incite unfair calculator use during standardized high school and college tests where these devices are targeted. Most graphing calculators, as well as some non-graphing scientific calculators and programmer's calculators can be programmed to automate complex and frequently used series of calculations and those inaccessible from

234-469: A full memory reset. It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in HP Saturn assembly language . This can be done either via user-supplied on-calculator tools (eg. Jazz), or on another machine using user-supplied tools or those published directly by Hewlett-Packard (eg. SASM et al.). Graphing calculator A graphing calculator (also graphics calculator or graphic display calculator )

273-558: A graphical string of single byte characters but retain the two byte character in the program memory. Many graphical calculators work much like computers and use versions of 7-bit, 8-bit or 9-bit ASCII-derived character sets or even UTF-8 and Unicode . Many of them have a tool similar to the character map on Windows. They also have BASIC like functions such as chr$ , chr, char, asc, and so on, which sometimes may be more Pascal or C like. One example may be use of ord , as in Pascal , instead of

312-419: A handheld supplement to bulkier laptops . During the same period, the mobile phone evolved from supporting voice communication only to accommodating text messaging , Internet connectivity, multimedia, and videotelephony . These feature phones eventually gave way to the modern smartphone , which combined all the aforementioned devices, and more, into one device. Since the late 2000s, smartphones have been

351-698: A large feature set—approaching that of BASIC as found in computers—including character and string manipulation, advanced conditional and branching statements, sound, graphics, and more including, of course, the huge spectrum of mathematical, string, bit-manipulation, number base, I/O, and graphics functions built into the machine. Languages for programming calculators fall into all of the main groups, i.e. machine code, low-level, mid-level, high-level languages for systems and application programming, scripting, macro, and glue languages, procedural, functional, imperative &. object-oriented programming can be achieved in some cases. Most calculators capable to being connected to

390-497: A newline character). For a system as slow as a graphing calculator, this is too inefficient for an interpreted language . To increase program speed and coding efficiency, the above line of code would be only three characters. "Disp_" as a single character, "[A]" as a single character, and a newline character. This normally means that single byte chars will query the standard ASCII chart while two byte chars (the Disp_ for example) will build

429-506: A sizable body of user-created game software on most popular platforms. The ability to create games and utilities has spurred the creation of calculator application sites (e.g., Cemetech ) which, in some cases, may offer programs created using calculators' assembly language . Even though handheld gaming devices fall in a similar price range, graphing calculators offer superior math programming capability for math based games. However ,due to poor display resolution, slow processor speed and lack of

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468-617: A smartphone can be carried in a bag or pocket but can easily be misplaced. Hence, mobile hosts with embedded devices such as an autonomous vehicle can appear larger than pocket-sized. The most common size of a mobile computing device is pocket-sized, but other sizes for mobile devices exist. Mark Weiser , known as the father of ubiquitous computing , referred to device sizes that are tab-sized, pad, and board sized, where tabs are defined as accompanied or wearable centimeter-sized devices, e.g. smartphones , phablets and tablets are defined as hand-held decimeter-sized devices. If one changes

507-429: Is a handheld computer that is capable of plotting graphs , solving simultaneous equations , and performing other tasks with variables . Most popular graphing calculators are programmable calculators , allowing the user to create customized programs, typically for scientific, engineering or education applications. They have large screens that display several lines of text and calculations. An early graphing calculator

546-439: Is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble -based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has

585-494: Is another means of conveyance of information to and from the calculator. The on-board BASIC variants in TI graphing calculators and the languages available on the HP-48 series can be used for rapid prototyping by developers, professors, and students, often when a computer is not close at hand. Most graphing calculators have on-board spreadsheets which usually integrate with Microsoft Excel on

624-461: Is often regarded as synonymous with having wireless connectivity, these terms are different. Not all network access by mobile users, applications, and devices needs to be via wireless networks and vice versa. Wireless access devices can be static and mobile users can move between wired and wireless hotspots such as in Internet cafés. Some mobile devices can be used as mobile Internet devices to access

663-411: Is the host that is mobile, i.e., a mobile human host carries a non-mobile smartphone device. An example of a true mobile computing device, where the device itself is mobile, is a robot . Another example is an autonomous vehicle . There are three basic ways mobile devices can be physically bound to mobile hosts: Accompanied refers to an object being loosely bound and accompanying a mobile host, e.g.,

702-522: The TI-89 , TI-92 , TI-92 Plus and Voyage 200 machines show the possibility of installing some variants of other systems such as a chopped-down variant of CP/M-68K , an operating system which has been used for portable devices in the past. Tools which allow for programming the calculators in C/C++ and possibly Fortran and assembly language are used on the computer side, such as HPGCC , TIGCC and others. Flash memory

741-419: The asc of many Basic variants, to return the code of a character, i.e. the position of the character in the collating sequence of the machine. A cable and/or IrDA transceiver connecting the calculator to a computer make the process easier and expands other possibilities such as on-board spreadsheet, database, graphics, and word processing programs. The second option is being able to code the programs on board

780-441: The 21st-century, mobile phone providers began making television available on cellular phones. In the 2010s, mobile devices were observed to frequently include the ability to sync and share a variety of data despite the distance or specifications of the devices. In the medical field, mobile devices are quickly becoming essential tools for accessing clinical information such as drugs, treatment, and even medical calculations. Due to

819-509: The GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory. Note that the similarly named hp 48gII (2004) is not a member of the series but closely related to the HP 49G+ . The calculators use Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language. The hardware architecture developed for

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858-628: The HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G , with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP 49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18C and the HP-28 series . The HP 48SX was introduced on 1990-03-06. Availability: The HP 48 series' Saturn microprocessor

897-553: The Internet while moving, but they do not need to do this and many phone functions or applications are still operational even while disconnected from the Internet . What makes the mobile device unique compared to other technologies is the inherent flexibility in the hardware and software. Flexible applications include video chat, web browsing, payment systems, near field communication, audio recording etc. As mobile devices become ubiquitous, there will be an increase of services which include

936-518: The S/SX, after William Clark , and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant . The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis , after Meriwether Lewis . The HP 48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named RPL , a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and Lisp . RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack -based programming, allowing

975-773: The assembly language programming of their machines because they must be programmed in this way by putting together the program on the PC and then forcing it into the calculator by various improvised methods. Other on-board programming languages include purpose-made languages, variants of Eiffel , Forth , and Lisp , and Command Script facilities which are similar in function to batch/shell programming and other glue languages on computers but generally not as full featured. Ports of other languages like BBC BASIC and development of on-board interpreters for Fortran , REXX , AWK , Perl , Unix shells (e.g., bash , zsh ), other shells ( DOS / Windows 9x , OS/2 , and Windows NT family shells as well as

1014-599: The calculator itself. This option is facilitated by the inclusion of full-screen text editors and other programming tools in the default feature set of the calculator or as optional items. Some calculators have QWERTY keyboards and others can be attached to an external keyboard which can be close to the size of a regular 102-key computer keyboard. Programming is a major use for the software and cables used to connect calculators to computers. The most common programming languages used for calculators are similar to keystroke-macro languages and variants of BASIC . The latter can have

1053-496: The computer side. At this time, spreadsheets with macro and other automation facilities on the calculator side are not on the market. In some cases, the list, matrix, and data grid facilities can be combined with the native programming language of the calculator to have the effect of a macro and scripting enabled spreadsheet. Handheld computer Device mobility can be viewed in the context of several qualities: Strictly speaking, many so-called mobile devices are not mobile. It

1092-597: The form of the mobile devices in terms of being non-planar, one can also have skin devices and tiny dust-sized devices. Dust refers to miniaturized devices without direct HCI interfaces, e.g., micro-electromechanical systems ( MEMS ), ranging from nanometers through micrometers to millimeters. See also Smart dust . Skin : fabrics based upon light emitting and conductive polymers and organic computer devices. These can be formed into more flexible non-planar display surfaces and products such as clothes and curtains, see OLED display . Also, see smart device . Although mobility

1131-429: The keyboard. The actual programming can often be done on a computer then later uploaded to the calculators. The most common tools for this include the PC link cable and software for the given calculator, configurable text editors or hex editors, and specialized programming tools such as the below-mentioned implementation of various languages on the computer side. Earlier calculators stored programs on magnetic cards and

1170-468: The like; increased memory capacity has made storage on the calculator the most common implementation. Some of the newer machines can also use memory cards. Many graphing and scientific calculators will tokenize the program text, replacing textual programming elements with short numerical tokens. For example, take this line of TI-BASIC code: Disp [A] . In a conventional programming language, this line of code would be nine characters long (eight not including

1209-429: The mobile device has been marked by increasing technological convergence . Early mobile devices—such as pocket calculators , portable media players , satellite navigation devices , and digital cameras —excelled at their intended use but were not multifaceted. Personal digital assistants (PDAs) proliferated in the 1990s as a way to quickly write down notes, schedule business appointments, and set personal reminders, as

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1248-783: The most common mobile device in the world, in terms of quantity sold, owing to their great convergence of technologies. By the early 2010s, mobile devices began integrating sensors such as accelerometers , magnetometers , and gyroscopes , allowing the detection of orientation and motion. Mobile devices may provide biometric user authentication, such as face recognition or fingerprint recognition. Handheld devices such as enterprise digital assistants have become more rugged for use in mobile field management . This involves tasks such as digitizing notes, sending and receiving invoices , asset management , recording signatures, managing parts, and scanning barcodes and RFID tags. In 2009, developments in mobile collaboration systems enabled

1287-402: The number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than System RPL programs), whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires

1326-534: The popularity of mobile gaming , the gambling industry started offering casino games on mobile devices, which led to the inclusion of these devices in the anti-hazard legislature as devices that could potentially be used for illegal gambling. Additional potentially unlawful actions could encompass the utilization of mobile devices in disseminating explicit material involving minors. Moreover, the legitimate adult entertainment sector's incorporation of mobile apps and technology to advance its operations raises concerns. There

1365-436: The programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack. RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL . User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in

1404-428: The related 4DOS , 4NT and 4OS2 as well as DCL ), COBOL , C , Python , Tcl , Pascal , Delphi , ALGOL , and other languages are at various levels of development. Some calculators, especially those with other PDA-like functions have actual operating systems including the TI proprietary OS for its more recent machines, DOS , Windows CE , and rarely Windows NT 4.0 Embedded et seq, and Linux . Experiments with

1443-480: The use of handheld devices that combine video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities to enable multi-party conferencing in real-time, independent of location. Handheld computers are available in a variety of form factors, including smartphones , handheld PDAs , ultra-mobile PCs and tablet computers ( Palm OS , WebOS ). Users can watch television through the Internet by IPTV on some mobile devices. Mobile television receivers have existed since 1960, and, in

1482-518: The use of the cloud . Although a common form of mobile device, a smartphone, has a display, another perhaps even more common form of smart computing device, the smart card , e.g., used as a bank card or travel card, does not have a display. This mobile device often has a CPU and memory but needs to connect or be inserted into a reader to display its internal data or state. There are many kinds of mobile devices, designed for different applications. They include, but are not limited to: The history of

1521-714: Was designed in 1921 by electrical engineer Edith Clarke . The calculator was used to solve problems with electrical power line transmission. Casio produced the first commercially available graphing calculator in 1985. Sharp produced its first graphing calculator in 1986, with Hewlett Packard following in 1988, and Texas Instruments in 1990. Some graphing calculators have a computer algebra system (CAS), which means that they are capable of producing symbolic results. These calculators can manipulate algebraic expressions, performing operations such as factor, expand, and simplify. In addition, they can give answers in exact form without numerical approximations. Calculators that have

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